December 2010 279 Norovirus Food-borne Disease and Infectious Gastroenteritis Yukinao H6N6H=> Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health: 3241 Hyakunin-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 1690073, Japan food-borne disease; Norovirus; infectious gastroen- Key words: teritis 1. 1997 10 9 5 30 155 RT-PCR PCR 2. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 1 1970 DNA RNA RNA RNA 6) G G G 1690073 3241 Yukinao_Hayashi@member.metro.tokyo.jp 1. 1972 ss()rna G 1976 ss()rna G 1973 dsrna ABC 1975 ss()rna 18 1975 dsdna 4041 : ss ds AC A A 1970 1 3040 nm 56 20 2008 5 2
280 Vol. 51, No. 6 1. (Family) 2. (Genus) (Species) Caliciviridae Norovirus Norwalk virus Sapovirus Sapporo virus Lagovirus Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus European brown hare syndrome virus Vesivirus Feline calicivirus Vesicular exanthema of swine virus Nebovirus Newbury-1 virus 1. 150 3. 1) 150 1 1 2006/2007 48 1 27 2007/2008, 2008/2009 5 50 20 2. 2008 10 2009 12
December 2010 281 4. 3. 3. 2002 2003 2004 2005 1 2006 2 2007 2008 2009 NV () () 118 103 79 99 114 83 106 126 30 34 26 33 44 27 31 39 15 9 6 7 6 2 4 8 (50.0) (26.5) (23.1) (21.2) (13.6) (7.4) (12.9) (20.5) 6 17 15 19 36 25 25 27 (20.0) (50.0) (57.7) (57.6) (81.8) (92.6) (80.6) (69.2) 1 2005.1 7 2 2006.12 444 2) 2 2008 10 2009 12 1112 1 3 2006/2007, 2007/ 2008, 2008 / 2009 434 240 187 218 107 62 67 81 89 2006/2007 50.2 218/434 44.6 107 / 240 33.2 62/187 15.4 66/434 33.8 81/240 47.6 89/187 2008/ 2009 3) 100 1420 4 10 2000 2008 8 30 3 50 2003 10 20 2005 1 7 2006 12
282 Vol. 51, No. 6 4. 2006 12 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 3 951 328 182 360 342 230 499 814 980 4,913 136 25 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 163 14.3 7.6 0.5 0 0.3 0 0 0 0 4.8 25 88 68 40 60 65 112 115 170 21 739 34 42 15 13 11 0 9 0 0 124 38.6 61.8 37.5 21.7 16.9 0 7.8 0 0 16.8 3 96 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 101 227 25 51 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 74 53.1 26.6 14.9 32.6 2 2 3 2 0 0 0 2 0 11 223 77 19 15 12 0 9 2 15 372 444 7) 4. 2006 12 2 3 12 5 4,000 5,000/ 372 72 444 24 25 372 361 (97.0) 3 25 4 12 2 1 3 25 2 4 3 25 4 3 10 12 2 25 12 2 6 5 3 2,128 m 3 11,860 m 3 /hr 5.6/hr 25 288 m 3, 210 m 3 /hr, 0.7/hr 5 5. 2007 2009 6 3 1,983 5. 966 (48.7) G 752 (77.8) G 99 (10.2) G G 65 (6.7) 40 (4.1) A 17 C 5 11 3 20 6. G25 G338 363 8) 5 G 5 G 11 G/4 239 (65.8), G/3 31 G/6 25 G/13 20 G/4 16 G/2 13 G/4 1996
December 2010 283 6. 5. G 3 4 8 10 14 1 2 3 4 6 7 9 11 13 17 18 G 5 1 7 23 38 12 9 95 2 8 1 1 5 1 11 11 1 1 10 2 54 2 2 2 1 1 2 67 1 2 1 1 1 83 1 5 123 1 1 131 4 16 3 1 1 1 13 31 239 25 1 3 1 20 1 3 363 16 14 G/4 32.9 12 83 67 (80.7) G/4 5 G/4 93.9 3 5 G/4 7 50 2006/ 2007 G/4 82.4 2007/2008 71.7, 2008/2009 44.4 G/4 G/4 G/2, /3, /6, /13, G/4 7. 1 7. G/4 9) (viruslike particle; VLP) 2000 VLP ABO Lewis 10) ABO Lewis 8, 9 8 G/4 B 4
284 Vol. 51, No. 6 PCR 23 8. ABO 2 9. Lewis 1 ABO Lewis 8. PCR PCR/LAMP PCR/ PCR 1020 1) Kapikian, A. Z., Wyatt, R. G., Dolin, R., Thornhill, T. S., Kalica, A. R., Chanock, R. M. Visualization by immune electron microscopy of a 27 nm particle associated with acute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritis. J. Virol., 10, 10751081 (1972). 2) Chiba, S., Sakuma, Y., Kogasaka, R., Akihara, M., Terashima, H., Horino, K., Nakao, T. Fecal shedding of virus in relation to the days of illness in infantile gastroenteritis due to calicivirus. J. Infect. Dis., 142, 247 249 (1980). 3) Bishop, R. F., Davidson, G. P., Holmes, I. H., Ruck, B. J. Virus particles in epithelial cells of duodenal mucosa from children with viral gastroenteritis. Lancet, 2, 12811283 (1973). 4) Madeley, C. R., Cosgrove, B. P. 28 nm particles in faeces in infantile gastroenteritis. Lancet, 2, 451452 (1975) 5) Flewett, T. H., Bryden, A. S., Davies, H., Morris, C. A. Virus particles in gastroenteritis? Epidemic viral enteritis in a long-stay children s ward. Lancet, 1, 45 (1975). 6) Duizer, E., Schwab, K. J., Neill, F. H., Atmar, R. L., Koopmans, M. P. G., Estes, M. K. Laboratory e#orts to cultivate noroviruses. J. Gen. Virol., 85, 7987 (2004). 7) Kimura, H., Nagano, K., Kimura, N., Shimizu, M., Ueno, Y., Morikane, K., Okabe, N. A norovirus outbreak associated with environmental contamination at a hotel. Epidemiol. Inf. (2010), in press. 8) Kageyama, T., Shinohara, M., Uchida, K., Fukushi, S., Hoshino, F. B., Kojima, S., Takai, R., Oka, T., Takeda, N., Katayama, K. Coexistenca of multiple genotypes, including newly identified genotypes, in outbreaks of gastroenteritis due to Norovirus in Japan. J. Clin. Microbiol., 42, 29882995 (2004). 9) Jiang, X., Wang, M., Graham, D. Y., Estes, M. K. Expression, self-assembly, and antigenicity of the Norwalk virus capsid protein. J. Virol., 66, 65276532 (1992). 10) Huang, P., Farkas, T., Marionneau, S., Zhong, W., Ruvoën-Clouet, N., Morrow, A. L., Altaye, M., Pickering, L. K., Newburg, D. S., LePendu, J., Jiang, X. Noroviruses bind to human ABO, Lewis, and secretor histo-blood group antigens: Identification of 4 distinct strain-specific pattern. J. Inf. Dis., 188, 1931 (2003).