Viral Foodborne Diseases Caused by Norovirus

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1 December , Viral Foodborne Diseases Caused by Norovirus Osamu N>H=>D 1,,Miho A@>N6B6 1,Chikako A>@> 1,Masaaki SJ<>:96 2,Shinji FJ@J96 3, Tomoko N>H=>96 4,YouU:@> 5,Nobuhiro IG>I6C> 6,Michiyo S=>CD=6G6 7 and Hirokazu K>BJG6 8 ( 1 Infectious Diseases Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases: Gakuen 4 7 1, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo , Japan; 2 Shizuoka Institute of Environment and Hygiene: , Kita-Ando, Shizuoka-shi , Japan; 3 Hiroshima Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environment: , Minamimachi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima-shi , Japan; 4 Yamaguchi Prefectural Research Institute of Public Health: 535, Asada, Yamaguchi-shi , Japan; 5 Miyagi Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environment: 4 7 2, Saiwai-cho, Miyagino-ku, Sendai-shi , Japan; 6 Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences Japan: 8 34, Tojo-cho, Tennoji-ku, Osaka , Japan; 7 Saitama Institute of Public Health: 639 1, Kamiokubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama , Japan; 8 Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences: 378, Kami-okimachi, Maebashi-shi, Gunma , Japan; Corresponding author) ) SRSV (small round structured virus)

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10 244 Vol. 46, No ) 10 1/30 1/100 3) ) 4) 60 1,000 ppm ppm 5) 200 ppm 21. 1) Kapikian, A. Z., Wyatt, R. G., Dolin, R., Thornhill, T. S., Kalica, A. R., Chanock, R. M., Visualization by immune electron microscopy of a 27-nm particle associated with acute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritis. J. Virol., 10, 1,075 1,081 (1972). 2) Wang,J.,Jiang,X.,Madore,H. P.,Gray,J.,Desselberger, U., Ando, T., Seto, Y., Oishi, I., Lew, J. F., Green, K. Y. Estes, M. K., Sequence diversity of small roundstructured viruses in the Norwalk virus group. J. Virol., 68, 5,982 5,990 (1994). 3) CDC: Norwalk-like viruses. Public health consequences and outbreak management. MMWR, 50 (RR09), 1 18 (2001). 4) Doultree, J. C., Duruce, J. D., Brich, C. J., Bowden, D. S., Marshall, J. A., Inactivation of feline calicivirus, a Norwalk virus surrogate. J. Hospital Infect., 41, (1999). 5) Duizer, E., Bijkerk, P., Rockx, B., De Groot, A., Twisk, F., Koopmans, M., Inactivation of caliciviruses. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 70, 4,538 4,543 (2004). 6) Calderon-Margalit, R., She#er, R., Halperin, T., Orr, N., Cohen, D., Shohat, T., A large-scale gastroenteritis outbreak associated with norovirus in nursing homes. Epidemic. Infect., 133, (2005). 7) Mead, P. S., Slutsker, L., Dietz V., McCaig, L. F., Bresee, J. S., Shapiro, C., Gri$n, P. M., Tauxe, R. V., Foodrelated illness and death in the United States. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 5, (1999). 8) No. 4105, 5 9 (2002). 9) 24, 315 (2003). 10) 32, (2004). 11) Norovirus 32, (2004). 12) Saul, G. A., Raphael, D.,Richard, G. W., Tousimis, A. J., Robert, S. N., Acute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritis: Intestinal histopathology. Ann. Intern. Med., 79, (1973). 13) Hutson, A. M., Atmar, R. L., Graham, D. Y., Estes, M. K., Norwalk virus infection and discase is associated with ABO histo-blood group type. J. Infect. Dis., 185, 1,335 1,337 (2002).

11 December ) Rockx, B. H., Vennema, H., Hoebe, C. J., Duizer, E., Koopmans, M. P., Association of histo-blood group antigens and susceptibility to norovirus infections. J. Infect. Dis., 191, (2005). 15) 77, (2003). 16) A 77, (2003). 17) 22, (2001). 18) Green, J., Wright, P. A., Gallimore, C. I., Mitchell, O., Morgan-Capner, P., Brown, D. W., The role of environmental contamination with small round structured viruses in a hospital outbreak investigated by reversetranscriptase polymerase chain reaction assy. J. Hospital Infect., 39, (1998). 19) Lopman, B., Vennema, H., Kohli, E., Pothior, P., Sanchez, A., Negredo, A., Buesa, J., Schreier, E., Reacher, M., Brown, D., Gray, J., Iturriza, M., Gallimore, C., Bottiger, B., Hedlund, K. O., Torvén, M., von Bonsdor#, C., Maunula, L., Poljsak-Prijatelj, M., Zimsek, J., Reuter, G., Szücs, G., Melegn, B., Svennson, L., van Duijnhoven, Y., Koopmans, M., Increase in viral gastroenteritis outbreaks in Europe and epidemic spread of new norovirus variant, Lancet, 363, (2004). 20) Kroneman, A., Vennema, H., Duijnhoven, Y., van Duizer, E., Koopmans, M., High number of norovirus outbreaks associated with a GGII.4 variant in the Netherlands and elsewhere: dose this herald a worldwide increase?. Eurosurveillance Weekly Archives, 8, (2004). 21) 25, (2004).