Ground-level ozone, soot and health

Transkript

1 Kortlivade klimatpåverkande ämnen, SLCF Seminarium i Stockholm 8 mars 2011, SMHI, Miljödepartementet, Naturvårdsverket Ground-level ozone, soot and health Tom Bellander, MSc, PhD, Associate Professor Getahun Bero Bedada, MD, PhD, Post-Doc Institute of Environmental Medicine Karolinska Institutet Bellander 11 februari 2010

2 Bellander Climate, Air quality and Health 2

3 Particles Fossil fuels Solid fuels Ozone Particles Ozone Fossil fuels Bellander Climate, Air quality and Health 3 Ecosystem

4 Ground level ozone A secondary pollutant Formed by complex photochemical reactions Precursors are NOx and volatile organic compounds Highly reactive oxidizing agent

5 Ground level ozone in Europe Death, respiratory disease Short-term Long-term? Mechanisms: Direct oxidation Formation of free radicals Impairment of antioxidant defenses Pulmonary & systemic inflammation Enhanced gene expression of pro-inflammatory enzymes: IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α. Bellander Climate, Air quality and Health 5

6 Acute health effects Increased hospital admission for: Asthma, COPD, Pneumonia, CHF, AMI, Stroke Increased total, CV and respiratory mortality

7 WHO O 3 air quality interim guideline (2005) Daily maximum 8-hour mean Effects High level 240 µg /m 3 Significant health effect; substantial proportion of vulnerable population affected WHO target µg /m 3 Important health effects WHO air quality guideline 100 µg /m 3 Provide adequate protection of public health

8 Modeling of heat wave mortality in Paris, 2003; separate effects of heat and ozone Daily deaths Paris Temperatur e effect Ozone effect Total 27Jul03 01Aug03 06Aug03 11Aug03 16Aug03 MaxMin Ozone None FullModel ActualDeaths

9 Chronic health effects of ozone Reduction in lung function Peters JM et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;159: ; Tager et al. Epidemiology 2005;16: Development of asthma McConnell et al. Lancet 2002; 359: Development of atherosclerosis?? Kunzli et al EHP 2005,113: Increased mortality and reduction in life expectancy Jerrett M et al. N Engl J Med 2009;360:

10 Particles Estimated loss of life expectancy from antropogenic PM2.5 All health effects including mortality Short- and long-term Mainly combustion-related Black particles Soot White particles Year 2000 emissions EC, IIASA

11 What is soot? Carbonaceous fraction of particles resulting from incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. The most abundant component in urban particles Observed as chain-like like aggregations of primary particles

12 Classification of PM on size

13 TB1

14 Bild 13 TB1 Illustrative electronic microscopy picture of a PM10 sampled on a filter from near a street diesel soot (small gray spheres) dominates the sample (Source: C. Trimbacher, Umweltbundesamt Wien), från Date: Mon, 03 May :32: From: Jurgen Schneider <Jus@ecehbonn.euro.who.int> Subject: WHO systemativ review summary reoprt - pls check until next MONDA Y To: "Bernd Seifert ( )" <Bernd.seifert@uba.de>, Summary report_4.doc Tom Bellander;

15 Particulates or gases?

16 NOx

17 Mechanisms of soot and diesel exhaust particle toxicity Formation of free radicals Oxidant induced DNA damage Impairment of antioxidant defenses Pulmonary & systemic inflammation Increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines: IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α.

18 Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution in relation to IL-6 and CRP levels among adults from Stockholm IL-6 IL-6 CRP CRP Traffic NO2 Heating-SO2 From: Panasevich et al Göran Pershagen 24 mars

19 Coal ban in Dublin (Clancy et al 2002) Institutet för Miljömedicin Karolinska Institutet Bellander Luftförore ningar AV.ppt

20 Outdoor air pollution 6.4 million years of life lost premature deaths 3% of the global cardio-pulmonary disease burden (Cohen et al., 2004 Comparative quantification of health risks: global and regional burden of disease attributable to selected major risk factors. Geneva, WHO, vol 2 ch17).

21 Bellander Climate, Air quality and Health 20

22 Summary Ozone Complex formation Well-known short-term effects Less studied long-term effects Meaning of small-scale concentration differences? Soot Combustion-related Less studied than PM10, PM2.5 Probably a major culprit. Quantification? Related to other exhaust components: NOx, UFP How should soot be measured? Bellander Climate, Air quality and Health 21