J. Japan Association on Odor Environment Vol. -1 No. 0,**0 431

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1 J. Japan Association on Odor Environment Vol. -1 No. 0,** , +,, + 0/1 **+/ +, + TEL *12 22, 0+,, FAX *12 22,.0,1 nob-sakai@shoin.ac.jp

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5 J. Japan Association on Odor Environment Vol. -1 No. 0,**0 435 MRI / +, /, +0 : +0-1-*-11 : + Sakai, N., Imada, S., Saito, S., Kobayakawa, T. and Deguchi, Y. : The e#ects of visual images on perception of odors, Chemical Senses, -* (suppl +),,..-,./, (,**/)., : Aroma Research, 1, 0. 02,**0 - Dematte, M.L., Sanabria, D. and Spence, C. : Crossmodal associations between odor and colors. Chemical Senses, -+, /-+ /-2, (,**0).. : +*.2-.20,**- / : +* ,**- 0 : +3 3/ 32,**0 1 Spence, C., Kettenmann, B., Kobal, G. and McGlone, F. P. : Selective attention to the chemosensory modality, Perception and Psychophysics, 0,, +,0/ +,1+, (,***). 2 : Foods & Food Ingredients Journal of Japan FFI,+* 2,/ 2--,**/ 3 Wilson, D.A. and Stevenson, R.J. : (,**0), Learning to Smell Olfactory Perception from Neurobiology to Behavior, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. +* Dematte, M.L., Sanabria, D., Sugarman, R. and Spence, C. : Cross-modal interactions between olfaction and touch, Chemical Senses, -+,,3+ -**, (,**0). ++ Gottfried, J.A. and Dolan, R.J. : The nose smells what eye sees : crossmodal visual facilitation of human olfactory perception, Neuron, -3, -1/ -20, (,**-). +, Dalton, P., Doolittle, N., Nagata, H. and Breslin, P.A.S. : The merging of the senses : subthreshold integration of taste and smell, Nature Neuroscience, -,.-+.-,,(,***). +- Lundstorm, J.N., Boyle, J.A. and Jones-Gotman, M. : Sit up and smell the rose better : olfactory sensitivity

6 to phenyl ethyl alcohol is dependent on body position, Chemical Senses, -+,,.3,/,, (,**0). +. Mainland, J. and Sobel, N. : The sni# is part of olfactory percept, Chemical Senses, -+, , (,**0). +/ : -/,,,/,**. +0 : ,**0 The e#ects of other sensory information on odor perception Nobuyuki SAKAI Department of Living Sciences, Kobe Shoin Women s University +, +, Shinohara Oba Noyamacho, Nada-ku, Kobe 0/1 **+/, Japan Abstract In this review, several studies reporting about interactions between olfactory perception and visual stimuli, e.g. color of odor solution or pictures about odor sources, are introduced. Then, three working hypotheses about interactions between olfaction and vision are discussed. The first hypothesis is that the cross-modal interactions are the result of cross- modal associations between olfactory and visual stimuli. Second is top-down processing activated by visual stimuli a#ects olfaction. Third is congruency e#ect. Several studies reporting interactions between olfaction and other sensory/cognitive information, such as gustatory stimuli, somatosensory and kinetic stimuli (body position and sni$ng), and knowledge about odor sources are also introduced. These studies suggested that the one who wants to understand individual olfactory world should understand these complex processes in olfactory perception. Key words : olfactory perception, color of odor stimuli, visual images for odor sources, association between odor and appearance, top-down processing