Department of Food Science Vad vet vi om animaliska livsmedel? särskilt fokus på fettsammansättning Jana Pickova Institutionen för livsmedelsvetenskap; SLU
DHA i maten har minskat Kyle and Arterburn, 1998
Crawford, M.A. and Sinclair, A.J. (1972) Nutritional influences in the evolution of the mammalian brain. In Lipids, malnutrition and the developing brain: 267 292. Elliot, K. and Knight, J. (Eds.). A Ciba Foundation Symposium (19 21 October, 1971). Amsterdam, Elsevier. 20 18 16 14 % Fatty Acids 12 10 8 N-6 N-3 6 4 2 0 18:2 20:3 20:4 22:4 18:3 20:5 22:5 22:6
Effect of animal feeding on human FA intake 20 50 % 15 10 5 % 40 30 Stand Pork + 20 All + 10 Stand Pork + All + 0 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 0 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 (a) α-linolenic acid intake (E%) (b) long-chain n-3 PUFA intake (E%) Distribution of adolescent average daily intake for: Stand = standard fatty acid composition of animal food products Pork + = pork enriched in n-3 PUFA All + = all major meats, milk and eggs enriched in n-3 PUFA (Pork + and All + derived from animals receiving LNA rich feeds) De Smet et al. (2004) Proc. ICoMST
eill et al., 2002) n-3 FA rich animal diet affect n-3 FA in human serum Animal diet Human Serum samples 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 n-6/n-3 ration Control diet flaxseed diet Control diet animal product Human serum flaxseed diet animal product human serum
Farming of finfish growing at a higher rate than other aquaculture species the growth continues FAO, 2006 Finfish: Compounded average growth rate of about 9.5%
160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Fish oil evolution of application areas Old times and fishery era - Fish oil: By-product Wide area of Applications (i.e. cod liver Oil, pressed herring oil) Food value chain - Fish oil: By-product fish meal prod. Animal feed ingredient Aquaculture - Fish oil demand increases primary product (high price) Awareness of health - High demand for fish oil both as feed AND food ingredient High demand for oils of both plant and marine origin - Alternatives are needed! Million tonnes Aquaculture Capture Before 1900 s ~ 1960 s ~ 1990 s ~ 2000 s Fish oil history
Fiskodling och foder Fish feed Fish oil energy Fish feed Fish oil plant oil energy fiskolja plantoljor GMO (alg till plant)
Gröna växter innehåller en högre andel omega-3 (grönt) Spannmålsprodukter innehåller en högre andel omega-6 (gult)
Olika foder Fleromättade fettsyror, kvot n6/n3 Gräs Linfrö Rapsfrö Sojamjöl Koncentrat Majsensilage Fettinnehåll % 1-3 38 41 10-20 3-10 10-20 Fettsyra/kvot 18:2n-6 18 20 26 52 53 52 18:3n-3 45-50 58 8 5.5 7 1 n-6/n-3 0.3-0.4 0.3 3.2 9.5 7.6 52
Fettsyror från naturen i balans i human kost: n-6/n-3 = 1-4
Nordisk -Medelhavsdiet Kött/fisk Mjölk Fiberrik föda Fettsyror, antioxidanter Fibrer, andra bioaktiva ämnen från växt- och djurriket
Betesdrift året om, stödutfodring med ensilage n-6/n-3=1.3
Resultat från försök med olika foderstater: fett 70 60 50 40 omega 6 (%) omega 3 (%) omega-6/omega-3 Sammansättning foder 30 Sammansättning kött 14.0 omega 6 (%) 12.0 omega 3 (%) 10.0 omega-6/omega-3 20 10 0 Bete Vallensilage Helsädesensilage Korn 8.0 6.0 4.0 Omega-6/omega-3 i kött speglar fodrets fettsyrasammansättning 2.0 0.0 Vallensilage Korn + Helsädesensilage Gräs Fredriksson & Pickova, 2007
n-6/n-3 i kött speglar fodrets fettsyrasammansättning, olika exempel 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Gräs 1 Kraftfoder 2 Kornbaserat 3 Ensilage 4 1 Enser et al 1998, 2 Enser et al 1999, 3 Cifuni et al 2004, 4 Egen studie
n-6/n-3 i kött speglar fodrets fettsyrasammansättning, pilotstudie : griskött 16,00 14,00 12,00 10,00 8,00 6,00 ekologisk konventionell 4,00 2,00? 0,00 Preliminära resultat
Fettsyrasammansättning i mjölk Bete Andelen grovfoder Linfrökaka Olika betesmarker Antioxidanter 4,5 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 n-6/n-3 linfrökaka 30% kraft 70% grovfoder 60% kraft 40% grovfoder Egen studie, opublicerat, Leiber et al. 2004
Betande djur mer lika vilda omega-6/omega-3 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Hjort bete Hjort koncentrat Hjort skog Älg Nötkött bete Nötkött koncentrat Egen studie, Cordain et al.1998, Rule et al., 2002
Köttets smak påverkasl 18:3 n-3 (linolensyra) påverkar smak till mer gräs-smak (viltsmak) Wood et al., 2004; Vatansever, et al. 2000 Visat i ren och annat vilt : Sampels et al. 2006; Wiklund et al; 2003;
Resultat från försök med olika foderstater: vitamin E Vitamin E µg/100g 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Gräs Korn Vallensilage Helsädes ensilage Betesdjur Ensilage utfodrade Korn utfodrade
Incidence of lifestyle diseases Calculations 2001: Lifestyle diseases contribute by ~60% of total reported deaths worldwide Almost half of these attributable to CVD Obesity and diabetes - increases rapidly European Union is 15.5%, and even more alarmingly, in Britain it is 24.5% of the total population.
Causes of lifestyle diseases: Complex diseases, combined reasons: Diet (composition and habits) Lack of physical activity Genotype (pre-disposed subjects)
Omega-6 to omega-3 status in the Western world Norway 1993 (Norkost): n-6 fatty acids (mainly linoleic acid 18:2n-6) ca 5 E% alfa-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) ca 0.6 E% marine (VLC)n-3 fatty acids ca 0.4 E% n-6/n-3 ca 5:1 n-6/marine n-3 ca 12:1 Other countries/areas with lower seafood intake 20-60:1 Sweden 2011???? n-6 fatty acids 10E% alfa-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) ca 0.4 E% marine (VLC)n-3 fatty acids ca 0.2 E%
Overweight/obese 4-yr-old had lower fat intake, lower n3 intake and higher insulin levels 22 BMI kg/m 2 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Garemo et al. 2006,2007
Beneficial Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids Anti-inflammatory effects through the suppression of the synthesis of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids from arachidonic acid. Positive effects on gene expression and signal transduction pathways involved in the control of cell growth, differentiation apoptosis, angiogenesis and metastasis. Suppression of excessive production of nitrogen oxide (NO) during chronic inflammation leading to DNA damage and impaired DNA repair. Inhibition of estrogen production and estrogen-stimulated growth of hormone- dependent cancer cells. Enhancement of insulin sensitivity and cell membrane fluidity that may help prevent metastasis. Larsson et al. (2004) Am J Clin Nutr 79, 935-945
Products of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids n-3 product Biological effect Leukotriene B5 Weak inducer of inflammation n-6 product Leukotriene B4 Biological effect Induce inflammation Prostacyclin (PGI2/3) prevent Platelet aggregation Prostaglandin Immune and inflammatory response Thromboxane 3 Weak platelet aggregator Thromboxane A2 Platelet aggregation Endotheliumderived relaxing factor Relaxation in large arteries and vessels Fibrinogen Blood clotting n-3 FA decrease the production of products from the n-6 FA
Tack!