The Stockholm Trial: Congestion charging and improved public transport aimed at reducing traffic jams and creating a better environment Gunnar Söderholm, City of Stockholm deputy CEO
Improved public transport 22 Aug 2005 New park-and-ride sites Autumn 2005 Congestion charging 3 Jan-31 July 2006 Referendum 17 Sept 2006
Primary objectives of congestion charging Reduced congestion Increased accessibility Better environment
Secondary objectives of congestion charging To reduce traffic volume by 10-15% on the most-heavily-used routes during morning and afternoon/evening peak periods. To improve accessibility for buses and cars in the inner city. Revenue back to Stockholm
Before and during the trial Monitoring period Evaluation programme Before autumn 2004 (spring 2005) During spring 2006 More complete analysis: 21 June 2006 Monthly indicators Monitoring period Monthly indicators, starting December 2005, ending June 2006 Selected indicators 10th of each month Go live Monitoring period Public transport reinforcement, 22 August 2005 - daily during the first 2 weeks Congestion charging, 3 January 2006 - daily during the first 2 weeks Selected indicators
E18 motorway North Link New western bridge Årstabron railway bridge Western detour Railway tunnel
DESIGN & IMPLEMENTATION Extensive media coverage System launching day Focused on the expected chaos
DESIGN & IMPLEMENTATION Extensive media coverage One day after Immediate positive press focused on the huge impact
500 000 Passages in/out of congestion-charging zone 06:00 19:00 450 000 400 000 350 000 300 000 250 000 200 000 150 000 100 000 50 000 0 02-jan 10-jan 16-jan 20-jan 26-jan 01-feb 07-feb 13-feb 17-feb 23-feb 01-mar 07-mar 13-mar 17-mar 23-mar 29-mar 04-apr 10-apr 19-apr 25-apr 02-maj 08-maj 12-maj 18-maj 25-maj 01-jun 09-jun 15-jun 21-jun 28-jun 03-jul 07-jul
Effects stabilised quickly Passager över avgiftssnittet kl 6-19 600000 500000 400000 300000 200000-22% -22% -28% -24% -23% 2005 (beräknat) 2006 höstvardag 2005 100000 0 jan feb mar apr maj jun jul aug sept okt nov dec
-9% (-3000) -26% (-6000) -22% (-19 000) -21% (-28 000) -19% (-12 000)
30 % exempted passages 10% 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 0% Januari Februari Mars April Färdtjänst Lidingöpassager* Taxi "Miljöbilar" Buss, > 14 ton Parkeringstillstånd Ultändskt fordon Diplomatbil Utryckningsfordon ingöpassager i februari och mars är uppskattade utifrån andel lidingöpassager i januari
Who pays the tax? 20 % inner city 30 % rest of Stockholm City 40 % Rest of Stockholm County 10 % Rest of Sweden
Fordonspassager över avgiftssnittet 45000 40000 April 2005 April 2006 Innerstadssnittet 35000 30000 Flöde (fordon/h) 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Tidpunkt
Traffic in and out from the inner city
Goals essentially reached 10-15 % less traffic to/from inner city Was 20-25% Increased accessibility Queue times down 30-50% in/near the inner city Essingeleden about the same Decreased emissions 10-14% less in inner city; 2-3% in total county Inhabitants should perceive an improved urban environment Unclear difficult to define and measure
10 % of estimated trouble Call center 1 800 Appeals to tax auth 115 Appeals to court 5 Enforcement < 1 % 10 15 persons has problem with stolen plates Less than 1 % who try to cheat the system 99,9 % Operational time
Effects on car traffic - prel. overview -10% -4% +4% +10%
Essingeleden about the same but Södra länken is worse Travel time increase on Södra länken due to it being a new road Trängsel, morgonrusning Trängsel, eftermiddagsrusning 250% 200% 250% 200% em 2005 em 2006 150% fm 2005 fm 2006 150% 100% 100% 50% 50% 0% EssingeN EssingeS SödraLänken V SödraLänken Ö 0% EssingeN EssingeS SödraLänken V SödraLänken Ö
Unexpectedly small traffic increase on E4-Essingeleden 2006 180000 2005 160000 140000 120000 100000 80000 60000 Gröndalsbron Frösunda Midsommar -kransen 40000 20000 0 jan feb mar apr maj jun jul
De olika Mätpunkterna Innerstadsgata Inre infart Yttre infart Essingeleden Södra länken Tvärled
Less traffic also further out and inside the cordon -25% -20% -15% -10% -5% 0% 5% Streets Innerstadsgator inside Streets Innerstadsgator, inside, large stora Main Innerstadsleder roads inside Cordon Avgiftssnittet Inner Inre main infarter roads OuterYttre maininfarter roads Streets, Ytterstadsgator outside Ring Tvärleder roads
Inner main rods Klarastrandsleden Fredhällspåfarten Roslagsv Uppsalav Kristinebergspåfarten Johanneshovsbron Pampaslänken Skanstullsbron Lidingöbron Drottningholmsvägen Stadshagspåfarten Danviksbron Liljeholmsbron Tomtebodav Ramp Pampaslänken Solnabron Stadshagsavfarten Skansbron Kristinebergsavfarten Mariebergsavfarten Norra Stationsavfarten Ekelundsbron -40% -35% -30% -25% -20% -15% -10% -5% 0%
Större innerstadsgator Större innerstadsgator Sankt Eriksbron Förändringar med 99% konfidensgrad Signifikant minskning Signifikant ökning Ej signifikant minskning Fleminggatan Vasagatan Birger Jarlsgatan Ringvägen Valhallavägen Cederdalsgatan Strömbron Lidingövägen Sveavägen Götgatan Norr Mälarstrand Hornsgatan Folkungagatan Strandvägen Västerbron Skeppsbron Söder Mälarstrand Stadsgården Valhallavägen St Eriksgatan -25% -20% -15% -10% -5% 0% 5%
North-South- traffic Nordydaxeln Förändringar med 99% konfidensgrad Söderkopplet Signifikant minskning Ej signifikant minskning Klaratunneln Söderledstunneln Centralbron Herkulesgatan -20% -18% -16% -14% -12% -10% -8% -6% -4% -2% 0%
Outer main roads Yttre infarter, riktning in och ut Förändringar med 99% konfidensgrad Signifikant minskning Signifikant ökning Tyresövägen Ulvsundavägen m Alvik E18 Enköpingsvägen m Enköp Ej signifikant minskning Enköpingsvägen Ej signifikant ökning Väg 222 Värmdöleden m Sthlm Väg 222 Värmdöleden m Gusta Bergslagsvägen V 226 Huddingev Tullinge Sörentorp Huddingevägen Nynäsvägen Nockebybron Stocksundsbron Solnavägen -20% -15% -10% -5% 0% 5% 10%
Streets in Stockholm City surburbs Ytterstadsgator Förändringar med 99% konfidensgrad Signifikant minskning Signifikant ökning Vårbergsvägen Svanholmsvägen Skärholmskopplet Årstabergsvägen Ej signifiaknt minskning Ej signifiaknt ökning Norra Kolonnvägen Smistavägen Avestagatan Ekholmsvägen G:a Södertäljevägen Korkskruven Perstorpsvägen Bolidenvägen Skälbyvägen Alviksvägen Ågestabron Lugnets Allé Skärholmsvägen Stortorpsvägen Västberga Allé Gamla Tyresövägen Uppfart mot Åbyvägen -25% -20% -15% -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
30-50% less time in queues 300% Kötid, Delaymorgonrusning time, AM peak 250% fm 2005 fm 2006 200% 150% 100% 50% 0% inreinfartin inreinfartut innerstadsgata innerstadsledn innerstadsleds Inner main roads, inbound Inner main roads, outbound Inner streets Inner main roads, northbound Inner main roads, southbound
Even larger effect on PM peak 300% 250% Kötid, eftermiddagsrusning Delay time, PM peak em 2005 em 2006 200% 150% 100% 50% 0% Inner main roads, inbound Inner main roads, outbound Inner streets Inner main roads, northbound inreinfartin inreinfartut innerstadsgata innerstadsledn innerstadsleds Inner main roads, southbound
Effects on travel times prel. overview (AM peak) -15% -5% +5% +15%
vecka 21 vecka 22 vecka 23 vecka 20 vecka 19 vecka 18 200% 175% 150% 125% 100% 75% 50% 25% 0% inre infart - in, höst och vår -05 innerstadsgator, höst och vår -05 innerstadsgator inre infart -ut, höst och vår -05 inre infart - ut inre infart, in Morning traffic Förändring av trängsel, morgonrusning vecka 5 vecka 6 vecka 7 vecka 8 vecka 9 vecka 10 vecka 11 vecka 12 vecka 13 vecka 14 vecka 15 vecka 16 vecka 17 vecka 4 vecka 3 vecka 2
vecka 20 vecka 21 vecka 22 vecka 23 vecka 19 vecka 18 175% 150% 125% 100% 75% 50% 25% 0% yttre infart - in, höst och vår -05 yttre infart - ut, höst och vår -05 yttre infart - in tvärled, höst och vår -05 yttre infart - ut Morning traffic Förändring av trängsel, morgonrusning vecka 5 vecka 6 vecka 7 vecka 8 vecka 9 vecka 10 vecka 11 vecka 12 vecka 13 vecka 14 vecka 15 vecka 16 vecka 17 vecka 4 vecka 2 vecka 3
vecka 20 vecka 21 vecka 22 vecka 23 vecka 19 275% 250% 225% 200% 175% 150% 125% 100% 75% 50% 25% 0% Afternoon Förändring av trängsel, eftermiddagsrusning innerstadsgator, höst och vår -05 inre infart - in, höst och vår -05 inre infart - ut, höst och vår -05 innerstadsgator inre infart - ut inre infart - in vecka 2 vecka 3 vecka 4 vecka 5 vecka 6 vecka 7 vecka 8 vecka 9 vecka 10 vecka 11 vecka 12 vecka 13 vecka 14 vecka 15 vecka 16 vecka 17 vecka 18
vecka 19 vecka 20 vecka 21 vecka 22 vecka 23 200% 175% 150% 125% 100% 75% 50% 25% 0% Afternoon Förändring av trängsel, eftermiddagsrusning yttre infart - ut, höst och vår -05 yttre infart - in, höst och vår -05 yttre infart - ut tvärled tvärled, höst och vår -05 yttre infart - in vecka 2 vecka 3 vecka 4 vecka 5 vecka 6 vecka 7 vecka 8 vecka 9 vecka 10 vecka 11 vecka 12 vecka 13 vecka 14 vecka 15 vecka 16 vecka 17 vecka 18
Less traffic means less accidents Higher speeds means worse impact but small effect as a whole The period is too short for proper analysis of registered accidents Improved traffic safety Estimated reduction of wounded/killed by 5-10 % within the charging zone
Less carbon dioxide Climate effects large for a single measure One step towards national climate target Inner city 10-14% reduction County 2-3% reduction
Less emissions improve health Emissions are reduced in the right area According to new findings, as much as 30 premature deaths can be saved (app. 300 living years) Inner city 10-14% reduction County 2-3% reduction
Noise not much of an effect App 1 dba, and at most 2 dba 3 dba the limit that can be heard BUT the number of disturbed by noise are reduced
Air polution Traffic -14% Tabell 1. Beräknade utsläppsminskningar från vägtrafiken i Stockholm för en situation med respektive utan Stockholmsförsöket år 2006. Innerstaden: Stockholms stad: Storstockholm: ton/år procent ton/år procent ton/år procent Kväveoxider, NO X 73-13 % 76-4,4 % 90-2,0 % Kolmonoxid, CO 670-14 % 710-5,1 % 760-2,8 % Partiklar, PM10 totalt 21-13 % 24-3,5 % 30-1,5 % slitagepartiklar 19-13 % 22-3,4 % 28-1,4 % avgaspartiklar 2,0-14 % 2,1-5,0 % 2,3-2,5 % Flyktiga kolväten,voc 110-14 % 119-5,3 % 127-2,8 % bensen, C 6 H 6 0,9-14 % 1,0-5,6 % 1,1-2,8 % Koldioxid, CO 2 37 000-12 % 39 000-5,5 % 43 000-2,7 %
Improved Public Transport 12 new express bus lines 18 bus lines with extended service Improvements of rail-bound lines 1800 new parkand-ride places
SL (Public Transport) in May 2006 + 7 % 45 000 more passengers 30.000 more passengers to innercity per day Commuter trains: + 10 000 (+ 6%) Underground: + 40.000 (+ 9%) Busses: + 13.000 (+ 12%) Local trains: + 7.000 (+ 12%)
Public transport SL-resandet totalt 2004 2005 2006 Påstigande per vardagsdygn, 1000-tal 2600 2400 2200 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 jan feb mar apr maj jun jul aug sep okt nov dec
Public transport an important part Improved public transport alone cannot reduce car traffic More passengers, but transit congestion stays about the same increased supply of transit plays a role Buses have higher speeds Park & ride spaces have been used Bus riders are satisfied with the new buses more answers in August.
Well-functioning road transport important Industry & commerce Time gains valuable, but administration cumbersome Marginal influence on land use, real estate prices and regional economy compared to other factors No identifiable effects on retail at aggregate level Influence on households purchasing power negligible
Retail in May No negative effects of the congestion taxes Retail increase + 6 % in city (+ 7 % in nation) Same increase inside and outide the congestion zon
Business sector more positive now From very negative to barely negative, on average Administration is a burden Shorter travel times valuable
Do You think there is problems in the Stockholm traffic? 50,0% 45,0% 40,0% 35,0% 30,0% 25,0% 20,0% 15,0% 10,0% 5,0% 0,0% Inga problem Vissa problem Stora problem Vet ej September 05 Oktober 05 November 05 December 06 Januari 06 Februari 06 Mars 06 April 06 Maj 06
Do You think there is problem in the Stockholm traffic car drivers 50,0% 45,0% 40,0% 35,0% 30,0% 25,0% 20,0% 15,0% 10,0% 5,0% 0,0% Inga problem Vissa problem Stora problem Vet ej September 05 Oktober 05 November 05 December 06 Januari 06 Februari 06 Mars 06 April 06 Maj 06
60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Is the Stockholm trial a good idea Bra Dåligt Oktober 05 November 05 December 06 Januari 06 Februari 06 Mars 06 April 06 Maj 06 September 05
Is the Stockholm trial a good idea? Car drivers 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Bra Dåligt September 05 Oktober 05 November 05 December 06 Januari 06 Februari 06 Mars 06 April 06 Maj 06
70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Is the Stockholm trial a good idea? Inner city residentials (102) Bra Dåligt Oktober 05 November 05 December 06 Januari 06 Februari 06 Mars 06 April 06 Maj 06 September 05
70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Is the Stockholm trial a good idea? Suburbans (428) Bra Dåligt Oktober 05 November 05 December 06 Januari 06 Februari 06 Mars 06 April 06 Maj 06 September 05
How would You vote in the referendum? 70 60 50 40 30 Yes No Don't know 20 10 0 Sthlm 05 Sthlm 06 County 05 County 06 All 05 All 06
Norra regioncentrum 60 40 20 41 54 53 42 Norra innerstaden 0 pos neg 60 40 20 56 41 54 40 0 pos neg Södra innerstaden 60 40 20 56 61 39 36 0 pos neg Södra regioncentrum 60 40 20 62 49 46 34 0 pos neg
Cost-benefit analysis of the congestion charges Shorter, more reliable travel times Paid congestion charges Health and environment Traffic safety Revenues from congestion charges Other revenues/costs Maintenance and running costs Net benefit Investment and running costs 2006 Shadow prices etc. Total initial cost 590 mkr/year -760 mkr/year 90 mkr/year 120 mkr/year 760 mkr/year 190 mkr/year -220 mkr/year 760 mkr/year -2000 mkr -1100 mkr -3100 mkr Payback time: 4 years.
The congestion charge gives a net social surplus but not the increased bus services The congestion charge gives a net social surplus of around 800 msek per year The trial is a net social deficit Since the investment is a sunk cost, it s socially profitable to carry on The benefits outweigh the investment cost in 4 years Short payback time compared to road/rail investments (typically 15-25 years) The new bus services give a net socail deficit cost 520 mkr/year, shorter travel times worth 180 mkr/year
Effects are large compared to other measures Western ring road: 14% less traffic over the inner city bridges Eastern ring road : 11% less traffic over the inner city bridges Zero public transport fare: 3% less car traffic in the county 15 billions 20 billions 5 billions per år Doesn t make sense to compare investments and congestion charges against each other Congeston charge gives a financial surplus of 500 msek/year Complements, not substitute, both financially and from a traffic management perspective
What surprised the experts?... that the simple charging structure worked so well that the effects happened and stabilised so quickly that the congestion reduction could be seen by virtually everybody the change in attitudes the many ways to adapt to the charges
Congestion is not a fact of life. We need a new approach and we need it now! The demonstrated sucess of roadpricing. Other major cities around the world, including London and Stockholm most recently have reduced congestion and improved throughput almost immediately through the implementation of congestion pricing strategies Norman Y. Mineta Secretary of Transportation, US
Lessons learned Better public transport cannot reduce road congestion on its own If congestion charge is made permanent: Simple zone structure seems to work OK Charge levels and time periods can be fine-tuned Continue simplification of payment and administration Consider seasonal traffic variation Charge on Essingeleden? Well: has not become significantly worse than before so far.
Walter Veltroni, Rom Bertrand Delanoë, Paris Klaus Woeriet, Berlin Ken Livingstone, London Annika Billström, Stockholm
Information on the web: www.stockholm.se/miljoavgifter www. Stockholmsforsoket.se