Viral Foodborne Diseases Caused by Norovirus

December 2005 235 1, 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Viral Foodborne Diseases Caused by Norovirus Osamu N>H=>D 1,,Miho A@>N6B6 1,Chikako A>@> 1,Masaaki SJ<>:96 2,Shinji FJ@J96 3, Tomoko N>H=>96 4,YouU:@> 5,Nobuhiro IG>I6C> 6,Michiyo S=>CD=6G6 7 and Hirokazu K>BJG6 8 ( 1 Infectious Diseases Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases: Gakuen 4 7 1, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208 0011, Japan; 2 Shizuoka Institute of Environment and Hygiene: 4 27 2, Kita-Ando, Shizuoka-shi 420 8637, Japan; 3 Hiroshima Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environment: 1 6 29, Minamimachi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima-shi 734 0007, Japan; 4 Yamaguchi Prefectural Research Institute of Public Health: 535, Asada, Yamaguchi-shi 753 0871, Japan; 5 Miyagi Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environment: 4 7 2, Saiwai-cho, Miyagino-ku, Sendai-shi 983 0836, Japan; 6 Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences Japan: 8 34, Tojo-cho, Tennoji-ku, Osaka 543 0026, Japan; 7 Saitama Institute of Public Health: 639 1, Kamiokubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 338 0824, Japan; 8 Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences: 378, Kami-okimachi, Maebashi-shi, Gunma 371 0052, Japan; Corresponding author) 1. 2004 2005 1 208 0011 4 7 1 2 420 8637 4 27 2 3 734 0007 1 6 29 4 753 0871 535 5 983 0836 4 7 2 6 543 0026 8 34 7 338 0824 639 1 8 371 0052 378 2. 1968 1) SRSV (small round structured virus) 1990 3 1990 2002 8

236 Vol. 46, No. 6 3. 1997 5 2002 8 2003 8 SRSV RT-PCR 4. 30 38 nm 7.7 Kb 1 RNA 3 Open Reading Flame (ORF) 1 RNA ORF2 ORF3 1. G1 5. 1) 2) genogroup (G) I GII 2) C-1 C-40 40 1, 2 RT-PCR 2. G2 3) 100 3)

December 2005 237 4) 4 2 2 4) 1 5) 70 5 30 5) 3 6 ppm 30 0.1 ppm 0.4 ppm 200 ppm ph 3 3 ph 3 5) 60 30 85 1 6. 12 48 2 6) 0.075 7) 1998 2004 56,969 1 2 30 3) 7. 1) PCR 1g1 3 8) 9) 2) 3 1 1 10) 3) 1 1 2 3 4 3.

238 Vol. 46, No. 6 4. 4) 11) 4 2003 1 600 1 1,400 800 9) 200 8. 12) IgA IgA 10. 5 1) 3) 4) 5) 1) 2) 3) 10 m 4) 2) 5) 4) 11. 2001 2004 280 5 2000 2001 4 2002 2003 3 2004 2 5 9. ABO ABH 13), 14) 5.

December 2005 239 2000 2 2001 1 2000 2003 8,000 2004 12,000 1.5 6 2003 100 6. 19 1 2004 27 1) 2000 11 2003 2004 18 7 2000 19 2003 1/3 2004 45 8 2) 2001 44 9 2003 24 7. 2000, 2003, 2004 8. 2000, 2003, 2004

240 Vol. 46, No. 6 9. 2001, 2003, 2004 10. 2001, 2003, 2004 1 2 2004 2001 1/4 9 2003 4, 2004 9 13 4 2 3) 2001 25 7 2003 10, 2004 4 10 12. 1) 1 1 1 10 L

December 2005 241 A, B 2 PCR A 11 2003 11 1L 2003 12 3 100 2003 12 1,000 1/10,000 12 2 20 L 12 B 2003 12 1 1L100 1/100 1/1,000 12 11 3 50 mm 11. A 12. B 13. 2001 4 2005 1 23 2001 10 2005 4 2003 2004 2005 6 2 20 15) 2) PCR 2001 10 2005 4 13 PCR 1 10 10 11 4 1 2 1, 2 13 3) 645 1 3 14 3 1 57 (8.8 ) 3 2

242 Vol. 46, No. 6 16. 2001 4 2005 1 14. 3 2002 10 2005 4 17. 2001 4 2005 1 15. 2001 4 2005 2 732 4) 2001 2005 15 732 17 25 8 24 21 13 18 16), 17) 13. 23 2001 2005 288 20 16, 17 18. 1 2001 4 2005 1 50 16, 17 2 91, 3 18 1 14.

December 2005 243 15. 18) 16. GII.4 2002 GII.4 Lordsdale 2002 2 19) 2002 GII.4 2004 2004 20) ORF2 Lordsdale ORF1 2002 2002 12 2005 2 2004 2004 12 2005 1 2004 17. 13 2001 4 2005 1 23 2003 2004 11 1 18. 4 1 1 RNA 19. RT-PCR PCR RT-PCR 13) 20. 1)

244 Vol. 46, No. 6 85 1 2) 10 1/30 1/100 3) 2003 11 790 21) 4) 60 1,000 ppm 5 10 200 ppm 5) 200 ppm 21. 1) Kapikian, A. Z., Wyatt, R. G., Dolin, R., Thornhill, T. S., Kalica, A. R., Chanock, R. M., Visualization by immune electron microscopy of a 27-nm particle associated with acute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritis. J. Virol., 10, 1,075 1,081 (1972). 2) Wang,J.,Jiang,X.,Madore,H. P.,Gray,J.,Desselberger, U., Ando, T., Seto, Y., Oishi, I., Lew, J. F., Green, K. Y. Estes, M. K., Sequence diversity of small roundstructured viruses in the Norwalk virus group. J. Virol., 68, 5,982 5,990 (1994). 3) CDC: Norwalk-like viruses. Public health consequences and outbreak management. MMWR, 50 (RR09), 1 18 (2001). 4) Doultree, J. C., Duruce, J. D., Brich, C. J., Bowden, D. S., Marshall, J. A., Inactivation of feline calicivirus, a Norwalk virus surrogate. J. Hospital Infect., 41, 51 57 (1999). 5) Duizer, E., Bijkerk, P., Rockx, B., De Groot, A., Twisk, F., Koopmans, M., Inactivation of caliciviruses. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 70, 4,538 4,543 (2004). 6) Calderon-Margalit, R., She#er, R., Halperin, T., Orr, N., Cohen, D., Shohat, T., A large-scale gastroenteritis outbreak associated with norovirus in nursing homes. Epidemic. Infect., 133, 35 40 (2005). 7) Mead, P. S., Slutsker, L., Dietz V., McCaig, L. F., Bresee, J. S., Shapiro, C., Gri$n, P. M., Tauxe, R. V., Foodrelated illness and death in the United States. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 5, 607 625 (1999). 8) No. 4105, 5 9 (2002). 9) 24, 315 (2003). 10) 32, 195 201 (2004). 11) Norovirus 32, 189 194 (2004). 12) Saul, G. A., Raphael, D.,Richard, G. W., Tousimis, A. J., Robert, S. N., Acute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritis: Intestinal histopathology. Ann. Intern. Med., 79, 18 25 (1973). 13) Hutson, A. M., Atmar, R. L., Graham, D. Y., Estes, M. K., Norwalk virus infection and discase is associated with ABO histo-blood group type. J. Infect. Dis., 185, 1,335 1,337 (2002).

December 2005 245 14) Rockx, B. H., Vennema, H., Hoebe, C. J., Duizer, E., Koopmans, M. P., Association of histo-blood group antigens and susceptibility to norovirus infections. J. Infect. Dis., 191, 749 754 (2005). 15) 77, 95 102 (2003). 16) A 77, 89 94 (2003). 17) 22, 222 223 (2001). 18) Green, J., Wright, P. A., Gallimore, C. I., Mitchell, O., Morgan-Capner, P., Brown, D. W., The role of environmental contamination with small round structured viruses in a hospital outbreak investigated by reversetranscriptase polymerase chain reaction assy. J. Hospital Infect., 39, 39 45 (1998). 19) Lopman, B., Vennema, H., Kohli, E., Pothior, P., Sanchez, A., Negredo, A., Buesa, J., Schreier, E., Reacher, M., Brown, D., Gray, J., Iturriza, M., Gallimore, C., Bottiger, B., Hedlund, K. O., Torvén, M., von Bonsdor#, C., Maunula, L., Poljsak-Prijatelj, M., Zimsek, J., Reuter, G., Szücs, G., Melegn, B., Svennson, L., van Duijnhoven, Y., Koopmans, M., Increase in viral gastroenteritis outbreaks in Europe and epidemic spread of new norovirus variant, Lancet, 363, 682 688 (2004). 20) Kroneman, A., Vennema, H., Duijnhoven, Y., van Duizer, E., Koopmans, M., High number of norovirus outbreaks associated with a GGII.4 variant in the Netherlands and elsewhere: dose this herald a worldwide increase?. Eurosurveillance Weekly Archives, 8, 52 55 (2004). 21) 25, 209 210 (2004).