Kortlivade klimatpåverkande ämnen, SLCF Seminarium i Stockholm 8 mars 2011, SMHI, Miljödepartementet, Naturvårdsverket Ground-level ozone, soot and health Tom Bellander, MSc, PhD, Associate Professor Getahun Bero Bedada, MD, PhD, Post-Doc Institute of Environmental Medicine Karolinska Institutet Bellander 11 februari 2010
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Particles Fossil fuels Solid fuels Ozone Particles Ozone Fossil fuels Bellander Climate, Air quality and Health 3 Ecosystem
Ground level ozone A secondary pollutant Formed by complex photochemical reactions Precursors are NOx and volatile organic compounds Highly reactive oxidizing agent
Ground level ozone in Europe Death, respiratory disease Short-term Long-term? Mechanisms: Direct oxidation Formation of free radicals Impairment of antioxidant defenses Pulmonary & systemic inflammation Enhanced gene expression of pro-inflammatory enzymes: IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α. Bellander Climate, Air quality and Health 5
Acute health effects Increased hospital admission for: Asthma, COPD, Pneumonia, CHF, AMI, Stroke Increased total, CV and respiratory mortality
WHO O 3 air quality interim guideline (2005) Daily maximum 8-hour mean Effects High level 240 µg /m 3 Significant health effect; substantial proportion of vulnerable population affected WHO target 1 160 µg /m 3 Important health effects WHO air quality guideline 100 µg /m 3 Provide adequate protection of public health
Modeling of heat wave mortality in Paris, 2003; separate effects of heat and ozone Daily deaths 0 100 200 300 Paris Temperatur e effect Ozone effect Total 27Jul03 01Aug03 06Aug03 11Aug03 16Aug03 MaxMin Ozone None FullModel ActualDeaths
Chronic health effects of ozone Reduction in lung function Peters JM et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;159:768 775; Tager et al. Epidemiology 2005;16: 751 759 Development of asthma McConnell et al. Lancet 2002; 359: 386 91 Development of atherosclerosis?? Kunzli et al EHP 2005,113:201-206 Increased mortality and reduction in life expectancy Jerrett M et al. N Engl J Med 2009;360:1085 95
Particles Estimated loss of life expectancy from antropogenic PM2.5 All health effects including mortality Short- and long-term Mainly combustion-related Black particles Soot White particles Year 2000 emissions EC, IIASA
What is soot? Carbonaceous fraction of particles resulting from incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. The most abundant component in urban particles Observed as chain-like like aggregations of primary particles
Classification of PM on size
TB1
Bild 13 TB1 Illustrative electronic microscopy picture of a PM10 sampled on a filter from near a street diesel soot (small gray spheres) dominates the sample (Source: C. Trimbacher, Umweltbundesamt Wien), från Date: Mon, 03 May 2004 18:32:48 +0200 From: Jurgen Schneider <Jus@ecehbonn.euro.who.int> Subject: WHO systemativ review summary reoprt - pls check until next MONDA Y To: "Bernd Seifert (E-mail)" <Bernd.seifert@uba.de>, Summary report_4.doc Tom Bellander; 2004-11-08
Particulates or gases?
NOx 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Mechanisms of soot and diesel exhaust particle toxicity Formation of free radicals Oxidant induced DNA damage Impairment of antioxidant defenses Pulmonary & systemic inflammation Increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines: IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α.
Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution in relation to IL-6 and CRP levels among adults from Stockholm IL-6 IL-6 CRP CRP Traffic NO2 Heating-SO2 From: Panasevich et al. 2009 Göran Pershagen 24 mars 2011 17
Coal ban in Dublin (Clancy et al 2002) Institutet för Miljömedicin Karolinska Institutet Bellander 2011-03-24Luftförore ningar AV.ppt
Outdoor air pollution 6.4 million years of life lost 800 000 premature deaths 3% of the global cardio-pulmonary disease burden (Cohen et al., 2004 Comparative quantification of health risks: global and regional burden of disease attributable to selected major risk factors. Geneva, WHO, vol 2 ch17).
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Summary Ozone Complex formation Well-known short-term effects Less studied long-term effects Meaning of small-scale concentration differences? Soot Combustion-related Less studied than PM10, PM2.5 Probably a major culprit. Quantification? Related to other exhaust components: NOx, UFP How should soot be measured? Bellander Climate, Air quality and Health 21