Målet med Kirsh. Kognition interaktion design. Task environment (lånad från Simon 1973) Selective environment

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Bo Eklund
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1 Kognition interaktion design Vårterminen 2014 Målet med Kirsh Ge vissa vanliga handlingar a cognitive interpretation visa på deras roll i redan existerande teorier (fitness / problemlösning) Visa att de är viktiga Omformulera task environment så att det passar med dessa handlingar Selective environment..totality of cues, constaints, resources and dangers in a creature s world that determines its success, where success means its differential reproductive success (s. 418). Består av ett flertal task environments Task environment (lånad från Simon 1973) Väldefinierat starttillstånd Mål(tillstånd) Val Möjliga handlingar Konsekvenser (vad händer om jag gör x?) Kostnader Exempel på (orelaterat) state space Hur avgöra om en viss väg genom uppgiften är bra? Antal handlingar för att ta oss från starttill måltillstånd Mängd energi som går åt för att komma till måltillståndet Hur pålitligt vägen leder till måltillståndet 1

2 Jämför Savage Tillstånd Handling Färskt Gammalt Knäck i skålen Knäck på tefat Kasta Omelett på sex ägg Ingen omelett och fem färska ägg i soporna Omelett på sex Omelett på fem ägg och ett tefat att ägg och ett tefat att diska diska Omelett på fem ägg och ett färskt ägg i soporna Omelett på fem ägg (Ett av) Kirshs problem First, how do we decide how to classify the states and actions occurring in task performance? Second, how do we decide whether an action observed while a creature is engaged in a task is the type of action that qualifies as a move within that task space as opposed to being an action that just happens to occur in the same time frame as the task (s. 425). Vilka handlingar tillhör uppgiften? Påverkar prestationen Inte för allmän (inte del av alla uppgifter) Inte för specifik (de flesta agenter måste göra detta) Visar på handlingar som också bör ses som task external MEN i så fall Actions taken outside a task may have side effects that affect performance within the task. If there are regualirites in the way they may be created., the side effects can be exploited the creature may adapt the task to the strategies it has rather than adapting the strategies to the task (s. 427) Jämför med epistemic actions! Två generella metoder (1) Strategies for deforming the topology of the state space and (2) strategies for making existing state spaces more cognitively congenial Avstå från svåra eller omöjliga uppgifter Just say no 2

3 This is really the too-large economy bag. I don't know if I, probably take me about six months to use this one. And I just, I don't have the storage room for that kind of stuff. I guess if I rearranged my cupboards, maybe I could, but it's a hassle... I don t know, I just never bought that huge size like that. I never checked the price though on it. But being American Beauty, it probably costs more even in that large size. (Lave, 1984: 85-86) Routine maintenance Scouting ahead Create tools Förändrar task environment All of these actions deform the topology of actions in the state space, i.e., they change their expected payoffs The point of each of these strategies is to change the expected payoff of actions; it is to deform the task structure to make it easier or cheaper to complete the task successfully (449) Ändra cognitive congeniality Saves mental computation, reduces cognitive load on working memory, and makes the game relatively easy. (Kirsh, 1996, 441) Jmfr epistemic actions 3

4 Hur beskriva? Variation i strategier Beskriva problemet på en nivå så att alla variationer i strategi kan beskrivas? every individual sequence of actions that subjects display [will be described], but the level of description will be so fine that we will be unable to describe meaningfully the strategies (445). Hur beskriva? Använda oss av försökspersonernas konceptualisering av uppgiften two subjects will have to be described as operating in different task environments if they conceptualize their environment in different ways (445). Kirschs slutsats Either we must give up the notion of task environment as a useful explanatory construct or grant that there is a core task environment shared by all performers of a task, and that a variety of actions may be performed that do not fall within that task environment, narrowly construed, but that alter is cognitive congeniality (445). Kommer ni ihåg Sir Oswyn? Instead of assuming that most actions that occur in the time frame of a task are part of a strategy for solving the task, we may begin to consider whether some of those actions are external to the strategy, designed specifically to modify the task (Kirsh, 1996, 450) Simon om Sir Oswyn: The long-term memory here is literally a distributed memory, divided among the various groups of experts who are involved at one or another stage of the design process (Simon, 1973, 194) 4

5 Distributing cognition In this paper I will attempt to show that the classical cognitive science approach can be applied with a little modification on a unit of analysis that is larger than one person. One can still ask the same questions of a larger, socio-technical system that one would ask of an individual (Hutchins, 1995, 266) Jämför med Kirsh och N&S Omgivningen gör mer än att öka det externa minnet Distributing cognition With this new unit of analysis, many of the representations can be observed directly, so in some respects, this may be a much easier task than trying to determine the processes internal to the individual that account for the individual s behavior (Hutchins, 1995, 266) Distributing cognition Posing questions in this way reveals how systems that are larger than an individual may have cognitive properties in their own right that cannot be reduced to the cognitive properties of individual persons (Hutchins, 1995, 266 my italics) Hur? Hur bevisar man att kognition är distribuerad? Jämför vilka uppgifter systemet löser och vilka uppgifter piloterna löser Representationer och processer som är pilot-externa Representationer och processer som är pilot-interna 5

6 Speed card booklet The pilots don t have to remember what the weights are that appear on the cards. It is necessary only to find the place of the indicated gross weight value in the cards that are provided. (Hutchins 1994, p. 280) Speed bugs Setting any single speed bug to a particular value requires the pilot to hold the target speed in memory, read speed scale, locate the target speed on the speed scale (...), and then manually, move the speed bug to the scale position. Because not all tick marks on the speed scale have printed values adjacent to them, some interpolation, or counting of ticks, also is required. Hutchins 1994, 280 Speed bugs Once the bugs are set, it is not necessary actually to read the scale values where they are placed. It is necessary, however, to remember the meanings of each of the bugs with respect to names for flap/slat configurations. Hutchins 1994, 281 Vad bevisar detta? To call speed bugs a memory aide for the pilots is to mistake the cognitive properties of the reorganized functional system for the cognitive properties of one of its human components. Speed bugs do not help pilots remember speeds; rather, they are part of the processes by which the cockpit system remembers speed. Hutchins 1994, 283 Pilotens minne... is, rather, a recombination of recognition, recall, pattern matching, cross modality consistency checking, construction, and reconstruction that is conducted in interaction with a rich set of representational structures, many of which permit, but do not demand, the reconstruction of some internal representation that we would normally call the memory for the speed. Hutchins 1994, 284 Likheter mellan Kirsh och Hutchins? 6

7 Kirsh / Hutchins Vilken bild av uppgiften vill de ha? Hur försvarar de denna bild? Är detta en bra strategi? Kognitiv congeniality Systematiserat av David de Léon, i Cognitive Systems Research, Elimination Delegation Delegation with substitution Substitution without delegation 7

8 Substituting several actions with one Rearranging Tolerance 8

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