Bevarandebiologi - Conservation Biology Grundläggande, bred introduktion Två moment: Bevarande på gen- och populationsnivå 7.5 hp Bevarande på art- och ekosystemnivå 7.5 hp Zoologiska institutionen Linda Laikre kursledare Gen- och populationsnivån Karin Norén kursledare Art- och ekosystemnivån Conservation at the gene and population level Division of Population Genetics Teachers Chris Wheat lektor, researcher Christen Bossu post-doc, researcher Jason Hill post-doc, researcher Anastasia Andersson PhD student Naomi Keehnen PhD student Peter Pruisscher PhD student Lovisa Wennerström PhD student Alyssa Woronik PhD student Sara Kurland PhD student Christen Jason Chris Lovisa Kursens lärandemål Efter att ha gått kursen förväntas du: kunna redovisa bevarandebiologins huvuddelar och bakgrunden till forskningsfältets framväxt kunna visa insikt om problemställningar och ha praktisk erfarenhet av analysmetodik inom modern bevarandebiologisk forskning kunna förklara hur stokastiska och deterministiska processer styr populationers dynamik, överlevnad och genetiska sammansättning Peter & Naomi Alyssa Anastasia Sara känna till hur bevarandebiologisk kunskap praktiskt kan användas i naturvårdsarbete på olika nivåer Literature: Genes and populations: Frankham, Ballou & Briscoe: A primer of conservation genetics Examination: Two written exams 7 degree grading Several mandatory excersises Species and ecosystems: articles that will be handed out during the course Read Criteria for grading carefully If you have questions check with the teacher who leads the exercise 1
Grading: 50% genes & populations 50% species and ecosystems Both written exams and mandatory items necessary to pass the course. Grading: Gene and population levels Written exam graded A-F on April 29 Pass on all mandatory items www.popgen.su.se/bevbio Conservation Biodiversity The science to understand how we can conserve Earth's biological diversity User: bio Password: diversity Conservation Genetics The science to understand how we can conserve Earth s genetic diversity, use genetic tools in conservation biology, and understand the role of genetics for overall biodiversity conservation Martha Last of her species, died at 1 p.m., 1 September 1914, age 29, in the Cincinnati Zoological Garden. EXTINCT Martha Last of her species, died at 1 p.m., 1 September 1914, age 29, in the Cincinnati Zoological Garden. EXTINCT Allee Effects in Ecology and Conservation Courchamp, Berec, Gascoigne: Allee effects are broadly defined as a decline in individual fitness at low population size or density, that can result in critical population thresholds below which populations crash to extinction. As such, they are very relevant to many conservation programmes, where scientists and managers are often working with populations that have been reduced to low densities or small numbers. There are a variety of mechanisms that can create Allee effects, including mating systems, predation, environmental modification, and social interactions. 2
Det 6:e (7:e) massutdöendet pågår nu! The extinction vortex Klassiska frågeställningar: sårbarhetsanalys Populationen Miljöfaktorer Habitatkvalitet Minskad genetisk variation Miljöfluktuationer Försämrad anpassningsförmåga Fragmentering Miljöfaktorer Katastrofer Främmande arter/gener Mänsklig störning Ökad inavel Demografisk stokasticitet Inavelsdepression Demografisk slump PVA Population Viability (Vulnerability) Analysis PHVA Population and Habitat Viability Analysis Sårbarhetsanalys Olika metoder för att uppskatta risken för utdöende eller populationens storleksutveckling under en viss tidsperiod Historik - Bevarandebiologi 1962 Rachel Carson: Silent spring Miljörörelsen startar David Ehrenfeld 1970 Biological Conservation The evil quartet Habitat destruction Overkill Introduced species Secondary extinction Jared Diamond Aldo Leopold Land ethic 1950 Miljöetik Filosofisk grund för bevarandebiologin 1983 : Paul & Anne Ehrlich - Extinction: Species are disappearing at a rate unprecedented in history 3
Historik Bevarandegenetik Bevarandebiologi 1973 Endangered Species Act (ESA): arter ska bevaras, har ett egenvärde Art: subspecies, distinct population segment 1976 National Forest Management Act: Viable populations arter ska bevaras, har ett egenvärde Historik Signed by President Nixon on 28 December 1973 The ultimate goal of the Endangered Species Act is the conservation of the ecosystem on which all species depend for survival. U.S. Congress, 1978 Historik Historik 1970 Sir Otto Frankel: Restriction of genetic variation restricts the evolutionary potential - Variation needs defending if life as we know it is to survive Under the ESA, a species is - A species A subspecies A distinct population segment 1981 Otto Frankel & Michael Soulé: The sufficiency of genetic variation is the major issue in evolutionary conservation genetics 1979-82 Katherine Ralls & Jonathan Ballou: Inbreeding is deleterious to wild animals 1981 Professor Nils Ryman: Fish Gene Pools: Loss of genetic variation can result in detrimental changes of productivity and stability Society for Conservation Biology: Our goal is to help develop the scientific and technical means for the protection, maintenance, and restoration of life on this planet it s species, it s ecological and evolutionary processes, and it s particular and total environment Conservation Biology a crisis discipline 4
Habitat loss and fragmentation Reduction of the total amount of a habitat type, or perhaps all natural habitat, in a landscape SLOSS Corridors Edge effects Protected areas Apportionment of the remaining habitat into smaller, more isolated patches Corridors functional linkages between core protected areas stimulating or allowing species migration between areas Edge effects Mest studerade i skogslandskap Kantzoner: torrare varmare mindre skugga Edge effects Källa: J. Michael Reed, Tufts univ. 5
Klassiska frågeställningar: artbevarande Species conservation Keystone species Umbrella species Flagship species Klassiska frågeställningar: artbevarande Keystone species often top predators West coast of North America starfish (Pisaster ochraceus) mussel (Mytilus californianus) Indicator species Klassiska frågeställningar: artbevarande Keystone species often top predators Sea otter (Enhydra lutis) Sea otters kelp forests Lower levels of heterozygosity at microsatellite loci in populations after heavy hunting during the 18th-19th centuries Larson et al. 2005 Klassiska frågeställningar: artbevarande Umbrella species Är beroende av stora/komplexa områden/ekosystem Om dessa arter bevaras kommer många andra med på köpet Klassiska frågeställningar: artbevarande Indicator species Northern spotted owl Old-growth forests of the Pacific Northwest of North America 6
Klassiska frågeställningar: artbevarande Species conservation Flagship species Ambassadörer för ett område/ekosystem som behöver skyddas Earth Summit 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) 172 countries - 108 governments Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Vad är genetisk variation? Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD; www.cbd.int) ECOSYSTEMS SPECIES GENES Alleler varianter av samma gen/dna segment Genetisk variation inom och mellan individer Antal arvsanlag kopplat till antal individer Genetisk variation inom och mellan populationer Ekosystem Långsiktig överlevnad Anpassning Arter Genetisk variation är basen för all biologisk mångfald 7
Liten population = få arvsanlag Genetic diversity an evolutionary toolbox Naturlig selektion Lokala selektionstryck - lokal anpassning Genetic variation necessary to sustain evolution Diseases Climate change Predators Prey Alien species Parasites Other habitat change... Environmental change Genetic variation Genetic adaptation Genetisk variation Genetic diversity is invisible är osynlig During this course genetic diversity and its importance in conservation will become visible to you! 8