Alternativa bränslen - idag och framöver Anders Röj Fuels and Lubricants Advanced Technology & Research IVAs bränsleseminarium, Stockholm 8 Februari 2016
The Volvo Group Volvo Renault Mack UD Eicher Trucks Construction Equipment Volvo SDLG Volvo Prevost Nova Bus Buses Volvo Penta
Importance of Fuel Quality The fuel is an engineering element - an essential part in the engineering process - choice of materials: metallic materials, polymers, lubricants - the fuel properties dictate limits for engine calibration and optimisation: emissions, power output, driveability. The fuel is an integrated part of the quality assurance system - technical functionality and performance: we have a responsibility towards our customers - emissions: no deterioration over engine life (in-use compliance) - warranty issues
Importance of Fuel Quality How to secure good performance over the whole engine life? - vehicle manufacturers should give clear instructions on what fuel to use - our customers should always use specified/recommended fuels. - the fuel marketers (oil-companies) should always and everywhere provide good quality fuels. Key to success: standardisation and international harmonisation
EU emissions legislation - On-road vehicles until now the main driver for fuel quality improvements
PM Emissions Braunschweig bus cycle (transient) Reference: VTT Finland emissions bank
NOx Emissions Braunschweig bus cycle (transient) Reference: VTT Finland emissions bank
Viktiga bränslestandarder Fuel ISO (Global) CEN (Europa) SIS (Sverige) Bensin Dieselbränsle (Europa) Dieselbränsle (MK1) LPG FAME (biodiesel) - B10, B30 HVO, GTL, BTL Ethanol - upp till 10% i bensin - E85 - ED95 (dieselmotor) Metan - biogas, naturgas ISO 15403 DME ISO 16861 EN228 EN590 EN589 EN14214 - arbete pågår pren15940 EN15376 pren15293 EU-mandat, arbete pågår i CEN TC408 SS-EN228 SS-EN590 SS-155435 SS-EN589 SS-EN14214 SS-EN15376 SS-155480 SS-155437 SS-155438 SS-EN ISO15403 Hydrogen (for FC) ISO TS14687-2: 2008
Sulphur On-road Diesel Fuels 2003/2004 (Euro III) <10/50 ppm (directive 98/70/EC and tax incentives) <350 ppm (directive 98/70/EC) <350/500 ppm (directive 98/70/EC coming) 500-2000 ppm (typical) 1000-5000 ppm (typical)
Sulphur On-road Diesel Fuels 2014 (Euro V Euro VI) <10 ppm (directive 2010/30/EC) <10-350/500 ppm <50-2000 ppm <500-5000 ppm
Roads towards sustainable transports
Which fuel alternatives to chose?
Renewable fuels and reduced losses
Fuels for the future How should the alternatives be evaluated? Sustainability and sustainable availability Well-to-wheel energy efficiency and CO2 emissions Well-to-wheel regulated and unregulated emissions Economy & infrastructure Other considerations energy density safety and health (fuel handling) specific issues/concerns related to the different driveline applications (trucks, buses, marine, stationary) political environment customer perceptions
Well-to-Wheels analysis of future automotive fuels and powertrains in the European context A joint study by EUCAR / JRC / CONCAWE
Evaluation of fuel pathways Source: Volvo Sustainability Report 2013
Klimatpåverkan CO 2 emissionerna från hela bränslekedjan well-to-wheel Reduction/ökning av CO 2 emissioner jämfört med konventionellt dieselbränsle (EN590) Icke-fossila CO2-utsläpp är inte medtagna eftersom dessa inte ger något nettoökning av CO2 i atmosfären CO2 har beräknats som CO2- ekvivalent, alltså inklusive emissioner av metan och lustgas
Volvo DME activities - timeline 4G truck 2015 1995 2005 2015 1G 1999 2G 2005 3G 2011
Volvo Alternative Fuels Volvos huvudalternativ inför framtiden - Metanbränslen: biogas, naturgas (CBG/CNG, LBG/LNG) - DME (dimetyleter): biobaserad eller fossil - Elektrifiering nya motorer/drivlinor behövs Andra alternativ av intresse (kort/mellanlång sikt) - Syntetisk diesel, HVO, FAME - Dessa bränslen/komponenter kan företrädelsevis användas för inblandning i standardbränsle (EN590/MK1) - Ren syntetisk diesel och HVO kan användas utan motormodifikationer (separat certifiering krävs för Euro VI!) - Anpassning för B100 för marknader där detta bränsle är attraktivt (separat certifiering krävs för Euro VI!) nära business as usual ifråga om motorutveckling
Volvo Buses offers three different solutions for hybrid & electrical buses Series Production Hybrid buses 2009 Electric hybrid buses* 2016 Q2 Fully electric buses* 2017 Q2 Fuel & CO2 reduction Total Energy reduction Hybrid 25-39% 25-39% Electric Hybrid 75% 60% Fully Electric 100% 80% *opportunity charging
Levels of electrification in the city - from full electric buses to hybrid solutions FULL-ELECTRIC DIESEL COACH HYBRID INTERCITY ELECTRIC HYBRID Source: Volvo Buses
Commercial vehicles are used under commercial and competitive conditions A move to non-fossil fuels will come when profitability levels are viable Political decisions will be needed Long term vision Short term incentives Important principles Energy efficiency, real GHG reduction Work done principle An international perspective Stable and predictable measures Specifications for new fuels
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