Contemporary architectural thinking for the Nordic frail ageing process.

Compact living or space for ageing comfortably? Contemporary architectural thinking for the Nordic frail ageing process. Jonas E Andersson tekn doktor, arkitekt SAR/ MSA

30,0% 11 % 15 % 19 % 21 % 28 % 25,0% 20,0% 15,0% 10,0% 0% 5,0% 5 % 0,0% FINLAND Finland 6 % Sweden 6 % SWEDEN 9 % 10 % NORWAY Norway 16 % 9 % 20 % 5 % DENMARK 8 % housing for older people: ordinary Denmark RCH ICELAND housing (HCS) and special housing (RCH) Iceland TNO total number of older people with eldercare (antal äldre personer med vårdoch omsorgstjänster) TNO HCS eldercare provided in ordinary housing (kvarboende HCS med vård o omsorgstjänster) RCH eldercare provided in Residential care homes (äldreboende) Denmark Finland Iceland Norway Sweden population 5 560 628 in 2011 5 375 276 in 2011 318 452 in 2011 4 920 305 in 2011 9 415 570 in 2011 age group 65 years and older 934 186 16,8% 940 673 17,5% 39 170 12,3% 742 966 15,1% 1 694 803 18,0% age group 65-79 years old 706 200 12,7% 682 660 12,7% 28 342 8,9% 521 552 10,6% 1 242 855 13,2% age group 80 years and older 227 986 4,1% 258 013 4,8% 10 827 3,4% 221 414 4,5% 451 947 4,8%

architectural angle on ageing and buildings exterior appearance versus inner experience of space modernrole role of architects experts on the fit between human needs and spatial requirements. Source: Andersson, JE, 2011: Architecture and Ageing, on the interaction between frail older people and the built environment. Sch Architecture, KTH.

Sweden, architectural competitions and social reforms 1870 2012 1918 Poor Law 1956 home care services 1982 1st version of Social Services Act 1948 age pensions Old people s homes 1992 the ÄDEL reform and increased munici pal responsibility

Spatial prototypes for ageing: Ordinary housing Pensioners dwellings Housing with services Special housing Old people s homes New old people s homes Nursing homes Residential care homes Source: Andersson, JE, 2011: Architecture and Ageing, on the interaction between frail older people and the built environment. Sch Architecture, KTH.

in contrast to other types of buildings no antique model housing for older people p is a result of the development of the modern welfare society in the Nordic countries, the increased level of personalized space can be paralleled with increased level of decommodification according to the welfare triology theory Source: Esping Andersen, G. 1990. The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Cambridge: Polity Press

new building materials new building techniques (heating, sanitation, toiletry, ventilation) healthy buildings part of improved public health and medicine part of the professionalization process of the architecture profession

Denmark, architectural competitions and social reforms, 1870 2012

2 mainprototypes: one with ih 3. (aeldreboliger) institutional and rational Old people's homes (alderdomshjem), characteristics ti and one with cooperative form Old people's (alderdomshjem), homelike municipal and residence like form Eldercare centres (omsorgs / characteristics 30 1. 2. 4. Housing for elderly 25 20 plejecenter) 15 10 Pensioners' housing (pensionistboliger) Ordinary housing Ældreboliger, alderdomshjem Housing with care service (plejeboliger) Nursing homes before 1962 (plejehjem) 5 0 1909 1919 1929 1939 1949 1959 1969 1979 1989 1999 2009 2019 1890 1899 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 1. Special 1890 1892: den housing förste sociala reformen. 2. Alderdomshjem 1933: den andra sociala reformen Stora Socialreformen 3. Pensionistboliger 1970 1980: den tredje sociala reformen. Plejehjem 4. 1988 1998: den fjärde sociala reformen. Leve bo miljoer Source: Andersson, JE, 2014: forth coming.

ett värdigt boende hem e ett tillgängligt a personalized home environment en værdig bolig hjem en tilgængelig

HEM hem⁴,, sbst. n., o. adv.; ss. sbst. best. hemmet; ; pl. [fsv. he(e)m, n., boningsort, bostad, värld, hember, m., värld, he(e)m, hempn, hiem, adv., till bostaden, motsv. fd. hem, sbst. o. adv., d. hjem, sbst. n. o. adv., isl.heimr, sbst. m., heim, adv., nor. heim, sbst. m. o. adv., got. haims, f., by, fsax. hĕm, n., fht. heim, sbst. m. o. n., hus, hemort, heim, adv., t. heim, sbst. n. o. adv., feng. hăm, sbst. m. o. adv., eng. home, sbst. o. adv.; av ovisst urspr.; jfr fpreuss. caymis, by, lett. zims, by, lit. kaimas, by (jfr KAJMAN), këmas, by, bondgård (möjl. lånade från germ. spr.); I) sbst. 1) ( ) bebyggd jordegendom l. tomt; fastighet; gård; hemman. 2) om (förhyrd l. med äganderätt ättbebodd) b gård ådl. bostadslägenhet tss. stadigvarande tdi d boningsort a) (i sht i högre stil) i vissa allittererande förbindelser; särsk. (i äldre ex. svårt att skilja från 1 slutet) i sammanställning med hus; äv. i sammanställning med härd; b) med tanke företrädesvis på inredning, möbler o. d.; d;äv. övergående i bet.: bohag c) med särskild tanke på hushållsgöromål d) motsatt: offentlig lokal l. institution, ss. fabrik, skola, kyrka o. d. e) i utvidgad l. bildl. anv. [HEM.sbst.adv I6eα] I.6.e.α] α)om bostad där ngn tillfälligtvis slagit sig ned ( )benämning på olika anstalter l. inrättningar avsedda att omhändertaga personer vilka icke kunna försörja sig l. som saknahem l. av olika anledningar icke kunna vistas i sitt hem; äv. om vissa pensionat o. d. (särsk. för personer som behöva vila l. läkarvård); 3) ) [jfr motsv. anv. i eng.] g]( (föga br.) spelt. i brädspel: ställe (fält) varifrån man börjar spelet. Talongen (i triktrak) kallas äfven hus (hem) och bör.. utgöras af den ene spelarens venstra, den andres högra hörnpil. 4) (i sht i högre stil) fast boningsort; hemort, hembygd, hemland. Svenska Akademien. SAOB spalt: H722; tryckår: 1930

Genius loci, place, space Source: Andersson, JE, 2011: Architecture and Ageing, on the interaction between frail older people and the built environment. Sch Architecture, KTH. Source: Norberg Schulz, Shl C. 1985. The concept of dwelling. On the way to figurative architecture. New York: Rizzoli International Publications, Inc. Norberg Schulz, C. 1994. Stedsbruk (Appr. translation of the Norwegian title: An analysis of place). Nordisk Arkitekturforskning 1994(1) pp. 7 16 Install the emotional experience of home, but two types of home appear: 1. The personalized home 2. The rational home concept (institution)

A theoretical model, called the habitational model for describing different habitats in architectural space compris ing five interrelated types of habitats: Institutional Assisted tional model for habitat habitat Communal habitat The appropriate pp p habitat for the ageing society Individual habitat 1. the appropriate habitat (centre), 2. the individual habitat, 3. the institutional habitat, 4. the assisted habitat. Collectively, these habitats suggest the constituents of the appropriate it housing for the ageing society. Andersson J E 2011: Architecture for the silver generation: exploring the meaning of appropriate space for ageing Andersson, J. E., 2011: Architecture for the silver generation: exploring the meaning of appropriate space for ageing in a Swedish municipality. In: Health & Place 17 (2011) pp. 572 587.

Architectural competitions Denmark, Norway, Sweden 12 10 Denmark Norway Sweden 8 6 4 2 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Danmark: nationellt forsk ningsprojekt Trivsel og boligform, 2004 2008 Kilde: Møller, K.; Knudstrup,. AM.; 2008: Trivsel & plejeboligens udformning. Syddansk Sdd Universitetsforlaq Modelprogram dl for plejeboliger l www.erhvervsstyrelsen.dk/file/87759/mod elprogram_for_plejeboliger.pdf

Norway : new recommendations for the realization of new housing for older people Husbanken, 2009: Rom for trygghet og om sorg. Veileder for utform ing av omsorgsboliger og sykehjem. www.husbanken.no A holistic approach that includes the ecision and planning process

Sverige: national investment in housing for the ageing population Bo bra på äldre dar 2010 2012 Supervised by the Swedish Institute for Assistive i Technology, SIAT, and channeled dinto approximatively 70 different projects on aspects concerning housing for older people. 3 architectural competitions in 3 Swedish municipalities. Gävle kommun: Refurbishment/ extension of Burlöv kommun: Development of a new residential Linköpings kommun: Infill project of a new residential existing pensioners dwellings along modern demands on accessibility area around an existing 18th century manor estate. care home adjacent to an existing suburban area from the 1950 60s. and usability. Source: Andersson, J.E. and Rönn, M. 2014. Projektredovisning: Arkitektur för Bo bra på äldre dar. En utvärdering av trearkitekttävlingar i Burlöv, Gävle och Linköping. Stockholm, Kungl. Tekniska Högskolan i samarbete med Statens Byggeforskningsinstitut, SBi och Rio Kulturkooperativ.

Finland: Quality recommendations that vouch for a safe and secure ageing with improved eldercare services Ministry for Social Affairs/ Social och Hälsovårdsministeriets 2013:15 Recommendationsfor housing within the ordinary stock of flats: promote the independent living by foreseeing older people s need andopen for adjustinghousingalongthecurrent along the guidelines concerning accessibillity and usability Recommendations for special housing with eldercare residents room, corridors and communal space along with exterior space shall be accessible and safe Each new resident in a residential care home shall individual rooms equipped with a bathroom, exceptions can be made if the resident wishes to share a room with another person, Increase the possibility for older couples to continue to live together and develop alternative types of housing for this alternative since the number of older couples will increase Spatial requirements coordinated with the residents quality of life and flexible usages by the care staff Increased possibility to access the outdoor environment Gullkronan, architectural competition, Folkhälsan and City of Helsinki 2013. Winning proposal CoolKrona by Huttunen Lipasti Pakkanen architects Oy: 7 8 storey building for people above 55 years. Average flat size 75 kvm, number of flats ca 70, and commercial space, and protected outdoor environment.

1. A dignified housing concept for ordinary housing: The appropriate habitat for the ageing society Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden: Exploration of the homelike aspects and requirement of a personalized home 2. A dignified housing concept for special housing for frail older people: Individual habitat Andersson, J. E., 2011: Architecture for the silver generation: exploring the meaning of appropriate space for ageing in a Swedish municipality. In: Health & Place 17 (2011) pp. 572 587. Denmark and Norway: Exploration of the homelike aspects and requirement of a personalized home Finland, Norway and Sweden: Exploring homelike aspects in an institutional setting

Denmark: Kredsens Hus, fremtidens aeldreboliger på Frederiksberg, Frederiksbergs Kommune. Norway: Omsorgsbustader i Åmot, Vinje Kommune GEM yta 98 kvm BTA inkl kök, matrum, vardagsrum, exkl passageyta GEM yta/ boende 5,4 kvm BTA År 2009: Arkitekttävling om nya lösningar för äldreboende Organisatör:Housing Finance and Development Centre of Finland, Avara Soumi Ltd, Cit Oulu, Ministery of Environment Vinnare: TEHAS Arkitektkontor Oy, Oulu vård- och omsorgsboende, enpersonslägenheter och tvåpersonslägenheter LGH/ avd 9 st ant boende 9 st 1 Rok 13,92 kvm BTA kombinerbart till 2 2 Rok 25,2 kvm BTA inkl kök, matrum, vardagsrum, exkl GEM yta 38,4 kvm BTA passageyta År GEM 2013: yta/ Framtidens boende äldreboende, 4,3 kvm Norra BTA Djurgårdsstaden Organisatör: År 2012: Arkitekttävling Micasa Fastigheter om omsorgsbustader i Stockholm AB i Åmot vinnare: Organisatör: White Vinje Arkitekter Kommune AB, Göteborg vård- Vinnare: och Dyrvik omsorgsboende, Arkitekter AS enbart o Dronninga 1 personslägenheter Landskap AS, Oslo LGH/ vårdavd och omsorgsboende (ej demens), 18 st parboende enbart LGH/ avd 8 st ant boende 18 st ant boende 8 16 st 1 Rok 27-29 kvm BTA kombinerbart till 2-3 Rok 2 Rok 69,98 kvm BTA inkl kök, matrum, vardagsrum, exkl GEM yta 98 kvm BTA passageyta inkl kök, matrum, vardagsrum, exkl GEM yta 121,32 kvm BTA passageyta GEM yta/ boende 5,4 kvm BTA GEM yta/ boende 7,5-15,1 kvm BTA År 2009: Arkitekttävling om nya lösningar för äldreboende År 2010: Kredsens hus, fremtidens aeldreboliger på Frederiksberg Organisatör:Housing Organisatör: Large Frederiksbergs flats Finance and Kommune large Development communal Centre of Finland, Avara space Soumi Ltd, Ci Oulu, Ministery of Environment Vinnare: Vinnare: TEHAS CUBO Arkitekter Arkitektkontor ktk AS, t Köpenhamn Oy, Oulu vård- och omsorgsboende, huvudsakl enpersonslägenheter, 2 st tvåpersonslgh vård- och omsorgsboende, enpersonslägenheter och tvåpersonslägenheter LGH/ avd st LGH/ avd 9 st ant boende 9-11 st ant boende 9 st 1 Rok 50,68 kvm BTA kombinerbart till Rok 1 Rok 13,92 kvm BTA kombinerbart till 2 2 Rok 57,35 kvm BTA 2 Rok 25,22 kvm BTA inkl kök, matrum, vardagsrum, exkl inkl kök, matrum, vardagsrum, exkl GEM yta 74,25 kvm BTA passageyta GEM yta 38,4 kvm BTA passageyta GEM yta/ boende 6,75-8,25 kvm BTA GEM yta/ boende 4,3 kvm BTA År 2012: Arkitekttävling om omsorgsbustader i Åmot Organisatör: Vinje Kommune Vinnare: Dyrvik Arkitekter AS o Dronninga Landskap AS, Oslo vård- och omsorgsboende (ej demens), parboende enbart LGH/ avd 8 st ant boende 8-16 st 2 Rok 69,98 kvm BTA inkl kök, matrum, vardagsrum, exkl GEM yta 121,32 kvm BTA passageyta GEM yta/ boende 7,5-15,1 kvm BTA År 2010: Kredsens hus, fremtidens aeldreboliger på Frederiksberg Organisatör: Frederiksbergs Kommune Vinnare: CUBO Arkitekter AS, Köpenhamn

Finland: Arkitekttävling om nya lösningar för äldreboenden, Uleåborg Kommun m fl. Sweden: Framtidens äldreboende, Micasa Fastigheter i Stockholm AB, Stockholms Stad. GEM yta/ boende 5,4 kvm BTA År 2009: Arkitekttävling om nya lösningar för äldreboende Organisatör:Housing Finance and Development Centre of Finland, Avara Soumi Ltd, City Oulu, Ministery of Environment Vinnare: TEHAS Arkitektkontor Oy, Oulu vård- och omsorgsboende, enpersonslägenheter och tvåpersonslägenheter LGH/ avd 9 st ant boende 9 st 1 Rok 13,92 kvm BTA kombinerbart till 2 2 Rok 25,2 kvm BTA inkl kök, matrum, vardagsrum, exkl GEM yta 38,4 kvm BTA passageyta GEM yta/ boende 4,3 kvm BTA År År 2012: 2013: Arkitekttävling Framtidens äldreboende, om omsorgsbustader Norra Djurgårdsstaden i Åmot Organisatör: Vinje Micasa Kommune Fastigheter i Stockholm AB Vinnare: vinnare: Dyrvik White Arkitekter AS AB, o Göteborg Dronninga Landskap AS, Oslo vård- och omsorgsboende, (ej enbart demens), 1 personslägenheter parboende enbart LGH/ avd 818st st ant boende 8-1618st st 21 Rok 69,98 27-29 kvm kvm BTA BTA kombinerbart till 2-3 Rok GEM yta 121,32 98kvm kvm BTA BTA inkl kök, matrum, vardagsrum, exkl exkl passageyta g y GEM yta/ boende 7,5-15,15,4kvm kvm BTA BTA År År Small 2010: 2009: Kredsens Arkitekttävling flats, hus, and fremtidens om nya condensated lösningar aeldreboliger för äldreboende på Frederiksberg communal Organisatör:Housing Frederiksbergs Finance Kommune and Development Centre of Finland, Avara Soumi Ltd, C Vinnare: Oulu, space Ministery CUBO Arkitekter of Environment AS, Köpenhamn vård- Vinnare: och omsorgsboende, TEHAS Arkitektkontor huvudsakl Oy, Oulu enpersonslägenheter, 2 st tvåpersonslgh LGH/ vård- avd och omsorgsboende, enpersonslägenheter 9 st och tvåpersonslägenheter ant LGH/ boende avd 9-11 9st st 1 ant Rok boende 50,68 9kvm st BTA kombinerbart till 2 Rok 21 Rok Rok 57,35 13,92kvm kvm BTA BTA kombinerbart till 2 2 Rok 25,2 kvm BTA inkl kök, matrum, vardagsrum, exkl GEM yta 74,25 kvm BTA passageyta inkl kök, matrum, vardagsrum, exkl GEM GEM yta/ yta boende 6,75-8,25 38,4kvm kvm BTA BTA passageyta GEM yta/ boende 4,3 kvm BTA År 2012: Arkitekttävling om omsorgsbustader i Åmot Organisatör: Vinje Kommune Vinnare: Dyrvik Arkitekter AS o Dronninga Landskap AS, Oslo vård- och omsorgsboende (ej demens), parboende enbart LGH/ avd 8 st ant boende 8-16 st 2 Rok 69,98 kvm BTA inkl kök, matrum, vardagsrum, exkl GEM yta 121,32 kvm BTA passageyta GEM yta/ boende 7,5-15,1 kvm BTA År 2010: Kredsens hus, fremtidens aeldreboliger på Frederiksberg Organisatör: Frederiksbergs Kommune

Gothenburg 25 28 May 2014 22nd Nordic Congress of Gerontology 22NKG Workshop S8: From institutional care to special housing a change of labels or distinctly different? 1907 2013 2009 1948 1913 Jonas E Andersson, Ph D, architect SAR/MSA, assistant professor School of Architecture, KTH The Royal Institute of Technology KTH Stockholm Sweden email: jonas.andersson@arch.kth.se

ett värdigt boende e ett tillgängligt li t hem a personalized home environment is an accessible and usable environment en værdig bolig en tilgængelig g li g hjem

Bygningsreglemente BR10, SBi anvisning 230, frekvens tilgaengelighed DENMARK: Bygningsreglemente og anvendelse BR10, SBI anvisn.230 Danska Engelska Anvendelse: 95 ggr Usability: 95 hits Tilgaengelighed: 7 ggr Accessibility: 7 hits Tilgaengelighed og anvendelse: 1 Accessibility and use: 1 hit ggr Begreppen Boverkets införda Byggregler, i dansk bygglagstiftning BBR, frekvens 1978 tillgänglighet och användbarhet SWEDEN: Boverkets Byggregler, BBR Svenska version Användbarhet: 32 ggr Tillgänglighet: 86ggr Tillgänglighet och användbarhet: 13 ggr Engelsh version Usability: 35 hits Accessibility: 39 hits Accessibility and usability: 27 hits Begreppen införda i svensk bygglagstiftning 1966

Accessibility buildings or parts of buildings means that people, regardless of disability, age or gender, are able to gain access to buildings or part of buildings, into them, within them and exit from them. NOTE: Accessibility includes ease of independent approach, entry, evacuation and/or use of a building and its services and facilities, by all of the building's potential users with an assurance of individual health, safety and welfare during the course of those activities. Usability characteristic of the built environment which can be used by everybody in convenience and safety. ISO/ TC 59/SC16: Accessibility and usability of the built environment. ISO/TC 59/SC 16, Date: 2011 03 16, ISO/FDIS 21542:2011(E), ISO/TC 59/SC 16/WG Secretariat: AENOR, Building construction Accessibility and usability of the built Environment, Construction Accessibilité et facilité d'utilisation de l'environnement bâtiment

Whenever using the concept of accessibility, statements must be based upon valid and reliable information gathered in three steps: (1) The personal component (description of functional capacity in the individual or group at target, based on knowledge on human functioning). (2) The environmental component (description of barriers in the environment at target, in relation to the norms and standards d available). (3) An analysis juxtaposing the personal component and the environmental component: description of accessibility problems. Whenever using the concept of usability, statements must be based upon valid and reliable information gathered in four steps: (1) The personal component (description offunctionalfunctional capacity in the individual orgroup at target, based on knowledge on human functioning). (2) The environmental component (description of barriers in the environment at target, in relation to the norms and standards available, but also based on user evaluation). (3) The activity component (description of activities to be performed by the individual or group at target, in the given environment). (4) An analysis integrating the personal, environmental, and activity components (description of usability problem: description of the extent to which human needs, based on individual or group preferences, can be fulfilled in terms of activity performance in the environment at target. Accessibility, usability and universal design positioning and definition of concepts describing person environmentenvironment relationships S. IWARSSON, and A. STÅHL, Lund University, Sweden

high Negative affect & maladaptive behaviour Positive affect & adaptive behaviour petence comp Negative affect & maladaptive behaviour low weak environmental press strong Lawton, M. P., & Nahemow, L. (1973). Ecology and the aging process. The psychology of adult development and aging. In C. Eisdorfer & M. P. Lawton (Eds.), The Psychology of Adult Development and Aging g(pp (pp. 619 674). Washington D.C: American Psychological Association.

sensory aspects in architecture Barrier free concepts (1960s) Inclusive Design (1960s) Universal Design (1980s) Design for all (1990s) Universal design universiell utformning Konventionen om rättigheter för personer med funktionsnedsättning, 2006 Vitruvius architecture concepts Firmistas construction and techniques Utilistas usefulness or the meaning of the fit between the user and the architectural space Venustas aesthetical appearance

Thanks for listening... i Jonas E Andersson, Ph. D. architect SAR/ MSA School of Architecture, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm. e-mail: jonas.andersson@arch.kth.se