TITLE TITEL. Wenham 123 Mark Throntveit, (11/11/2014)

Transkript

1 DEUTERONOMY

2 TITEL Den grekiska septuagintens (LXX) mistranslation i 5 Mos. 17:18-19, som instruerar kungen att göra "en kopia av denna lag" är den mest sannolika källan till "Deuteronomy". Septuaginten översatte denna fras som "denna andra lag", vilket föreslår en annan samling av lagar. Den hebreiska titeln, "dessa är orden" (som Moses talade till Israel innan de kom in i det lovade landet), är en mer ackurat representation av innehållet. TITLE The Greek Septuagint s (LXX) mistranslation of Deuteronomy 17:18-19, which instructs the king to make "a copy of this law" is the most likely source of "Deuteronomy." The Septuagint translated this phrase as "this second law," suggesting a different collection of laws. The Hebrew title, "these are the words" (that Moses spoke to Israel before entering the promised land), is a more accurate representation of the contents. Wenham 123 Mark Throntveit, (11/11/2014)

3 SAMMANFATTNING 5 Mos. presenteras som en serie av tre predikningar som Mose predikat på Moabs slätter precis före israeliternas inträde i Kanaans land (1:1-5): 1:6-4:43 4:44-28:68 29:1-30:20 SUMMARY Deuteronomy is presented like a series of three sermons preached by Moses on the plains of Moab just prior to the Israelites' entrance into the land of Canaan (1:1-5): Wenham 124 Mark Throntveit, (11/11/2014)

4 Route of the Exodus Plains of Moab

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6 ÄN SEN? 5 Mos. har satt tonen för efterföljande tolkning av Fem Mosebökerna mer än någon annan bok. Dessutom blev 5 Mos. den teologiska grunden för och introduktion till nästa stora avsnitt i Bibeln: de tidigare profeterna i judendomen eller de historiska böckerna i kristendomen (Josua, Domarboken, Samuelsböker och Kungaböker). SO WHAT? Deuteronomy has set the tone for subsequent interpretation of the Pentateuch more than any other book. In addition, Deuteronomy became the theological basis for and introduction to the next major section of the Bible: the Former Prophets in Judaism or the Historical Books in Christianity (Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings). Mark Throntveit, (11/11/2014) Wenham 124

7 ÄN SEN? Det är bland de vanligast citerade böckerna i Nya testamentet, med Jesus citerade från 5 Mos. oftare än någon annan bok. SO WHAT? It is among the most commonly quoted books in the New Testament, with Jesus quoting from Deuteronomy more often than any other book. M

8 VEM SKREV DET? Gamla tradition identifierar Mose som författare av 5 Mos. Jesus hänvisar till Moseböcker, men Mose är huvudpersonen i Moseböckerna. WHO WROTE IT? Ancient tradition identifies Moses as the author of Deuteronomy. Jesus refers to the books of Moses, but Moses is the main character in the Pentateuch. Mark Throntveit, (11/11/2014)

9 MOSES AS THE AUTHOR OF DEUTERONOMY? Despite references to Moses "writing down in a book the words of this law" (Deut 31:24; see also 31:9), there are indications that this is not the case: 1. References to territories east of the Jordan River as "beyond the Jordan" (Deut 1:1, 5; 3:8; 4:46) presuppose a vantage point on the west side of the river, but Moses was never on the west side (34:4). 2. The language of Deuteronomy is very different from the rest of the Pentateuch, yet similar to the 7th-century language of Jeremiah. 3. The settlement of Canaan is viewed as accomplished (Deut 2:12). 4. The argument in Deut 12 for one central sanctuary is more restrictive than Exod 20:24-25, which allows multiple altars, yet the central sanctuary is assumed in Leviticus, suggesting an intermediate chronological setting for Deuteronomy that is after the time of Moses. 5. The concern for monarchy and regulations for kings are from a time long past Moses (for example, Deut 17:14-20). 6. The setting of the laws in the Book of the Covenant (Exodus 20:22-23:33) is essentially farming/agrarian, while that of the Deuteronomic Code (Deut 12-26) is more urban. 7. Chapter 34, the death of Moses, cannot have been written by him. Detta innehåll är inte på tentan. Mark Throntveit, (11/11/2014)

10 MT. SINAI = MT. HOREB IN DEUT Wenham 127

11 VEM SKREV DET? Idag tror många forskare att 5 Mos. är den första delen av deuteronomistiska historien: 5 Mos.- Kungaböckerna Olika äldre traditioner har samlats och redigerats av en namnlös exilisk redaktör eller redaktörer. WHO WROTE IT? Today, many scholars believe that Deuteronomy is the initial part of the Deuteronomistic History: Deuteronomy-Kings Various older traditions have been gathered together and edited by a nameless exilic editor or editors. Mark Throntveit, (11/11/2014)

12 Deuteronomistiska historien The Deuteronomistic History

13 BAKGRUND BACKGROUND 5 Mos. mottog sin slutliga form i exil där den ligger ut den teologiska grunden för deuteronomistiska historien, som är 5 Mos.s förklaring att både nordens fall och den babyloniska exil var på grund av Israel och Judas olydnad mot förbundet. Deuteronomy received its final form in the exile where it lays out the theological basis of the Deuteronomistic History, which is Deuteronomy's explanation that both the fall of the north and the Babylonian exile were due to Israel and Judah's disobedience to the covenant. Behandlar frågorna hos dem som hade upplevt: Jerusalems fall till Nebukadnezar II i 587/586 B.C.E., templets förstörelse, slutet av Davidiska regeln, och utvisning till Babylon. Addresses the issues of those who had experienced: the fall of Jerusalem to Nebuchadnezzar II in 587/586 B.C.E., the destruction of the temple, the end of Davidic rule, and deportation to Babylon. Mark Throntveit, (11/11/2014)

14 TROSKRISEN Hade Gud skickat dem till exil, eller hade Babels gud segrat? Var de fortfarande de valda människorna, eller hade Gud övergivit dem? Vad hade gått fel? Var Gud kunna leverera dem? Var Gud villig att leverera dem? Skulle Gud komma ihåg paktens löften Gud gjorde till Abraham och David? CRISIS OF FAITH Had God sent them into exile, or had the gods of Babylon been victorious? Were they still the chose people, or had God abandoned them? What had gone wrong? Was God able to deliver them? Was God willing to deliver them? Would God remember the covenant promises God made to Abraham and David?. Mark A Thronveit, Ezra-Nehemiah, John Knox Press, 1992

15 DEUTERONOMISTISKA HISTORIEN Markerad av oro för: förbundets lydnad en tonvikt på centraliserad kraft ett mönster av mänsklig synd följt av gudomlig bestraffning och då gudomlig barmhärtighet. THE DEUTERONOMISTIC HISTORY Marked by concern for: covenant obedience an emphasis on centralized power a pattern of human sin followed by divine punishment and then divine mercy Mark Throntveit, (11/11/2014)

16 DEED CONSEQUENCE CONNECTION The more or less mechanical association between and action and its outcome Lucas 112

17 BELÖNING OCH VEDERGÄLLNING För smal förståelse Det är sant! Tro till Gud ger välsignelser, men inte mekaniskt som magi. Gud är FRI och kan inte manipuleras. MEN det är inte den enda sanningen. Förståelsen är för smal. Man kan inte läsa Job eller i evangelierna och tillämpa "handlingskonsekvensen" förståelsen för ALLA situationer. REWARD AND RETRIBUTION Too Narrow Understanding It is true! Faithfulness to God brings blessings, but not mechanistically like magic. God is FREE and cannot be manipulated. BUT it is not the ONLY truth. The understanding is too narrow. One can t read Job or the Gospel accounts and apply the deed-consequence understanding to ALL situations.

18 NÄR VAR DET SKRIVET? WHEN WAS IT WRITTEN? Det finns enighet om att 5 Mos.s centrala kärna (kapitel 12-26) var grunden för de omfattande reformerna av Josia (2 Kung ) i 622/621 B.C.E. 5 Mos. som vi vet är det slutliga resultatet av en lång process av tillväxt, som förmodligen slutar under den babyloniska exil i 7 hundratalet B.C.E. There is some agreement that the central core of Deuteronomy (chapters 12-26) was the basis for the extensive reforms of Josiah (2 Kings 22-23) in 622/621 B.C.E. Deuteronomy as we know it is the final result of a long process of growth, probably finishing during the Babylonian exile in the 6 th century B.C.E. Mark Throntveit, (11/11/2014)

19 Literary setting Josiah s reform (622/21 BC) Deut rediscovered during the repair of the temple (2 Kings 22:3-20) Stimulated the reforms instituted by Josiah in 622/621 (2 Kings 23). Exilic Compilation for Final Form

20 JOSIAH'S REFORM Josiah's reform in 621 B.C.E. has been linked to Deuteronomy. 2 Kings 23 shows connections: Detta innehåll är inte på tentan. 1. "keeping his commandments, and his decrees, and his statutes" (2 Kings 23:3; cf Deut 6:17) 2. "with all his heart and with all his soul" (2 Kings 23:3; cf Deut 6:5) 3. destruction of the Asherah (2 Kings 23:4, 6, 15; cf Deut 7:5) 4. "the sun, the moon, the constellations, and all the host of heaven" (2 Kings 23:5; cf Deut 4:19) 5. "would make a son or daughter to pass through fire" (2 Kings 23:10; cf Deut 18:10) 6. "broke the pillars in pieces" (2 Kings 23:14; compare Deut 12:3) 7. "provoking the LORD to anger" (2 Kings 23:19; cf Deut 4:25) 8. "mediums, wizards" (2 Kings 23:24; compare Deut 18:11) 9. "idols, and all the abominations" (2 Kings 23:24; cf Deut 29:17) 10. "My [the LORD's] name shall be there" (2 Kings 23:27; cf Deut 12:5, 11, 21) Mark Throntveit, (11/11/2014)

21 JOSIAH'S REFORM The comparison between Deuteronomic prohibitions and Josiah's reforms shows even stronger connections: Against worship of heavenly host (Deut 17:3; compare 2 Kings 23:4, 5) Against worship of sun and moon (Deut 17:3; compare 2 Kings 23:5, 11) Destroy cultic vessels (altar, pillars, idols, etc.) (Deut 7:5; 12:3; compare 2 Kings 23:4, 6, 7, 14) Against cult prostitutes (Deut 23:17; compare 2 Kings 23:7) Against worship of Molech/child immolation (Deut 12:31; 18:10; compare 2 Kings 23:10) Against worship of Astarte, Chemosh, Milcom (Deut 12:29-30; compare 2 Kings 23:13) Destroy high places and shrines (Deut 12:2; compare 2 Kings 23:13) Detta innehåll är inte på tentan. Celebrate Passover at the central sanctuary (Deut 16:6; compare 2 Kings 23:21-23) Against discernment of the future through the occult (Deut 18:11; compare 2 Kings 23:24) Mark Throntveit, (11/11/2014)

22 OUTLINE I. Moses' First Address (1:1-4:43) A. Historical Retrospective (1:1-3:29) B. The Importance of Obedience (4:1-43) II. Moses' Second Address (4:44-28:68) A. Introduction (4:44-5:33) B. The Importance of Loyalty to God (6:1-11:32) C. The Deuteronomic Code (12:1-26:15) D. Covenant Renewal (26:16-28:68) III. Moses' Third Speech (29:1-30:20) A. Historical Review (29:1-29) B. Promise of Restoration (30:1-10) C. Exhortation to "Choose Life!" (30:11-20) IV. Appendix (31:1-34:12) A. Joshua Appointed as Moses' Successor (31:1-8, 14-15, 23) B. The Torah Is Entrusted to the Levites (31:9-13, 24-29) C. The Song of Moses (31:16-32:47) D. The Blessing of Moses (33:1-29) E. The Death of Moses (32:48-52; 34:1-12) Mark Throntveit, (11/11/2014) Wenham 125

23 VIKTIGT BEGREPP Israel som en "magnet": 5 Mos. 4 (FB2015) 5 Se, jag har lärt er stadgar och föreskrifter så som Herren min Gud har befallt mig, för att ni ska följa dem i det land dit ni kommer för att ta det i besittning. 6 Ni ska hålla och följa dem, och det ska tillräknas er som vishet och förstånd av andra folk. När de får höra om alla dessa lagar ska de säga: Detta stora folk är verkligen ett vist och förståndigt folk! 7 Finns det något annat stort folk som har gudar som är lika nära det som Herren vår Gud är nära oss så ofta vi åkallar honom? 8 Och finns det något annat stort folk som har stadgar och föreskrifter som är så rättfärdiga som hela denna lag som jag i dag lägger fram för er? IMPORTANT CONCEPT Israel as a magnet : Deuteronomy 4 (ESV) 5 See, I have taught you statutes and rules, as the Lord my God commanded me, that you should do them in the land that you are entering to take possession of it. 6 Keep them and do them, for that will be your wisdom and your understanding in the sight of the peoples, who, when they hear all these statutes, will say, Surely this great nation is a wise and understanding people. 7 For what great nation is there that has a god so near to it as the Lord our God is to us, whenever we call upon him? 8 And what great nation is there, that has statutes and rules so righteous as all this law that I set before you today?

24 VIKTIGT BEGREPP Israels trosbekännelse: 5 Mos. 6 (FB2015) 4 Hör, Israel! Herren vår Gud, Herren är en. 5 Och du ska älska Herren din Gud av hela ditt hjärta och av hela din själ och av hela din kraft. 6 Dessa ord som jag i dag befaller dig ska du lägga på hjärtat. 7 Du ska inskärpa dem hos dina barn och tala om dem när du sitter i ditt hus och när du går på vägen, när du lägger dig och när du stiger upp. 8 Du ska binda dem som ett tecken på din hand, och de ska vara som en påminnelse på din panna. 9 Och du ska skriva dem på dörrposterna i ditt hus och på dina portar. IMPORTANT CONCEPT Israel s creed: Deuteronomy 6 (ESV) 4 Hear, O Israel: The Lord our God, the Lord is one. 5 You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your might. 6 And these words that I command you today shall be on your heart. 7 You shall teach them diligently to your children, and shall talk of them when you sit in your house, and when you walk by the way, and when you lie down, and when you rise. 8 You shall bind them as a sign on your hand, and they shall be as frontlets between your eyes. 9 You shall write them on the doorposts of your house and on your gates.

25 PHYLACTERIES

26 MEZUZAH

27 COVENANTAL SHAPING For over 50 years, scholars have noticed the strong similarity between: Hittite suzerain-vassal treaties (2 nd millennium B.C.E.) 1. preamble identifying the two parties 2. historical prologue relating their past relationship 3. stipulations agreed to by the vassal including loyalty and tribute 4. curses and blessings, including sanctions for noncompliance 5. invocation of the gods as witnesses to the treaty 6. provision for public reading of the document Deuteronomy 1. preamble identifying the two parties (1:1-5) 2. historical prologue relating their past relationship (1:6-3:29) 3. stipulations agreed to by the vassal, including loyalty and tribute (chapters 4-26): general (4:1-11:32) & specific (12:1-26:19) 4. curses and blessings, including sanctions for noncompliance (chapters 27-30) 5. invocation of the gods as witnesses to the treaty (31:28) 6. provision for public reading of the document (31:9-13) Mark Throntveit, (11/11/2014)

28 BLESSINGS Deuteronomy 28:1-14 describes the blessings for faithful obedience: 1. victory in war (vv. 1, 7, 10) 2. prosperity (vv. 3-6, 8, 11-12) 3. becoming God's holy people (v. 9) 4. finding themselves only "the head," "at the top" (vv , meaning obscure) God brought about all of this in the occupation of the land. Mark Throntveit, (11/11/2014) Wenham 126

29 CURSES Deuteronomy 28:15-68, however, describes the curses for apostasy (turning away from God) and disobedience: 1. no prosperity (vv ) 2. affliction (vv , 27-28, 58-61) 3. drought (vv ) 4. defeat by their enemies (vv. 25, 31-33, 47-57) 5. population reduction (vv ) 6. exile (vv. 32, 36-37, 41-44, 63-68) God allowed all of these curses for Israel at the hands of the Assyrians in 722/721 B.C.E. (2 Kings 17:1-41) and for Judah at the hands of the Babylonians in 587/586 B.C.E. (2 Kings 24:1-25:21). Mark Throntveit, (11/11/2014) Wenham 126

30 THE DEUTERONOMIC CODE & THE DECALOGUE There is a long history of interpretation that sees the Deuteronomic Code in chapters as an explanation of the 10 Commandments. Philo, a Jewish philosopher in the first century C.E., may have been the first to suggest this, but he was not the last. Philo of Alexandria Mark Throntveit, (11/11/2014)

31 Both Luther and Calvin in the 16 th century and several modern interpreters have attempted to find a structure of the laws in Deuteronomy as an explanation of the 10 Commandments: # Aspect Explanation 1 No other gods Deut. 12:2-13:18 2 Misuse of God's name Deut. 14: Observe the Sabbath Deut. 14:22-16:17 4 Honor father and mother Deut. 16:18-18:22 5 Do not murder Deut. 19:1-22:8 6 Do not commit adultery Deut. 22:9-23:18 7 Do not steal Deut. 23:19-24:7 8 Do not bear false witness Deut. 24:8-25:4 9 Do not covet neighbor's wife Deut. 25: Do not covet anything of your neighbor s Deut. 25:13-26:15 Mark Throntveit, (11/11/2014)

32 THE DEUTERONOMIC CODE & THE DECALOGUE There is much to commend this approach. It is logical and provides a sense of order As the previous chart makes clear, the specific stipulations can be seen as applications of the statements made in the Ten Commandments; these elaborations follow the order of the Decalogue. However, there are difficulties in the details. It seems best to acknowledge that Deuteronomy is essentially a more detailed exposition of the general principles of relationship addressed in 5:1-11:32. Mark Throntveit, (11/11/2014)

33 THE DECALOGUE COMPARISON Read 2 Mos. (Exodus) 20:8-11 and 5 Mos. (Deuteronomy) 5: Compare the theological reason for observing the Sabbath.

34 THE DECALOGUE COMPARISON 2 Mos. (Exodus) 20: Tänk på sabbatsdagen så att du helgar den. 9 Sex dagar ska du arbeta och uträtta alla dina sysslor. 10 Men den sjunde dagen är HERREN din Guds sabbat. Då ska du inte utföra något arbete, inte heller din son eller dotter, din tjänare eller tjänarinna eller din boskap, eller främlingen som bor hos dig inom dina portar. 11 För på sex dagar gjorde HERREN himlen och jorden och havet och allt som är i dem, men på sjunde dagen vilade han. Därför har HERREN välsignat sabbatsdagen och helgat den. 5 Mos. (Deut) 5: Håll sabbatsdagen så att du helgar den, så som HERRENdin Gud har befallt dig. 13 Sex dagar ska du arbeta och uträtta alla dina sysslor. 14 Men den sjunde dagen är HERRENdin Guds sabbat. Då ska du inte utföra något arbete, inte heller din son eller dotter, din tjänare eller tjänarinna, din oxe eller åsna eller något av dina dragdjur, eller främlingen som bor hos dig inom dina portar. Din tjänare och din tjänarinna ska få vila liksom du. 15 Kom ihåg att du var slav i Egyptens land, och att HERREN din Gud har fört dig ut därifrån med stark hand och uträckt arm. Därför har HERRENdin Gud befallt dig att hålla sabbatsdagen.

35 PARALLELS WITH OTHER LAW CODES Much of the legal material in Deuteronomy (Deuteronomy 12-26) also appears in: the Covenant Code (also called the Book of the Covenant) in Exodus 20:22-23:33 and the Holiness Code in Leviticus The Covenant Code is older than Deut. The Covenant Code reflects a farming setting, while the code in Deuteronomy is clearly more urbanized. Deuteronomy includes material adopted from other ancient Near Eastern law codes. Mark Throntveit, (11/11/2014)

36 LAWS UNIQUE TO DEUTERONOMY Comparison of the Deuteronomic Code & Covenant Code & the Holiness Code indicates that only 5 (!) topics are unique to Deut.: 1. centralization of worship (12: more); 2. apostate towns (13:12-16); 3. kingship (17:14-20); 4. war (20:1-20); 5. and murder by unknown persons (21:1-9). The material in chapters 12, 17, and 20 is all related to the Deuteronomic setting and is the most important. The concern with kingship points to the monarchy as at least one moment in the redactional history. Observations such as these are often used to deny Mosaic authorship. Mark Throntveit, (11/11/2014)

37 KINGSHIP Deuteronomy 17:14-20 provides the blueprint for what kingship should look like: Dt 17:16-17 regularly appear in the descriptions of Solomon's reign: 1 Kings 4:26; 9:19; 10:14-28; 11:3. The king is to be obedient to Mosaic law (vv ). Most of the kings of Judah and all of the kings of Israel failed in this regard. Josiah ruled according to the book of the law discovered in the temple (2 Kings 22:8-23:25). The continuation of the monarchy is dependent upon the king s faithful obedience (v. 20). Mark Throntveit, (11/11/2014)

38 CENTRALIZED WORSHIP Deuteronomy 12 is important for the later Deuteronomistic editors because of its insistence upon the centralization of worship. King Jeroboam of the Northern Kingdom set up shrines, seen as their main reason for judgment. Deuteronomy 12 include: 1. Canaanite places of worship need to be destroyed (vv. 1-4) 2. after Israel enters the land, God would choose one place to dwell (v. 5) 3. sacrifices, offerings, and gifts may only be brought to this place (vv. 6-7) 4. sacrifice can only be offered to God here (vv ) Mark Throntveit, (11/11/2014)

39 HIGH PLACES, PILLARS, & POLES These three cultic Canaanites items were especially abhorrent to the Deuteronomistic editors. high places (bamoth): sites of Canaanite worship pillars (masseboth): possibly phallic, that symbolized Baal, the Canaanite god of fertility sacred poles (asheroth): trees that represented the goddess Asherah Tel Gezer Mark Throntveit, (11/11/2014)

40 CENTRALIZED WORSHIP The emphasis on centralized worship forms the background for: 1. the tithe (14:22-29) 2. the first-born belongs to God (15:19-23) 3. the festival calendar (16:1-17) 4. the central court (17:8-13) 5. the rights of the Levitical priests (18:1-8) 6. the cities of refuge (19:1-13) It is important to recognize that no specific city is named. Mark Throntveit, (11/11/2014)

41 THEME: THE ARK What do we know about the Ark of the Covenant from previous classes? What is different in Deuteronomy?

42 THEME: THE ARK In Exodus the ark is seen as: the place where the tablets of the covenant are housed and, more important, as a symbol of God's presence since it is God's footstool, and the cherubim above the ark are described as God's throne from which God speaks to Moses (Exodus 25) Deuteronomy describes the ark only as a chest that houses the tablets (Deuteronomy 10:1-5; 31:26). The ark is excluded from those texts in Numbers that depict God traveling above the ark in the wilderness (Deuteronomy 1:33, 42; Numbers 10:33-36). Deuteronomy similarly rejects the temple as God s house. Instead, the use of the divine name indicates God s presence. Mark Throntveit, (11/11/2014)

43 THEME: SOCIAL JUSTICE There is a clear emphasis on social justice: Based on Israel's own past experience (10:19; 15:15). Implemented through fair and impartial judges and a legal system designed to uphold community (16:19-20). The 8 th century prophets like Amos, Micah, Hosea, and Isaiah would be pleased! Mark Throntveit, (11/11/2014)

44 SOCIAL JUSTICE Who receives God s special concern? 1. Deut. 12: Deut. 14: Deut. 15: Deut. 16:11, Deut. 20: Deut. 22:1-4; 23: Deut. 22:6-7, Deut. 23: Deut. 24: Deut. 25:1-4

45 SOCIAL JUSTICE Special concern given to those on the margins of society, even animals and convicted criminals. (12:18-19;14:28-29) the sabbatical year with its release of debts (15:1-18) care for Levites, sojourners, orphans, and widows (16:11, 14) exemption from military service for various reasons (20:5-8) moral duties toward the neighbor (22:1-4; 23:24-25) care for animals (22:6-7, 10) asylum for escaped slaves; restrictions on prostitution (23:15-18) financial ethics (24:10-22) corporal punishment; humane treatment of animals (25:1-4) Mark Throntveit, (11/11/2014)

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50 4 THEMES OF THE COVENANT Reread Deuteronomy 26:16-27:10. Look for these 4 themes of the covenant in the text. 1. Land (underline in green) 2. Descendants/great nation (underline in yellow) 3. Blessing, that is protection and success (underline in blue) 4. Blessing of the nations (underline in red) Wenham 40

51 PROMISED LAND What are the boundaries? Genesis 15:18 21 Exodus 23:31 Numbers 34:1 15 Ezekiel 47:13 20

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53 DEUTERONOMY :45 1. Does Israel have a right to the land of Palestine today? 2. If so, which boundaries? Genesis 15:18 21 Exodus 23:31 Numbers 34:1 15 Ezekiel 47:13 20

54 IMPORTANT CONCEPT A Man Hanged on a Tree Is Cursed: Deuteronomy And if a man has committed a crime punishable by death and he is put to death, and you hang him on a tree, 23 his body shall not remain all night on the tree, but you shall bury him the same day, for a hanged man is cursed by God. You shall not defile your land that the Lord your God is giving you for an inheritance.