Cannabis myter, fakta, legalisering LTU, Luleå & Piteå 17+ 18 Februari 2016 Pelle Olsson
Olika droger från cannabis Hasch Marijuana --------------------- Edibles (ätbar och drickbar)
Cannabis innehåller bl.a: THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) är den viktigaste rusgivande substansen. CBD (cannabidiol) är en skyddande substans mot skadeverkningar.
Gårdagens cannabis
Dagens cannabis
Marijuanan i Colorado, USA innehåller i genomsnitt 18,7 procent THC och 0,1 procent CBD.
Var hittar man kunskap om cannabis?
Korrekta källor Forskning som är publicerad i vetenskapliga tidskrifter Officiell statistik
Osäkra källor Allt annat
Paula Riggs Professor, beroendeläkare, forskare Colorado University Inom vetenskapen är vi överens om vilka skador som orsakas av marijuana.
Vad skadas mest av cannabis?
Svar: Tonårshjärnan Alla andra hjärnor Miljön
Storskalig cannabisodling tär på jordens resurser Energikrävande Stor vattenförbrukning Giftiga bekämpningsmedel, mögel, skadeinsekter och svamp
Cannabisodlingar i USA Det går åt lika mycket vatten att framställa en joint som 10 liter öl. Produktionen kräver 1 procent av USA:s elenergi. Koldioxidutsläppen motsvarar 3 miljoner bilar. Flera stora floder i Kalifornien håller på att dräneras och silverlaxen hotas p.g.a cannabisodlingarna. ------------------------------------------------ Källor bland annat: Mills, E. (2012). The carbon footprint of indoor Cannabis production. Energy Policy, 46: 58 67
Cannabis och hjärnan
Cannabisreceptorer binder till Kroppens egna cannabinoider: anandamid + ytterligare 7-8 ämnen Cannabis: THC Syntetiskt cannabis: spice, m.m.
Skador (särskilt) på den unga hjärnan
Sämre intellektuell förmåga Bland annat: Minnet Intelligenskvot, IQ Tidsuppfattning Språkförmåga sämre skolprestationer
Oskar 18 år, cannabisrökare De biverkningarna som jag hört om, att man blir dummare, är sånt jag kan leva med. Jag anser mig själv vara så pass skärpt att jag har råd att förlora lite grann. Men om man är dum från början och börjar röka cannabis, då kan man bli riktigt jävla dum. (Egen intervju med Oskar dec 2010)
Harriet Furugård, cannabisbehandlare, Eskilstuna Minnet är viktigt för att ha koll på sin historia och de erfarenheter man skaffat sig och samtidigt tänka framåt. Inget av detta klarar en aktiv cannabisrökare av.
Madeline Meier Cannabisforskare, USA/ Nya Zeeland: Den som röker mycket cannabis i tonåren får upp till 8 enheter lägre IQ, jämfört med den som inte röker alls. Intelligensförsämringen kvarstår vid 38 års ålder även om man har slutat med cannabis. Meier, M. et al. (2012). Persistent cannabis users show neuropsychological decline from childhood to midlife. PNAS, 109(40): E2657 E2664.
Kritik mot Meiers studie Nationalekonom som propagerar för cannabislegalisering I Norge Røgeberg, O. (2013). Correlations between cannabis use and IQ change in the Dunedin cohort are consistent with confounding from socioeconomic status. PNAS 14 jan. -------------------------------------- IQ och skolprestationer Mokrysz, C. et al (2016) Are IQ and educational outcomes in teenagers related to their cannabis use? A prospective cohort study. J Psychopharmacology. Feb;30(2):159-68. IQ-tester på tvillingar Jackson, NJ. et al (2016) Impact of adolescent marijuana use on intelligence: Results from two longitudinal twin studies. PNAS. Feb 2;113(5):E500-8. Båda dessa studier visar en sänkning av IQ för måttliga cannabisrökare upp till 16 resp. 20 års ålder. Det sämre IQ:et försvinner nästan helt när an tar hänsyn till alkohol, tobak och familjeförhållanden.
Svar på kritiken Meiers studie bygger på diagnosticering av cannabisberoende och sträcker sig från 13 till 38 år. Den visar att tungt cannabisbruk leder till lägre IQ. De andra studierna bygger på självrapportering. Madeline Meier: Det finns ingen motsättning med våra resultat.. Budskapet från båda dessa studier är att kort tids och måttligt bruk av cannabis troligen är säkrare än mycket lång tids och tung användning. Det stora problemet kvarstår för en del av de tonåringar som röker cannabis; måttligt bruk leder till lång tids beroende när de blir vuxna.
Övriga skador på den unga hjärnan Ej utvecklad vuxenhjärna Personlighetsförändring 2-3 gånger ökad risk för schizofreni 10 procent får psykoser 17 procent blir beroende
Janne 57, f.d haschrökare Den sociala lusten och kompetensen blir så bedövad./ / alla vi narkomaner blir tämligen insnöade när det gäller tänkande och värderingar. Vi skapar vår egen världsbild. En parallellvärld. Det är extra typiskt för haschet. För den som röker på är cannabis mer än bara en drog. Den formar en livsfilosofi.
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Övriga skador och konsekvenser Inkörsport till andra droger Trafikolyckor Lungskador Hjärt- och kärlsjukdomar Cancer Högre mortalitet Våld och aggressioner
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Aggressioner och våld forts. Fals-Stewart, W. et al (2003). Intimate partner violence and substance use: a longitudinal day-to-day examination. Addictive Behaviors, 28: 1555-1574. Smith, PH. et al (2014). Couples marijuana use is inversely related to their intimate partner violence over the first 9 years of marriage. Psychol Addict Behav, 28(3): 734-742. Rodriguez-Arias, M. et al (2013). CB1 cannabionoid receptor-mediated aggressive behavior. Neuropharmacology, 75: 172-180. Marwaha, S., Gibbs, M. et al (2015). Cannabis use and mania symptoms; a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of affective disorders, 171: 39-47. Ansell, EB. et al (2015). Effects of marijuana use on impulsivity and hostility in daily life. Drug and Alchohol Dependence, 148: 136-142. Häftet är på 28 sidor och kan beställas genom European Cities Against Drugs, ecad@ecad.net http://yaledailynews.com/blog/2015/01/27/contrary-to-popular-perceptionnot-a-mellow-high/ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2900941/who-charlie-hebdogunmen-islamic-fanatics-claimed-al-qaeda-yemen-shooting-12-dead.html http://www.thewire.com/national/2013/04/dzhokhar-tsarnaev-dealingdrugs/64529/ http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/authorities-link-tsarnaevbrothers-2011-triple-homicide-report-article-1.1341207 http://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2014/10/dzhokar-tsarnaev- Friend-Robel-Phillipos-Convicted-of-Lying-to-FBI/382013/ http://www.svd.se/terrordaden-i-kopenhamn_4336035
Vård för cannabis Sverige: 2500-3000 personer Danmark: 10 000 Holland:11 000 Hela EU: Ca 250 000 USA: 845 000 personer Källor: Europeisk narkotikarapport 2014 + Word Drug Report
Cannabis och alkohol
Ungdomar väljer inte att berusa sig med cannabis istället för alkohol. Tvärtom har cannabisrökare mycket högre alkoholkonsumtion än icke cannabisrökare.
Cannabisrökare dricker mer Sverige: Gymnasieungdomar som röker cannabis: 56% ofta fulla De som inte röker cannabis: 12% ofta fulla Källa: CAN-rapport. Vad vet vi om cannabisanvändning bland unga? Mars 2014
Man kan inte jämföra skadeverkningarna. Cannabis stannar kvar längre i hjärnan. De allra flesta tycker att alkohol ska vara tillåtet och cannabis förbjudet. De legala drogernas skadeverkningar tobak och alkohol - är bra argument för att inte legalisera cannabis. För unga är cannabis skadligare.
Key figures addiction care 2013, www.sivz.nl
Beroendevård i USA 12-17 år www.samhsa.gov/ 80 Alkohol och cannabis som huvuddroger i % 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Alkohol Cannabis
Percentage of U.S. 12 th Grade Students Reporting Past Month Use of Alcohol, Cigarettes and Marijuana 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Alcohol Marijuana Cigarettes 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 SOURCE: University of Michigan, 2013 Monitoring the Future Study.
Cannabis är inte ett läkemedel
Vi ska använda medicinsk marijuana som ett lockbete för att ge marijuana ett gott rykte. Ketih Stroup, National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws, NORML, 1979
Wayne Hall Drogforskare, Australien: Bevisen att cannabis har bra medicinska effekter är mycket svaga.
Vad säger vetenskapen? Cannabis kan lindra illamående, smärta och kramper (vid MS) samt ev. vid epilepsi samt öka aptiten, men biverkningarna är stora. Några källor: *Harold Kalant, Amy Porath-Waller: Clearing the smoke on cannabis CCSA (Kanadensiska centret om drogmissbruk), 2012. Nora Volkow et al. Adverse Health Effects of Marijuana Use. The New England Journal of Medicine. Juni 2014. Bertha K. Madras. Update of Cannabis an its medical use. 37th ECDD Agenda item 6.2, WHO. 2015.
Medicinsk cannabis = kvacksalveri 1. Cannabis är inte godkänt som läkemedel i något land. 2. Samma drog som vanlig cannabis och samma biverkningar. 3. Det finns läkemedel mot samma åkommor.
Medicinsk cannabis forts. 4. Det finns redan läkemedel som innehåller THC och CBD ej rusgivande, liten användning. 5. Inga läkemedel intas genom rökning. 6. Inga läkemedel innehåller en massa okända ingredienser.
Rekommenderar ej medicinsk marijuana: American Medical Association American Cancer Society American Glaucoma Society National Multiple Sclerosis Society American Society Addiction Medicine American Academy of Pedriatrics
Colorado, USA 2009 Medicinsk marijuana möjlig för alla. 2014 Legalisering regleras och beskattas som alkohol. Åldersgräns 21 år. Idag ca 800 affärer för nöjesbruk och/eller medicinsk marijuna 114.000 personer (av 5 milj invånare) får medicinsk marijuana Cannabis = Big Business
Konsekvenserna av kommersialiseringen och legaliseringen i Colorado
Använt senaste månaden i % Colorado och hela USA 12-17-år 14 12 Källa: SAMHSA.gov, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2006-2014 10 8 6 4 2 0 2006 2008 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Colorado USA
35 30 Använt senaste månaden i % Colorado och hela USA 18-25 år Källa: SAMHSA.gov, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2006-2014 25 20 15 10 5 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Colorado USA
Källa: National Highway Transportation Safety Administration, Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS), 2006-2013 and CDOT/RMHIDTA 2014
Källa: Colorado Hospital Association, Emergency Department Visit Dataset. Statistics prepared by the Health Statistics and Evaluation Branch, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment
Källa: United States Postal Inspection Service, Prohibited Mailing of Narcotics, as of January 21, 2015
Brottsligheten efter legalisering Den totala brottsligheten i Colorado har varken ökat eller minskat. (hälften av befolkningen omfattas inte av legalisering eller medicinsk marijuana) Den total brottsligheten i Denver har ökat med 10 procent Källa: Colorado Bureau of Investigation, http://crimeinco.cbi.state.co.us/
Skatteinkomst 2015 för marijuanaförsäljning = 63 miljoner $. Det mesta går åt för att reglera marijuanaindustrin.
Förnekelse och tvivel på vetenskapliga fakta
Det finns inte samma drivkrafter för oss som är emot droger av moraliska och hälsomässiga skäl jämfört med dem som är för laglig narkotika därför att de kan tjäna pengar på det. Ben Cort, SAM
Tack för att ni lyssnade! pelle.olsson52@gmail.com www.pelleolsson.se