Fysisk aktivitet & Hjärnan

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1 Fysisk aktivitet & Hjärnan Jenny Nyberg, PhD Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation Institutionen för Neurovetenskap & Fysiologi Göteborgs Universitet Forskningsseminarium barn och fysisk aktivitet Psykisk ohälsa ökar hos yngre Skolan lärandemiljön? Stress prestation? Ökade krav på arbetsmarknaden? Ekonomiska förutsättningar? Hälsovanor? Digitala medier? Lager et al., 2012, Scand J Publ Health 1

2 Ämnesbetygen minskar i skolan Unga rör sig för lite idag Andel (%) av tid i stillasittande samt låg, måttlig och hög intensitet för hela veckan Regeringsrapport Centrum för idrottsforskning 2017 (Karolinska) 2

3 Motion hos barn och skolprestation Resultat nationella prov Engelska Motion Kontroll Svenska Motion Kontroll Matte Motion Kontroll Bunketorp-Käll et al., 2015, J Sch Health Forskning på fysisk aktivitet i skolan Beteende i klassen Fokus/koncentration Akademisk prestation Kognitiva funktioner Psykisk hälsa Hyperaktivitet Fysisk kondition 3

4 Hjärnans plasticitet (formbarhet) Hjärnans formbarhet Maquire et al., 2000, PNAS 4

5 Men vad händer inne i hjärnan då? Hippocampus Minne och inlärning Vilka minnen som lagras längre tid (långtidsminne) Kontext och känslor Spatial förmåga Bildar nya celler hela vuxna livet. 5

6 Ok, hjärnan kan förändra sina strukturer, förbättra funktioner och till och med bilda nya nervceller! Men, kan vi själva påverka detta? Ökad volym på hippocampus med konditionsträning Hos barn Chaddock et al., 2010, Brain Res. 6

7 Neurogenes vid fysisk aktivitet Konditionsträning och nya celler i hippocampus Lazarov et al., 2010, Trends Neurosci. När vi rör på oss Effekter på nervceller och hjärnan Skydd/reparation BDNF VEGF Tillväxt (synapser/utskott) Nybildning IGF-1 Signalering/kommunikation Överlevnad Inflammation EGF Utveckling FGF 7

8 och P E Motion RSPECTIV ES mentala förmågor En metaanalys av flera interventionsstudier into a pool-based aerobic exercise gr wait-list control. All participants wer 0.7 with a series of single and dual audito visual discrimination tasks both befo 0.6 after the 10-week intervention. Parti in the aerobic training programme, b 0.5 those in the control group, showed si cant improvement in dual-task perfo 0.4 over the 10-week period. Improveme 0.3 single-task performance were equiva the two groups. 0.2 Although a number of interventio studies have found improvements in 0.1 performance on cognitive tasks for a cally trained but not control subjects 0 Executive Controlled Spatial Speed studies have found equivalent perfor improvements for both aerobic and c Task type subjects across cognitive tests. Given Figure 1 Meta-analytic findings of exercise-training effects on cognition in older adults. The number of randomized intervention Nature Reviews Neuroscience results of a meta-analysis of the effects of fitness training on cognition showed that the benefits of that have examined fitness training e Colcombe et al., 2003, Psychol. fitness training on four different cognitive tasks were significant. As illustrated in the figure, fitnesssci. on cognition is relatively small, and t training has both broad and specific effects. The effects are broad in the sense that individuals in aerobic fitness training groups (represented by the red bars) showed larger fitness training effects the particulars of these studies were across the different categories of cognitive processes illustrated on the x-axis. They are specific in the there are a number of factors that mi sense that fitness training effects were larger for some cognitive processes, in particular executive responsible for the mixed pattern of control processes, than for other cognitive processes. Figure reproduced, with permission, from REF. 32 Some of these factors include: the co (2003) Blackwell Publishers. processes examined; the length, inten and type of exercise programme; the range, health and education of partic younger adults merely for the purpose of Physical-activity effects on cognition and the manner in which fitness imp comparison with older adults, to provide during older adulthood. The study of ments were measured. Fortunately, a a basis for age-related deficits in cognitive exercise and cognition with older adults meta-analyses have been conducted function and to better understand the prodates back several decades. Recently the recent years to determine first wheth phylactic or ameliorative effects of chronic exercise cognition relation in older adults fitness cognition effect is robust acro physical activity participation on cognitive has been strengthened by the observation, the literature and second which facto in prospective epidemiological studies, might moderate this relation Sev ageing. One obvious reason for this paucity of literature is that cognitive health peaks that there are a number of lifestyle factors important results have been obtained during young adulthood28, suggesting that including intellectual engagement, social these meta-analyses, which examine there is little room for exercise-related interaction, diet and physical activity that tially overlapping sets of studies. Firs improvement to cognitive function durare associated with the maintenance of perhaps most importantly, the effect ing this period of the lifespan. However, cognitive function and a reduction in risk for each meta-analysis was significant. T recent trends indicating a declining health age-associated neurodegenerative disorders, in all studies, physical activity had a status among children3 suggests that future such as Alzheimer s disease and vascular effect on cognition. Second, a signifi research should extend to periods of the dementia9, relationship between physical activit lifespan that are characterized by peak A small but growing number of randing and improved cognition was obta cognitive health. omized intervention studies have examined for both normal adults and patients w There is a small body of literature that whether fitness training has a positive effect early signs of Alzheimer s disease, in examines neurophysiological indices of on different aspects of perception and cogni- memory or cognitive ability was mild the benefits of chronic physical activity tion in older adults. These studies generally impaired Thus, it appears that ph participation on cognitive function in enrol healthy but sedentary adults between activity can have a positive effect on young adults; however, the vast majority the ages of 60 and 85 years and ask them range of cognitive functions. Several of this research is focused on cognitive to participate in an exercise regime several moderator variables were also reveal ageing (see below). Future research in times per week over the course of several indicated in FIG. 1, physical-activity t this area needs to continue to build the months to several years. Cognition and appears to have both broad and spec physical activity cognition literature base, fitness is assessed before and after the intercognitive effects: broad in the sense t similar to that for older adults and, if it vention. The central question is whether various different cognitive processes is to have societal implications, it should individuals who participate in an aerobic from exercise participation, and spec also focus on bridging the gap between training regime show larger gains in cognithe sense that the effects on some co 8 control the basic mechanisms that underlie the tion than wait-list control subjects or control processes, especially executive effects of exercise on the brain and applied subjects who participate in non-aerobic esses (which include scheduling, plan aspects of cognition related to classroom regimes, such as toning and stretching. In working memory, multi-tasking and and job performance. one example31, older adults were randomized with ambiguity), are disproportionat 0.8 Effect size Control Exercise Exekutiva funktioner

9 Fysisk aktivitet och hjärnans plasticitet Regelbunden fysisk aktivitet ökar hjärnans plasticitet, funktion och hälsa Låg fysisk kondition och risk för sjukdomar i hjärnan Ökad risk x3 Bipolär sjukdom ALS x2 9

10 Effekter på hjärnan av träning Senare effekter Tidiga effekter Direkt efter träning (minuter) Efter regelbunden träning (veckor) Övergående neurokemiska effekter Bestående strukturella effekter Måste man vara maratonlöpare? Svar: Nej! Kardiovaskulär träning (flås, hjärtat jobbar, ökad cirkulation, svettig) Cykla, jogga, simma, dansa, powerwalk, sport 3-4 ggr i vecka i min Anpassa efter förmåga Balans och sans 10

11 Tack! 11