Heat pump systems for Near Zero Energy Buildings Svein Ruud SP

Heat pump systems for Near Zero Energy Buildings Svein Ruud SP

Project information Start of the project : April 2012 Enf of the project : Juni 2014 Funded by: Effsys+ Trä och möbelföretagen (national trade and employers association of the wood processing and furniture industry) SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden Bosch termoteknik/ivt Danfoss/Thermia Enertech/CTC

Project group Project leader: Assistant project leader : Expert: Svein Ruud SP Martin Persson SP Caroline Haglund Stignor SP Participants: Anders Rosenkilde TMF Tommy Walfridsson Skanska Teknik AB Kent Karlsson Enertech/CTC Timo Haak Bosch/IVT Gunnar Eklund Bosch/IVT Olav Öhman Danfoss/Thermia Magnus Lantz Danfoss/Thermia

Background The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive 2010/31/EG (EPBD2) requires very low use of energy for all new and rebuilt buildings from 1st if January 2021. Calculations have shown that, in a Swedish climate, ground source heat pumps is a very viable alternative from an energy performance point of view, but the existing models are too large and too expensive for singe family nzeb. Also for multi family houses calculations from a recently finished Effsys+ project shows that heat pumps is a competitive technology but there is a need to asses system concepts.

Aim of the project The project shall: Show on the energy savings that can be achieved in single family houses with energyefficient heat pump system installed in the best way from a system perspective along with a energy-efficient building envelope Asses how it is possible to achieve a zero/plus energy house concept if one includes both energy for air-conditioning, hot water and household electricity Develop competitive heat pump systems that heat industry can develop further both for the domestic and for export markets

Milestones Develop theoretical concepts for single- and multi family houses Develop and asses a heat pump prototype for a single family house system concept that passes the requirements for nzeb, Fgas, Eco Design and RES directives that also has a LCC making it a cost effective alternative for a single family house Develop and asses a heat pump prototype for a multi family house system concept that passes the requirements for nzeb, Fgas, Eco Design and RES directives that also has a LCC making it a cost effective alternative for a multi family house Develop calculation models for nzeb

No mutual definition of nzeb The energy performance of buildings should be calculated on the basis of a methodology, which may be differentiated at national and regional level. This means that there will be as many various definitions of nzeb as there are member states in the EU

Different national regulations and roadmaps to nzeb in the Nordic countries

The Swedish system boundary household electricity is not included

Target values for nzeb proposed by the Swedish Energy Agency (versus the existing Swedish Building Regulations BBR19) Electrically heated Non-electrically heated Climatic zone I II III I II III Residential 50 (95) 40 (75) 30 (55) 75 (130) 65 (110) 55 (90) Non-residential 50-75 * (95-131) 40-60 * (75-104) 30-45 * (55-78) 70-105 * (120-192) 60-90 * (100-159) 50-75 * (80-126) *) Depending on air-flow rate No levels are decided, but the government has stated that the nzeb-levels should be sharper than the existing regulations - at least for most building categories and climatic conditions

Reply from the Swedish National Board of Housing On the other hand the Swedish Board of Housing reported in an annex to (ER 2010:39) that it is not possible to determine levels for NZEB before the European commissions model for a cost optimal level is determined. Before the recast of the EPBD-directive Sweden has been stressed as a member state with building energy performance rules that already are close to a cost optimal level and therefore the Swedish Board of Housing consider the Swedish Energy Agency s proposal in table below as very ambitious. Climatic zone Electrically heated Non-electrically heated I II III I II III Residential 50 (95) 40 (75) 30 (55) 75 (130) 65 (110) 55 (90) Non-residential 50-75 * (95-131) 40-60 * (75-104) 30-45 * (55-78) 70-105 * (120-192) 60-90 * (100-159) 50-75 * (80-126)

The governments memorandum 2011-12-23 - Assessments and proposals for nearly zero-energy buildings With the new construction rules for buildings issued by the Swedish National Board of Housing (BBR19) it is assessed that Sweden reach the demands in EPBD2 on a basis of what is technically and economically motivated judging from Sweden's national conditions.

Government report 2011/12:131 Road to near-zero energy buildings Stockholm 29 March 2012 "A Swedish application of the concept of near-zero energy building, where near-zero energy levels as a general rule will be legally binding level of energy requirements for all new buildings starting from 2021, should mean more stringent requirements on energy compared to the requirements for current buildings. At least for most categories of buildings and climate zones."

Further on the Government report 2011/12:131 says: There is currently insufficient evidence to indicate a quantified approach on how far the tightening of the energy performance levels that might be necessary, therefore this should be assessed on a solid foundation based on an evaluation of existing low-energy buildings, some demonstration projects of new energy-efficient buildings, financial analyzes, etc. The government have in the budget allocated 120 million for 2014-2016 (Energy Agency hired 2011/2012 SP and WSP to investigate on how to set up Demonstration Platforms NNE) "Only changes that are environmentally, economically and property economically motivated will be implemented." Guidelines for calculating cost-optimal levels came from the European Union in April 2012 and the National Board of Housing have now calculated according to them

Cost-optimal levels for energy efficiency within buildings Swedish National Board of Housing Report 2012:20 "Based on the construction costs, energy prices forecasts and cost of capital that has been available the calculations performed shows that the energy conservation requirements of the BBR is at a great extent within the framework of the cost-optimal level." Comments on this report from Sweden's Centre for Zero Energy Houses (SCN) / Eje Sandberg: "In summary the Swedish National Board of Housing also in this report putting emphasis on costly building envelope measures instead of building services measures, not selected optimized subsystems (i.e, how do you build a wall cheapest if you want a wall with a lower U-value) not take into account systemic effects on the distribution applied the historical investment costs and does not take into account the price trends sharply requirements would "

FEBY12 one of several volountary systems in Sweden Minienergi Between BR19 and Passive house standard Passivhus Swedish adaption of the original German Passivehause definition (= W/m 2 ) No requirements on on-site production Nollenergihus Passive house + on-site energy production = zero weighted energy use

Target values have been defined for the Swedish project (in lack of Swedish definition) Hustyp Småhus NNE Flerbostadshus NNE Antal hushåll/lägenheter 1 40 Antal boende 4 80 Hushållsel 4800 kwh/år 112 MWh/år Specifik energianvädning, hushållsel 30 kwh/(år m2 Atemp) 28 kwh/(år m2 Atemp) Övrig byggnadsel - 8 MWh/år Specifik övrig byggnadsel - 2 kwh/(år m2 Atemp) Tempererad golvarea, A temp 160 m 2 4000 m 2 * Inre area omslutande klimatskal, A om 390 m 2 6000 m 2 Nominellt luftflöde; 0,35 liter/(s m 2 A temp ) 56 liter/s 1,4 m 3 /s Genomsnittligt värmegenomgångstal, U m 0,2 W/(K m 2 A om ) 0,3 W/(K m 2 A om ) Lufttäthet (vid ±50 Pa) 0,2 liter/(s m 2 A om ) 0,3 liter/(s m 2 A om ) Spec. ventilationsvärmeförlust (vid DVUT) 0,14 W/(K m 2 A temp ) 0,14 W/(K m 2 A temp ) ventilationsvärmeförlust 22,4 W/K 0,56 kw/k temperaturverkningsgrad ca 80 % ca 80 % Specifik fläkteffekt SFP ** 1,5 W/(liter/s) 1,3 kw/(m 3 /s) fläkteffekt 85 W 1,8 kw Specifik fläktenergi 4,5 kwh/(år m 2 A temp ) 4,0 kwh/(år m 2 A temp ) fläktenergi 700 kwh/år 16 MWh/år Specifik pumpeffekt värme- och varmvattendistribution *** 0,3 W/(m 2 A temp ) 0,3 W/(m 2 A temp ) pumpeffekt värme- och varmvattendistribution 50 W 1,2 kw Specifik pumpenergi värme- och varmvattendistribution 1,5 kwh/(år m 2 A temp ) 1,3 kwh/(år m 2 A temp ) pumpenergi värme- och varmvattendistribution 250 kwh/år 5 MWh/år Specifik värmeförlust varmvatten/vvc vid stand-by 0,5 W/(m 2 A temp ) 0,3 W/(m 2 A temp ) värmeförlust varmvatten/vvc vid stand-by 80 W 1,2 kw Specifikt värmebehov varmvatten/vvc vid stand-by 4,5 kwh/(år m 2 A temp ) 2,5 kwh/(år m 2 A temp ) värmebehov varmvatten/vvc vid stand-by 700 kwh/år 10 MWh/år Specifikt värmebehov i klimatzon III 36,5 kwh/(år m 2 A temp ) 34,5 kwh/(år m 2 A temp ) värmebehov i klimatzon III 5800 kwh/år 138 MWh/år Maximalt effektbehov ut på värmesystemet 4 kw 75 kw Specifikt varmvattenbehov (exkl. värmeförluster) 21,5 kwh/(år m 2 A temp ) 17,5 kwh/(år m 2 A temp ) varmvattenbehov (exkl. värmeförluster) 3400 kwh/år 70 MWh/år Specifik energibehov netto, inkl. hushållsel 100 kwh/(år m 2 A temp ) 90 kwh/(år m 2 A temp ) energibehov netto, inkl. hushållsel 16 000 kwh/år 360 MWh/år Specifik energianvändning (köpt energi), inkl. hushållsel **** 60 kwh/(år m 2 A temp ) 55 kwh/(år m 2 A temp ) energianvändning (köpt energi), inkl. hushållsel 9 600 kwh/år 220 MWh/år Specifik energianvändning (köpt energi), exkl. hushållsel 30 kwh/(år m 2 A temp ) 27 kwh/(år m 2 A temp ) energianvändning (köpt energi), exkl. hushållsel 4 800 kwh/år 108 MWh/år

Evaluation of the best availabel technology and performing calculations (energy and LCC) for different system solutions Värmekälla VHR + Ground source HP FTX + Air source HP Exhaust air HP Distributionssystem Radiators Floor heating Forced air convectors

Evaluation of the best availabel technology and performing calculations (energy and LCC) for different system solutions Smaller frequency controlled and more efficient compressors Minimize heat losses through better thermal insulation of heat storage tanks, heat exchangers and pipes Minimize electricity used by circulation pumps by chosing the most energy efficient pumps available, components with low pressure drop and frequency control A smart control system that optimizes the system based both on climatic and economic conditions (using both weather and energy price forecasts).

An example of a Swedish near zero energy house with a heat pump Villa Gustafsson in Bollebygd. Source: AB Svenskt Klimatneutralt boende

NEED4B

NEED4B Título capítulo NEED4B aims to develop an open and easily replicable methodology for designing, constructing and operating new low energy buildings, aiming to a large market uptake. The NEED4B methodology will be validated and refined by a strong demonstration programme, envisaging the construction of 27.000 square meters, spread among five demo sites covering different climatic zones, building types and uses. The methodology will integrate tools and procedures that already exists or are under development, like Integrated Project Delivery, Building Information Modelling, Life Cycle Assessment, Life Cycle Cost and energy performance simulation softwares.

The Swedish Need4B-house

Very uncertain future situation for PV in Sweden!!! Very unfavourable feed in system at the moment!