INTRODUCTION Creative Industry Cluster Growth for Regional Development Illustrations from Sweden Per Assmo (2008) Contact information Dr Per Assmo University West Department for Studies of Economics & Informatics 461 86 Trollhättan, Sweden Tel: +46-(0)520-22 36 66 E-mail:
SvD Näringsliv http://www.e24.se/samhallsekonomi 2008-01-28 Politiker kan inte skapa kluster, hävdar klustrens egen pappa Harvard professor Michael Porter comments at the EU ministers conference in Stockholm. The theme of the conference was innovation and cluster, and how new clusters are developed and enhanced.
SvD Näringsliv http://www.e24.se/samhallsekonomi 2008-01-28 Kluster har på några år blivit ett modeord för politiker runt om i världen som försöker få fram nya jobb. Men att skapa kluster genom politiska åtgärder går inte, menar professor Michael Porter.
LOCATIONAL TRENDS OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IN THE POST-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
World Economic Forum (WEF) Report 2008 World Top Ten ranking of competitiveness, based on Global Competitiveness Index (last year position in brackets) 1 (1) USA 2 (4) Switzerland 3 (3) Denmark 4 (9) Sweden 5 (7) Germany 6 (6) Finland 7 (8) Singapore 8 (5) Japan 9 (2) United Kingdom 10 (11) Holland Ranking of the countries with the best business climate, based on Global Competitiveness Index (last year position in brackets) 1 (1)USA 2 (2) Germany 3 (3) Finland 4 (9) Sweden 5 (4) Denmark 6 (5) Switzerland 7 (6) Holland 8 (11) Austria 9 (10) Singapore 10 (8) Japan
Cluster Perspectives
Cluster Perspectives Crudely, one find three more or less overlapping cluster perspectives. - An explanation model to describe why a region is competitive within a certain branch in comparison to other regions. - A model to describe and structure complex production systems in which actors in different ways support and form a manifold interconnected production structure, often within a more or less geographically concentrated area. - A tool-box for regional development planning. A cluster perspective is then a used to enhance and initiate the coordination between existing and emerging companies to enhance economic activity and growth.
Firm strategy, structure and rivalry Factor conditions Demand conditions Related and supporting industries
Regional structures Firm strategy, structure and rivalry Global influences Factor conditions Cluster of economic activity Demand conditions Local circumstances Related and supporting industries National policies
A Creative Class in a Creative Economy
Changes towards an economic post-modern landscape make the location of human capacity a key aspect for knowledge creation and regional economic growth. These creative regions are important clusters of innovation and economic growth. But where is this knowledge based society? Is it possible to develop new creative industries in any location? Access and possibility to attract creative human capital to specific locations?
Access to talented and creative people is to modern business what access to coal and iron ore was to steelmaking. It determines where companies will choose to locate and grow, and this in turn changes the ways cities must compete. Florida (2002:6)
Florida (2002) summarises the arguments of what makes a creative place as follows: -What is there? A place that comprises the combination of an attractive constructed, cultural and natural environment, a proper setting for the pursuit of creative lives. - Who is there? A place that includes diverse kinds of people, that is openminded and enhances interaction and provide possibility for anyone to plug into and make life in that community. - What is going on? A place that has the vibrancy of street life, café culture, arts, music and people engaging in outdoor activities, altogether a lot of active, exciting and creative activities.
THE CREATIVE INDUSTRY The creative industry encompasses an increasingly important part of the post-industrial economy. Is it possible through political initiatives to develop a creative industry cluster in any location? This presentation applies a spatial political-economic conceptual platform to discuss factors that influence the emergence of the creative industry in space and time, exemplified with regional film production centres in Sweden.
Regional film Production Centres in Sweden Filmpool Nord Film in Väst Film in Skåne
How to Attract the Creative Class? The mindset, norms and values are perhaps equally, if not even more, important in order to bring up or attract the creative class. The local municipality, through its political and economic structure, can bring up or attract the creative class at the local scale. The creative industry move to (or form in) places that manage to attract skilled talented creative people. Access to talented creative people will determine where companies choose to locate and grow, which in turn changes the ways cities must compete. Depending on local and surrounding circumstances, local municipalities should therefore include the development of an attractive environment as an important part in development planning policies.
The Significance of Political Structures for Industrial Cluster Development National Structures Firm Strategy, Structure & Rivalry Global Structures Human Capital Cluster of Economic Activity Demand Conditions Local Structures Related & Supporting Industries Regional Structures
Michael Porter om europeiska ansträngningarna att genom politiska åtgärder bilda kluster. Politikerna har lagt beslag på klustren. Kluster är inget man skapar eller odlar med stöd och subsidier. Kluster uppstår spontant och det tar åtminstone 20 30 år för ett kluster att utvecklas och bli konkurrenskraftigt, ofta tar det mycket längre tid än så. Jag har sett och studerat hundratals kluster, runt om i världen. Jag har sett mycket gamla kluster med långa traditioner och unga kluster i högteknologiska branscher, men jag har aldrig sett att politiker har skapat ett kluster. Kluster är inget nytt, de har funnits i hundratals år, även om företeelsen inte har kallats kluster och de finns i alla länder. Politiker kan alltså inte skapa klustren, däremot kan de identifiera dem och underlätta deras utveckling, men det handlar då om att stötta utan att ingripa, säger Michael Porter.
Den främsta drivkraften för klustrens framväxt är konkurrens. En fri konkurrens mellan olika kluster i samma bransch och mellan företagen inom klustren ökar produktiviteten. Produktivitet är heller inget man kan besluta om i politiska fora, utan den växer fram och ökar med konkurrens. Det finns en längtan och en förhoppning bland politiker att kunna skapa kluster kring någon ny teknikbransch och att det sedan ska attrahera andra högteknologiska företag dit. Det är en villfarelse. Kluster finns inom alla branscher, små och stora, och de är alla lika värdefulla för sina regioner, säger Michael Porter. Michael Porter är även mycket skeptisk till nyttan av det som inom EU kallas harmonisering och som i det sammanhanget är ett honnörsord. Harmonisering för företag och för industriella regionala kluster innebär att man utjämnar förutsättningarna så att allt blir lika för alla. Företag, likaväl som kluster, mår bäst och blir effektiva av specialisering och att möta utmaningar, menar Michael Porter.
ATTRACTIVENESS Political Stability Technologically Advanced Open Competitive Market Research &Development Cultural life Attractive housing conditions Sound Economic Structures Open Labour Market Efficient Infrastructure Ecological Awareness Entertainment Local Business Political strategy Open minded, Multicultural friendly attitude
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