Tankar om 3D-visualisering inom stadsplanering

Tankar om 3D-visualisering inom stadsplanering En användarcentrerad designstudie J A C O B G O D I N F O R S B E R G Examensarbete Stockholm, Sverige 2009

Tankar om 3D-visualisering inom stadsplanering En användarcentrerad designstudie J A C O B G O D I N F O R S B E R G Examensarbete i människa-datorinteraktion om 30 högskolepoäng vid Programmet för industriell ekonomi Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan år 2009 Handledare på CSC var Henrik Artman Examinator var Ann Lantz TRITA-CSC-E 2009:016 ISRN-KTH/CSC/E--09/016--SE ISSN-1653-5715 Kungliga tekniska högskolan Skolan för datavetenskap och kommunikation KTH CSC 100 44 Stockholm URL: www.csc.kth.se

Tankar om 3D-visualisering inom stadsplanering En användarcentrerad Designstudie Sammanfattning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oughts about 3D Visualization within Urban Planning A User Centered Design Study Abstract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

Förord :,''(B-,'',D(%,#&(-1,',.#$%=B##.&4(;)('$-.#',-(4'.$#&$%0(-3'6>-'&2.) R3#/+./(',4#.&4(0>/&4$+(#*73**)-(/(2:,@,-#$MS<T(/2.++'(@4(),&$% &'B++'3**%,)&.#'.)'.++.#',-2?3,-$@03'2B-),-.#/(-GU3)).#/,4$%%3#6>-(''), 1.)-(/.'%,))('('.++*-$'$'8*,#$@0%.#(0(#)+,)(-,U,#-.4M-'%(#GRNUG$@0 N$-&',#U>418G:,@,-#$6>-),-(&,#/(/,%(#/(2&,,#),=B##.&4(; )('$-.#',-(4'.$#$@0/,$/-(6.&42.&3(+.&,-.#/<T(/2.++B2,#'(@4(6(&',-S(-1-$6>- /,#$%+B&#.#/(2%.#(3'4(&'<

V< "#+,)#.#/<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<V V<V C86',<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<W V<W S(4/-3#)<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<W V<9 H$-&4#.#/.#$%$%-7),'<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<9 V<X A,+(',-(),*-$?,4'<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<Y V<Y Z(-6>-E$$/+,F(-'0[<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<\ V<\ M2/-B#&#.#/(-<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<] W< N,$-.<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<^ W<V Z.&3(+.&,-.#/<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<^ W<W E,$2.&3(+.&,-.#/$@09:;%$),++,-<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<V_ W<9 M''3'6$-%((#2B#)1(-(&8&',%<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<VY W<X E,$2.&3(+.&,-.#/6>-&$@.(+'1-34<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<WV 9< =,'$)<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<W9 9<V M++%B#'$%6(++&'3).,-<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<W9 9<W "#',-2?3,-<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<WX 9<9 I-$'$'8*<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<WY 9<X `'2B-),-.#/<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<WY 9<Y R$%%,#'(-,-<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<W\ X< A,&3+'('<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<W] X<V M#2B#)#.#/(2.#',-(4'.2(9:;2.&3(+.&,-.#/(-.#$%&'()&*+(#,-.#/<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<W] X<W :,'(+?,-.#/&/-()<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<X_ Y< :.&43&&.$#<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<XX Y<V C(%%(#6(''#.#/<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<XX Y<W C2(-*76-7/,&'B++#.#/(-#(<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<XX Y<9 :,#/$)((#2B#)(-@,#'-,-.#/,#<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<X\ Y<X I-$'$'8*,-G.',-('.$#,-$@0)./.'(+4$%*,',#&<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<X\ Y<Y A,6+,4'.$#,-<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<X] Y<\ A,4$%%,#)('.$#,-$@0&+3'&('&,-<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<Xa RB++$-<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<Y_ N-8@4'(4B++$-<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<Y_ F+,4'-$#.&4(4B++$-<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<YV

1. Inledning bb-'27,++,-6+,-(*,-&$#,-&(%+(&-3#',#)('$-6>-(''&>4(.#6$-%('.$#g).&43',-(,''b%#,,++,-1.+)(&./,#/,%,#&(%3**6(''#.#/$%#7/$'g&7&4.+?,-&./ (#2B#)#.#/,#(2,'')('$-&8&',% V %$'),#&$%&4,-2.).#).2.)3,++(#2B#)#.#/< C.'3('.$#,-#(1+.-%,-4$%*+,D($@0),'1+.-&27-(-,(''3'6$-%(,''&8&',% W &$%&4( '(0B#&8#'.++03-6+,-($+.4(*,-&$#,-.#',-(/,-(-%,)2(-(#)-($@0%,)&8&',%,'G?B%6>-'%,)),&./#6>-,#)(&',#(#2B#)(-,< People frequently use computers together in sociable face-to-face situations, but they are often not designed for such situations at which they can hamper the social interaction (Arvola 2004, s. 9). :('$-&8&',%&$%(#2B#)&(26+,-(*,-&$#,-&(%'.)./'1>-2(-(3'6$-%(),G),+&6>- (''&'>)?(.#',-(4'.$#,#%,++(#)('$-&8&',%$@0.#).2.)G%,#$@4&76>-(''6-B%?(),' &$@.(+(&(%&*,+&$%&4,-%,++(#.#).2.),-#(3#),-(#2B#)#.#/<F''&8&',%&$%,#)(&'B-3'6$-%('6>-.#).2.)3,++(#2B#)#.#/G%,#&$%(#2B#)&(26+,-(*,-&$#,- &(%'.)./'-.&4,-(-(''6>-&B%-((#2B#)(-#(&%>?+./0,',-'.++&$@.(+'3'18',< F'',D,%*,+*7#B-6+,-((#2B#)(-,.#',-(/,-(-17),%,)2(-(#)-($@0%,),'' &8&',%B-3#),-,''%>',.&'()&*+(#,-.#/&*-$@,&&,#<c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

%,)),''((-1,',B-(''3#),-&>4($%),'%,)),6>-3'&B''#.#/(-&$%6.##&.E$$/+, F(-'0GB-%>?+./'(''/,#,-,-(9:;%$),++,-3'.6-7#4$%%3#(+()('(G&$%),+&1+.- (#2B#)1(-(.#',-#'.4$%%3#,#.&'()&*+(#,-.#/&*-$@,&&,#G$@0),+&6>- %,)1$-/(-#(#B-),),+'(-.&'()&*+(#,-.#/&*-$@,&&,#<H>-('',''&7)(#'&8&',%&4( 1+.(#2B#)1(-'%7&',),'2(-(3'6$-%('&7(''),'*(&&(-6>-$+.4('8*,-(2 (#2B#)#.#/517),.#).2.)3,++$@0/,%,#&(%< 1.1 Syfte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d Z.+4,'B-&86','%,)(''(#2B#)(9:;2.&3(+.&,-.#/(-. &'()&*+(#,-.#/&*-$@,&&,#[ Z.+4('8*,-(2(#2B#)#.#/&&.'3('.$#,-3**4$%%,-[ Z.+4,#.#6$-%('.$#6>-3'$%,#9:;%$),++1>-.#/7.,#&7)(#2.&3(+.&,-.#/[ Z.+4,##.27*7),'(+?-.4,)$%,#B-.#'-,&&(#'.,#9:;%$),++[ 1.2 Bakgrund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

(#2B#)(6>-(''&*-.)(.#6$-%('.$#'.++%,)1$-/(-#(G%,#$@4&7&$%,''2,-4'8/6>- ).(+$/.#$%4$%%3#,#< FD?$11,'1,)-.2&*73**)-(/(2:,@,-#$MSG&$%.,''&(%(-1,',%,)U3)).#/, R$%%3#3#),-&>4,-%>?+./0,',-#(('''(6-(%,#9:;%$),++>2,-4$%%3#,#& 1,18//,+&,G&$%4(#&*-.)(&2.(E$$/+,F(-'0< 1.3 Forskning inom området "#$%2.&3(+.&,-.#/$@0/,$/-(6.&42.&3(+.&,-.#/e/,$2.&3(+.&,-.#/f&70(-%(# '-().'.$#,++'&,''%,&'6$43&,-('*7$+.4(',4#.&4(+>&#.#/(-$@0',4#.&4(0?B+*%,),+ 6>-2.&3(+.&,-.#/<F#+./'N$-8$@0=>++,-eW Xf&76$43&,-(-%(#$6'(*7('''(6-(% #8(G&#(11(-,',4#.4,-6>-(''2.&3(+.&,-()('($@06>-1.&,-1,0$2,'(2(''&4(*( (#2B#)1(-(&8&',%&$%2.+4((#2B#)(-#(4(#)-(#8''((2<N-,#),#B-)$@4(''%(# /7-%$'>4()(#2B#)(-@,#'-,-.#/$@0),'0(-&4,'',#6>-B#)-.#/(2(#/-,**&&B'',#.#$%2.&3(+.&,-.#/$@0/,$2.&3(+.&,-.#/3#),-W ;'(+,'<"#.'.('.2,'4$%.$@0%,) (''C+$@3%,'(+<eW f6>-,&+$/(''4$/#.'.$#$@0(#2b#)1(-0,'1>-&'3),-(&%,-.#$%/,$2.&3(+.&,-.#/,6',-&$%d [ ] the development of such methods is exciting, we argue that users may find these methods difficult to apply, not derive the full benefit from them, or simply not utilize them if we do not consider various cognitive and usability issues (Slocum et al. 2000, s. 1) Z.)(-,%,#(-),(''3'2,@4+.#/,#(2%,'$),-6>-/,$2.&3(+.&,-.#/B-1,-$,#),(2 '27(#&('&,-6>-(''1+.,66,4'.2d',$-,'.&44$/#.'.26$-&4#.#/$@03'2B-),-.#/(2 %,'$),-2.((#2B#)1(-0,'&*-.#@.*,-<c%-7),#&$%0(-4$**+.#/'.++%B##.&4(; )('$-.#',-(4'.$#e=:"f$@0&$%1>-&'3),-(&&B-&4.+',#+./'),%B-%,'(6$-,-G (#2B#)(-/-B#&&#.''G.#).2.)3,++(&4.++#(),-G/-3**&4.++#(),-G&(%(-1,',4-.#/ /,$2.&3(+.&,-.#/$@03'2B-),-.#/&%,'$),-<"#$%2(-?,$%-7),6>-,&+7-),#7/-( 2.4./(),+$%-7),#.#$%2.+4(),'1>-B/#(&%,-6$-&4#.#/<=(@F(@0-,#$@0R-((4 ew f18//,-2.)(-,*7c+$@3%,'(+<$@0*,4(-*76+,-6$-&4#.#/&6-7/$-.#$%,d,%*,+2.&(#2b#)(-/-b#&&#.''&(%'4$/#.'.$#&;$@0(#2b#)1(-0,'&(&*,4',-<:, (2&+3'(-%,)dg"),#'.68.#/'0,@0(++,#/,&.&'0,,(&8*(-'<=,,'.#/'0,%.&3#+.4,+8 K.'0$3'(@$%%.'%,#''$(@$$-).#(',)(**-$(@0G181$'0.#).2.)3(+&(#) $-/(#.L('.$#&.#%3+'.*+,@$3#'-.,&ge=(@F(@0-,#$@0R-((4G&<V_f<:,'-B@4,- (++'&7.#',%,)(''.),#'.6.,-(1,0$2,#2.+4,'),0(-/?$-'3'(#),'B-,6',-),'&$% 3'%(#.#/,#1>-?(-<M''.*-(4'.4,#-().4(+'B#)-(),&B''&$%/,$2.&3(+.&,-.#/(- 3'2,@4+(&*74-B2,-,#&(%+()(#&'-B#/#.#/< C+$@3%,'(+<eW f1,&4-.2,-&(%(-1,',.#$%/,$2.&3(+.&,-.#/&$%,''$%-7), &$%1,0>2,-3'6$-&4(&%,-<:,%,#(-(''),'B-2(#+./'(''%(#3'/7-6-7#('' (#2B#)#.#/(2/,$2.&3(+.&,-.#/(-B-.#).2.)3,++G%,#$6'(B-(#2B#)#.#/,# /,%,#&(%<=(@F(@0-,#eW Xf1,+8&,-$@4&7(''6$-&4#.#/,#*7/,%,#&(% (#2B#)#.#/.#$%/,$2.&3(+.&,-.#/.#',B-'.++-B@4+./d Geo/Information visualization research has directed only minimal attention to the challenges and opportunities associated with extending visualization methods and tools to use by groups (MacEachren 2004, s. 433) 9

M++%B#'&76>-,4$%%,-$+.4('8*,-(2(#2B#)#.#/%,)$+.4(4$%1.#('.$#,-(2'.) $@0*+('&6>-$+.4((#2B#)(-,<C(%%('.)$@0&(%%(*+('&/,-,#'8*(2/,%,#&(% (#2B#)#.#/&&.'3('.$#%,)(#&(%%('.)$@0$+.4(*+('&/,-(##(#'8*(2/,%,#&(% (#2B#)#.#/&&.'3('.$#<"),#6>-&'(&.'3('.$#,#&70(#)+(-),&./#*-$1+,%,# 6-(%6>-(++'$%03-&8&',%,'&$%(#2B#)&B-,''&'>)6>-),'&$@.(+(&(%&*,+&$% &4,-%,++(#(#2B#)(-#(G%,)(#),#(#)-(&.'3('.$#,#6-B%&'0(#)+(-$%',4#.&4( 6-7/$-$@0%>?+./0,',-$@0&,43#)B-'$%%?34(-,),&./#(&*,4',-<:84,&G =(@F(@0-,#$@0R-((4eW Yf1,+8&,-6-7/$-#($%&(%(-1,',2.)/,$2.&3(+.&,-.#/ 8'',-+./(-,<:,'(-3**'-,2.4'./((&*,4',-d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eW Vf*7*-$1+,%('.4,# 4-.#//-B#&&#.''./,$/-(6.&4(&*('.(+(%.+?>,-G2.+4,'B-,#),+(2),#%,-(++%B##( *-$1+,%('.4,#%,)(#2B#)(-/-B#&&.''&$%.),#'.6.,-('&(2C+$@3%,'(+<eW f< H$43&+.//,-*703-%(#&'>),-(#2B#)(-#(.),-(&#(2./('.$#G&7(''),.#',/7-2.+&,.),#.#',-(4'.2(%.+?>#<C+3'&('&,#B-(''(#2B#)(-&*,@.6.4(%,'(6$-,-4(# &'>)?(),#2.-'3,++(#(2./('.$#,#%,#.#',#>)2B#)./'2.&$-.,#',-.#/,#G&$%1B&' &'>)&%,),''67/,+*,-&*,4'.2<M).'8($@0R-((4eW Yf(#2B#),-&./(2&@,#(-.,- $@06>-,&+7-(''%(#1>-3'/76-7#(#2B#)(-#($@0.#',',4#.4,#)7%(#3'6$-%(- /,$/-(6.&4(/-B#&&#.''<:,6(&'&+7-('''-,(&*,4',-B-&B-&4.+'2.4'./(.#$% /,$2.&3(+.&,-.#/d/,#,-,-(4-(2G6>-&'7(#2B#)(-#(&3**/.6',-$@0(''/,#$%6>-(,#.',-('.2),&./#*-$@,&&G2.+4,'2.&(-*7,#+.',)?3*(-,6>-&'7,+&,6>- (#2B#)(-@,#'-,-()),&./#<M).'8($@0R-((4eW Yf-,6,-,-(-'.++$@0(#2B#),-),' -(%2,-46>-&@,#(-.$1(&,-()),&./#&$%h(--$++eW f'(/.'6-(%g2.+4,'.##,07++,- (#(+8&G),&./#$@0*-$'$'8*#.#/i3'2B-),-.#/<j+$8)G:84,&$@0A()13-#eW ]f0(- $@4&7'(/.',''(#2B#)(-@,#'-,-('*,-&*,4'.26>-(''6>-&'7(#2B#)(-,(2 /,$2.&3(+.&,-.#/$@0),-(&4-(2<:,(#&,-(''%,'$),-.#$%=:"B-%,&' 6-34'&(%%(6>-(''6>-&'7(#2B#)(-#(*7)?3*,'$@0&$%%,).,-.#/%,++(# (#2B#)(-,G/,$2.&3(+.&,-.#/&,D*,-',-$@03'2,@4+(-,<"),'&,#(-,6(++,'0(-%(# (#2B#'&./(2&@,#(-.$&G*-,@.&&$%M).'8($@0R-((4< k2,-+(/&7b-),''8)+./'(''6$-&4#.#/,#.#$%2.&3(+.&,-.#/$@0/,$2.&3(+.&,-.#/0(-,#'-().'.$#(2(''2(-(',4#.&4'$-.,#',-()dgn0,6$@3&lmn.&$#@-,('.#/#,k(#) 6(&',-',@0#.Q3,&6$-).&*+(8.#/)('(geN$-8o=>++,-W XG&<VfGg(/,#,-(+ &0$-'@$%.#/K.'0.#'0,.#6$-%('.$#2.&3(+.L('.$#@$%%3#.'8.&'0('G3#'.+-,@,#'+8G K$-40(&*-.%(-.+86$@3&,)$#',@0#.@(+.&&3,&geH$-&,++W ]G&<V9f%,#),'B- '8)+./'(''6$-&4#.#/,#/7-%$'(''1+.%,-(#2B#)(-@,#'-,-()dglmn0$K03%(#& *,-@,.2,G'0.#4(1$3'(#).#',-(@'K.'0.%(/,&K.++(66,@''0,.-3#),-&'(#).#/$6.#6$-%('.$#*-,&,#',)2.&3(++8geN$-8o=>++,-W XG&<VfGg3&(1.+.'8.&&3,&&0$3+) X

1,@$#&.),-,)(''0,6.-&'*+(@,.#),2,+$*.#//,$*$-'(+& X gem).'8(or-((4w YG&< Vf<:,'%(#6-(%6>-(++'/?$-'B-(''6>-&>4((**+.@,-((#2B#)(-@,#'-,-(),-(%2,-4 $@0%,'$),-2.)3'2,@4+.#/(2/,$2.&3(+.&,-.#/(-<Z()&$%$@4&7B-'8)+./'B-('' ),'.#',B-6$-&4(-,%,)1(4/-3#).#$%=:"&$%B-.#2$+2,-(),.),&&(*-$?,4' 3'(#6$-&4(-,&$%'.)./(-,2(-.'6-B%&'',4#.&4'$-.,#',-(),<:,&&3'$%0(-),'/?$-'& %8@4,'674$#4-,'(&'3).,-2.+4,'/,-.#'-8@4(2,#$&B4,-0,'.#6>-03-%(#&4( (#2B#)(&./(2),%,'$),-&$%&'7-'.++13)&.#$%=:"< 1.4 Relaterade projekt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b8( %>?+./0,',-'.++.#',-(4'.$#$@04$%%3#.4('.$#&4(*(&G2.+4(4(#3'#8''?(&6>- ),%$4-('.&,-.#/(21+<(<*+(#*-$@,&&,#G/,#$%(''3'#8''?(#8(2B/(-6>-,66,4'.2 &*-.)#.#/(24$%%3#(+.#6$-%('.$#<H>-(''+8@4(&%,)),''(&7%7&',%(#'( 0B#&8#'.++(#2B#)1(-0,'&(&*,4',-G/,#$%('',D,%*,+2.&'8)+./'),6.#.,-(&86',' %,)6-(%'(/(#),'(2,#%$),++<"2.&&(*-$?,4'&70(-%(#/?$-'),''(%,)(#%(#. (#)-(&4(*(-,#%$),++6>-(''),'/7-$@0%(#(#&,-)7(#2B#)#.#/,#/,-&./,6',- 0(#)<b,)(#*-,&,#',-(&#7/-($+.4(*-$?,4')B-9:;%$),++,-&4(*('&.),+2.&$+.4( &86',#$@0%,)0?B+*(2$+.4(',4#.&4(*+(''6$-%(-< 1.4.1 Göteborg E>',1$-/B-,#6>-,/7#/(-,.C2,-./,2()/B++,-9:;2.&3(+.&,-.#/(24$%%3#(+( )('(<F#.#',-(4'.2%$),++>2,-0,+(&'(),#07++,-*7(''4$#&'-3,-(&G%,)%8@4,' 0>/),'(+?-.4,)$%$@02B+)./'-,(+.&'.&4(%.+?>,-<=(#0(-.,''&(%(-1,',%,) h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

6.+%,-&$%%,)1$-/(-#(4(#+())(#,-$@0'.''(*7<I-$1+,%,'%,)),''(B-(''%(#.#',+7',-(#2B#)(-,#&?B+2#(2./,-(.%$),++,#$@02B+?(*,-&*,4'.23'.6-7#&.#( >#&4,%7+< C(%%(#6(''#.#/&2.&4(#%(#&B/(E>',1$-/+,),-3'2,@4+.#/,#$@02,-4+./,#0(- 4$%%.'./7#/%,)(''&4(*(,#&'$-&4(+./9:;%$),++>2,-&'(),#<:B-,%$'&70(-.#',),%>?+./0,',-'.++&*-.)#.#/(29:;%$),++,-&$%)(/,#&',4#.4%>?+.//>- 3'#8''?('&<=(#0(-(++'&7.#',0(6',''%,)1$-/(-6$43&3'(#*-.%B-'6$43&,-('*7.#',-#'1-34$@0),&&3'$%0(-%(#+7'.'',4#.4,#&'8-(3'2,@4+.#/,#< 1.4.2 Umeå "`%,74$%%3#&70(-%(#1>-?('.*-,@.&(#)-(B#),#?B%6>-'%,)E>',1$-/<:B- 1,)-.2&&,)(#%(-&W ],''*-$?,4'&$%4(++(&j.2.#/&*(@,G)B-%>?+./0,',-#(('' (#2B#)(E$$/+,F(-'0&$%,''&'>).4$%%3#.4('.$#,#%,++(#%,)1$-/(-,G *$+.'.4,-$@0'?B#&',%B#3#),-&>4&<H$43&+.//,-6-(%6>-(++'*7%>?+./0,',-#('.++ #8(4$%%3#.4('.$#&&B''.&'()&*+(#,-.#/&*-$@,&&,#&$%%>?+.//>-&<I-$?,4','0(-,#'$#2.4'*703-),#)./.'(+().(+$/,#&4(3'6$-%(&G,D,%*,+2.&03-4-(2,'*7 &#(11-,&*$#&&4(43##(%>'(&.,''&(%-7)&6>-6(-(#),<=7#/(6-7/$-4-,'&(-4-.#/ 03-%$),++,#*(&&(-.#.*+(#*-$@,&&,#<U3-4(#%(#*-(4'.&4'(#2B#)(,#%$),++[ H.##&),'6$-%,++(0.#),-[ "*-$?,4','&7&(%(-1,'(-%(#$@4&7%,):,&./#0>/&4$+(#.`%,7&$%/>-,#.#',-(4'.$#&&'3).,(203-E$$/+,F(-'04(#(#2B#)(&.#$%&'()&*+(#,-.#/<H$43& +.//,-*7$%E$$/+,F(-'04(#>4(%,)1$-/(-#(&,#/(/,%(#/$@0),+'(/(#),. &'()&*+(#,-.#/&*-$@,&&,#<p-),'&7(''),b-(++%b#'$,#/(/,-(),,++,-b-),' )(/,#&%>?+./0,',-'.++(''),+'($@0*72,-4(&$%.#',B-'.++-B@4+./(6>-(''.#2$+2,-( %B##.&4$-.),#3'&'-B@4#.#/&$%%(#2.++/>-([=(#'.''(-B2,#*72.+4( 1,/-B#&#.#/(-),'6.##&.E$$/+,F(-'0$@02()&$%B-%>?+./'3-,''.#',-(4'.$#&*,-&*,4'.2.)(/<FD,%*,+2.&&7B-),'.)(/&27-'(''g2(#)-(-3#'g*7 %(-4,#.,#%$),++%,),#1(-'%3&$@0'(#/,#'1$-)&$%#(2./('.$#&3'-3&'#.#/< 1.4.3 Berlin och Dresden S,-+.#4(#&'$+'&,-(%,)(''2(-(),#6>-&'(&'(),#.2B-+),#&$%4(#2.&(3**,# -,+('.2'$%6(''(#),9:;%$),++.E$$/+,F(-'0<:-,&),#0(-#8+./,#&4(*(',#9:; %$),++<:,&&(&'B),-0(-6-(%6>-(++'4$#@,#'-,-('&./*72.&3(+.&,-.#/,#$@0),#.#6$-%('.$#&$%6.##&.(#&+3'#.#/'.++%$),++,-#(B-6-B%&'*-$)3@,-()(22(#+./( (#2B#)(-,(2E$$/+,F(-'0<:,'6.##&B2,#%7#/((#)-(&'B),-&$%+.//,-3',%,) 9:;%$),++,-*7E$$/+,F(-'0G1+(#)(##('R(*&'(),#$@0b,Kq$-4<Z.&&((2),% 0(-+B%#('>2,-&.#.#6$-%('.$#'.++E$$/+,&$%)7*31+.@,-(-%$),++,#.),'9:; +(/,-&$%6.##&.*-$/-(%%,'G%,)(#2.&&(2.++0(4$#'-$++>2,-&.#(,/#()('($@0 )B-6>-'.++0(#)(07++,-,#6.+&$%6.##&'.++/B#/+./6>-#,)+())#.#/$@0&$%4(#2.&(&.E$$/+,F(-'0< 1.5 Varför Google Earth? :,#6-B%&'((#+,)#.#/,#'.++(''(#2B#)(E$$/+,F(-'06>-(''&*-.)(9:; 2.&3(+.&,-.#/(-B-(''%7#/(-,)(#(#2B#),-2,-4'8/,'6>-(#)-(B#)(%7+<H>-(''67 &'$-&*-.)#.#/(24$%%3#(+(%$),++,-&7B-),''(,#&'$-6>-),+<:,&$%(#2B#),- 2,-4'8/,'2,'-,)(#03-%(##(2./,-(-G2.+4,#(##(#.#6$-%('.$#&$%6.##&('''.++/7 $<&<2<I-$/-(%%,'B-$@4&7/-('.&6>-*-.2('*,-&$#,-2.+4,'3#),-+B''(-%>?+./0,',- \

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c%*-$/-(%%,'(#2B#)&.#',-#' &74$&'(-),'),&&3'$%*,#/(-6>-4$%%3#,#,6',-&$%*-$/-(%%,',#)(&'B-/-('.& 6>-*-.2('*,-&$#,-<:,'4-B2,-$@4&7,#.#&'(++('.$#$@0-,+('.2'%8@4,'1(#)1-,)) &(%',#&#(11)('$-$@0),'B-.#',(++(4$%%3#,-,++,-*-.2('*,-&$#,-&$%0(- ),&&(6>-3'&B''#.#/(-< 1.6 Avgränsningar T(/0(-.#',(''3#),-&>4'$%),'6.##&%>?+./0,',-6>-U3)).#/,4$%%3#(''.#6>-( ),&&(',4#.4,-.#7/$'&4,),(2*+(#*-$@,&&,#,++,-$%),*7,''$-/(#.&('$-.&4'*+(# 0(-%>?+./0,'('''('.++&./$@0(#2B#)(),&&(',4#.4,-< "#',0,++,-0(-?(/6>-&>4'(''(3'$%('.&,-(&4(*(#),'(29:;$1?,4'3'.6-7# 4$%%3#(+()('(,++,-3#),-&>4'%>?+./0,',-#('.++('''(6-(%,#*-$)34'.$#&+.#( 6-7#)('('.++6B-)./%$),++< ]

2. Teori :,'',$-,'.&4(-(%2,-4,'&86'(-'.++(''3'/>-(,#/-3#)6>-&'3).,#$@0+86'(6-(% $+.4(',$-.,-.#$%2.&3(+.&,-.#/G/,$2.&3(+.&,-.#/$@0%B##.&4(;)('$-.#',-(4'.$# &(%'.#',-(4'.$#&),&./#<c+.4(*,-&*,4'.2).&43',-(&.,#4$#',D'(2(#2B#)1(-( )('$-&8&',%<E,#$%/7,#),B-(#2B#)(-@,#'-,-(),%,'$),-.#$%2.&3(+.&,-.#/$@0 /,$2.&3(+.&,-.#/G&(%'.#&+(/,'(2&(%(-1,',.#$%/,$2.&3(+.&,-.#/2.+4,'+,),- -,&$#,%(#/,'2.)(-,'.++)('$-&'>''&(%(-1,',$@0&$@.(+(#2B#)#.#/(2)('$-&8&',%< R(*.'+,'%8##(-3'.2()?(/2B+?,-(''4(++(6>-geovisualisering för socialt brukg 2.+4,'0(#)+(-$%),$+.4((#2B#)#.#/&&.'3('.$#,-&$%3**4$%%,-.&(%1(#)%,) /,$2.&3(+.&,-.#/(-<C$%?(/1,->-),-,)(#..#+,)#.#/,#&76>-1.&,&$6'(),# /,%,#&(%%((#2B#)#.#/,#(2)('$-&8&',%$@0&$%2.&4(&,&7B-B2,#6(++,' ),'&(%%(.#$%/,$2.&3(+.&,-.#/<E,$2.&3(+.&,-.#/6>-&$@.(+'1-34B-,#(#&('&6>- (''&4(*(/,$2.&3(+.&,-.#/(-&$%17),4(#(#2B#)(&.#).2.)3,++'$@0/,%,#&(%'< 2.1 Visualisering Z.&3(+.&,-.#/),6.#.,-(&(2C*,#@,eW ]G&<Vf&$%g(''6$-%(,#%,#'(+%$),++,++,-%,#'(+1.+)(2#7/$'g Y,++,-&$%=(@F(@0-,#eVaaYG&<Wf3''-8@4,-),'dg('' />-(#7/$'&8#1(-'g \ <:,#6>-&'(),6.#.'.$#,#-,+(',-(-'.++,#.#-,1.+)&$% 1,'-(4'(-,#&?B+2&4(*(-G%,)(#),#&,#(-,%,-6>-'.++,#68&.&41.+),++,-%$),++< Z()&$%B-2.4'./'B-('',#2.&3(+.&,-.#/.#',#>)2B#)./'2.&1,0>2,-&*,/+( 2,-4+./0,',#3'(#&#(-(-,&86'(-'.++(''1,&4-.2(),#*7,''&B''&$%/,-.#&.4',++,- 3#),-+B''(-6>-&'7,+&,#(2),#<c6'(B-2,-4+./0,',#(++),+,&6>-4$%*+,D6>-(''2. &4(43##('(.#$@06>-&'7),#&$%),#B-<Z.&3(+.&,-.#/(-1+.-)7,''&B''(''6>-,#4+( 2,-4+./0,',#<U3-%(#B#2B+?,-(''),6.#.,-(2.&3(+.&,-.#/&7B-),'.#',0,++,-. 6>-&'(0(#)#7/$'&$%.#2$+2,-(-)('$-,-<:,'B-&#(-(-,,#%B#&4+./6>-%7/(,++,- (4'.2.',')B-,#.#',-#,++,-,D',-#1.+)&4(*(&G6>-(''>4(%>?+./0,',-#('.++('' (#(+8&,-($@0'$+4(.#6$-%('.$#<N$-8$@0=>++,-eW Xf-,+(',-(-'.++kognitiv support$@01,&4-.2,-*72.+4,'&b''),''(3**&'7-<n<,d<&74(#2.&3(+.&,-.#/(- (2+(&'((#2B#)(-,#&4$-''.)&%.##,G/,1B''-,6>-&'7,+&,6>-#7/$'(1&'-(4'G2.&(&'$-( %B#/),-)('(*7,#+.',#8'($@0%>?+.//>-(.#',-(4'.2'3'6$-&4(#),&$%(##(-&.#', &43++,2(-(%>?+./'< N-().'.$#,++'&,''&7),+(-%(#3**2.&3(+.&,-.#/.'27$+.4(/-,#(-d2,',#&4(*+./ 2.&3(+.&,-.#/$@0.#6$-%('.$#&2.&3(+.&,-.#/<Z,',#&4(*+./2.&3(+.&,-.#/B-&7)(#( 2.&3(+.&,-.#/(-&$%0(-,##('3-+./6$-%,++,-&'-34'3-&$%,D,%*,+2.& %$+,48+&'-34'3-,-G%,)(#.#6$-%('.$#&2.&3(+.&,-.#/1(&,-(&*7(1&'-(4'.#6$-%('.$# &$%,D,%*,+2.&1,6$+4#.#/&&'('.&'.4<I7&,#(-,'.)&70(-B2,#/,$2.&3(+.&,-.#/67'',''&'(-4'/,#$%&+(/<"/-3#),#4(#%(#&B/((''/,$2.&3(+.&,-.#/(-B-,#1+(#)#.#/ (2),'276>--(,6',-&$%),0(-,##('3-+./g6$-%g*7&7&B''(''),0(-,#4$**+.#/ '.++?$-),#&/,$/-(6.G%,#),4(#1,&'717),(2(1&'-(4'()('(,++,-4$%1.#('.$#,-(2 (1&'-(4'($@0#('3-+./()('(<"#),+#.#/,#B-.#',*7#7/$'&B''&'-.#/,#'$@0%7#/( '8*,-(22.&3(+.&,-.#/(-B-&27-((''-,+(',-('.++,#)(&',#(2),&&('-,4(',/$-.,-< YG \ H>-6(''(-,#&>2,-&B''#.#/ ^

2.1.1 Uttrycksfulla och effektiva visualiseringar h(-),'<(+<evaaaf%,#(-(''2.&3(+.&,-.#/(-1.)-(-%,)4$/#.'.2&3**$-'$%),b- uttrycksfulla$@0effektiva.r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änskliga begränsningar c(2&,''03-%(#&4(*(-2.&3(+.&,-.#/(-&7b-),'%,#.#/,#(''%b##.&4$-&4(.#',-(/,-(%,)),%<:,''(.##,1b-(''),&$%&4(*(-2.&3(+.&,-.#/(-%7&','( 0B#&8#'.++(#2B#)(-#(&1,0$2G&72B+&$%),#%B#&4+./(4$/#.'.2(6>-%7/(#<"#$% 2.&3(+.&,-.#/6.##&),'#7/-(&*,@.,++((&*,4',-*7%B##.&4(#&4$/#.'.2(6>-%7/('.++ 2.+4(0B#&8#%7&','(&2.)3'6$-%#.#/,#(22.&3(+.&,-.#/(-<C*,#@,eW ]f'(-6(&'( *7'-,6,#$%,#.),''(&(%%(#0(#/<Ofrivillig blindhet-,6,-,-(-'.++,''4$/#.'.2' 6,#$%,#&$%.##,1B-('',#*,-&$#&,-,++,-3**6(''(-$+.4(&(4,-1,-$,#),*703-3**%B-4&(%0,',#B--.4'()<Förändringsblindhet0(#)+(-$%$6>-%7/((''3**'B@4( 6>-B#)-.#/(-<:,'4(#2(-(17),&%7$@0&'$-(6>-B#)-.#/(-&$%.#',3**'B@4&.##(# %(#&'3),-(',#1.+)G%$),++,++,-+.4#(#),3#),-,#+7#/'.)<F''kognitivt kollageb- ),'6,#$%,#&$%4(#3**'-B)()7,#*,-&$#4$%1.#,-(-6+,-($+.4(%,#'(+( 6>-,&'B++#.#/(-$%#7/$'G6>-(''+>&(,''*-$1+,%G%,#/>-),''(*7,''6,+(4'./'&B''< 2.1.3 Att förmedla en visualisering F#+./'C*,#@,eW ]fb-),''-,&(4,-&$%b-(2/>-(#),6>-03-*(&&(#2b#)1(-,# 2.&3(+.&,-.#/B-<:,'6.##&.#',3'-8%%,6>-(''1,&4-.2(),%&B-&4.+'.#/7,#),. ),##(-(**$-'%,#,#>2,-&.4'+./1,&4-.2#.#/4(#2(-(*7&.#*+('&< 2.1.3.1 Representation N.++(''1>-?(B-(#2B#)1(-0,',#1,-$,#),(203-%(#2B+?,-(''-,*-,&,#',-(), $1?,4'%(#2.&3(+.&,-(-<c%%(#-,+(',-(-),''('.++4(-'$-(2$+.4(&+(/&7 -,*-,&,#',-(&.#6$-%('.$#,#$6'((2$+.4(6B-/,-G2(-,&./),'0(#)+(-$%+B#),-G 1,-/(-',-G2,/,'('.$#,++,-#7/$'(##('&$%0(-,#/,$/-(6.&44$**+.#/<F#&'() -,*-,&,#',-(&%,)0?B+*(2*-.@4(-$@0&'$-+,4,#*7*-.@4,#1,&4-.2,-&'$-+,4,#*7 &'(),#<:,&(4,-&$%0(-,##('3-+./6B-/67-$6'(1,07++(),#G&$%,D,%*,+2.& 2('',#<c+.4(#8(#&,-(21+7''1,&4-.2,-)7)?3*6>-07++(#),#(<M#)-(,D,%*,+*7 -,*-,&,#'('.$#,-4(#2(-(+.#?,-G'-B)&'-34'3-,-G'(1,++,-%%< 2.1.3.2 Presentation I-$1+,%,'%,)*-,&,#'('.$#B-(''),#.#6$-%('.$#&$%&4(*-,&,#',-(&$6'(3**'(-,''%8@4,'&'>--,3'-8%%,B#),'&$%%(##$-%(+'0(-('''.++/7<I-$1+,%,'1+.- 6-(%6>-(++''8)+./')7%(#2.&3(+.&,-(-)('(,+,4'-$#.&4',6',-&$%,#)('$-&4B-%0(-,#%8@4,'1,/-B#&()&'$-+,4<c+.4(',4#.4,-6.##&6>-(''&4(*(2.&3(+.&,-.#/(-&$% a

4$%%3#.@,-(-),'>#&4(),13)&4(*,'<"&'$-()-(/0(#)+(-),'$%(''/,(#2B#)(-,#,#1.+)(20,+0,'$@0),'(+?,-*7&(%%(/7#/<F''4+(&&.&4',D,%*,+*703-),''(4(# />-(&B-(''2.&(+.',#>2,-&.4'&4(-'(1-,)2.),#&'>--,),'(+?,-()4(-'(<I7),''(&B'' 4(#(#2B#)(-,#$-.,#',-(&./.0,+0,',#&(%'.)./'&$%0$#&'3),-(-),'(+?,-< 2.1.3.3 Interaktion p2,#$%%(#+8@4(&/,(#2b#)(-,#,#1-(>2,-1+.@4&(%'.)./'&$%),'(+?,-4(# &'3),-(&G&7B-,#(2),&'>-&'(6>-),+(-#(%,)%$),-#(.#',-(4'.2( 2.&3(+.&,-.#/&',4#.4,-(''(#2B#)(-,#0(-%>?+./0,''.++(''&'3),-()('(3-6+,-($+.4( *,-&*,4'.2<:,&./#(2.#',-(4'.$#,#B-(2/>-(#),6>-,#2.&3(+.&,-.#/&(#2B#)1(-0,' $@0?(/4$%%,-(''1,0(#)+(),''(%,-.#/7,#),.(2&#.'','$%/,$2.&3(+.&,-.#/< 2.2 Geovisualisering och 3D-modeller F#+./'C+$@3%,'(+<eW f&7b-%7+,'%,)/,$2.&3(+.&,-.#/(''3'2,@4+(%,'$),- 6>-(''3#),-+B''(6>-&'7,+&,#6>-?$-),#&$+.4(%.+?>,-<N-().'.$#,++'&,''&70(-%(# /?$-'),''(%,)0?B+*(26-(%6>-(++'4(-'$-$@01.+),-<:(/,#&.#6$-%('.$#&',4#.4 /,-)$@4%>?+./0,',-'.++(''3'6$-%(.#',-(4'.2(/,$2.&3(+.&,-.#/(-&$%/,-#8( %>?+./0,',-'.++(''&>4(G&*-.)($@0(#(+8&,-(),#/,$/-(6.&4(.#6$-%('.$#,#<:, 6+,&'(/,$2.&3(+.&,-.#/(-/>-&.)(/.'27).%,#&.$#,-eW:f$@0%8@4,'(2), /,$/-(6.&4()('(&$%B-.#'-,&&(#'((''2.&3(+.&,-(*(&&(-1-(6>-),''(<N<,D<&74(# %(#2.&3(+.&,-(1,6$+4#.#/&'B'0,'.$+.4(+B#),-/,#$%(''+7'($+.4(6B-/,- -,*-,&,#',-(,#2.&&'B'0,'$@06B-/+B//(,#2B-+)&4(-'(*7),''(&B''<c%%(# )B-,%$'2.++0(,''.#',-(4'.2'2.&3,++'&'>).#$%,D,%*,+2.&&'()&*+(#,-.#/&$% 1,&4-.2,-),#'-,).%,#&.$#,++(e9:f2B-+)&$%2.+,2,-.G&7-B@4,-.#',W:; 2.&3(+.&,-.#/(-'.++<H>-(''67,#0,+0,'&1.+)(21,6.#'+./1,18//,+&,,++,-(2/>-(03- &'$-2$+8%,''#8*+(#,-('03&4(#0(6>-(''*(&&(.#.),#1,6.#'+./(%.+?>#G&7%7&', %(#0,+',#4,+'(#2B#)(&./(2'-,).%,#&.$#,-.2.&3(+.&,-.#/,#< 2.2.1 Geografiska spatiala virtuella miljöer N(#4,#%,)(''/7>2,-6-7#W:;2.&3(+.&,-.#/(-'.++9:;2.&3(+.&,-.#/(-B-('' %>?+.//>-(,#)?3*(-,.#&.4'$@0,#>4()6>-&'7,+&,<:,'B-)$@4.#',&7(''),''( &4,-%,)(3'$%('.43'(#2.&3(+.&,-.#/,#%7&',/>-(&*7,''&B''&$%&'>)?,-),&&( %>?+./0,',-<F#+./'=(@F(@0-,#,'(+<eVaaaf$@0C+$@3%,'(+<eW f&71>-9:; %.+?>,-18//(&%,)0B#&8#'.++68-(&'8@4,#";6(4'$-,-dimmersion, interaktivitet, informationsintensitet$@0intelligenta objekt< 2.2.1.1 Immersion "%%,-&.$#-,6,-,-(-'.++03-&'(-44B#&+(#B-(2(''1,6.##(&./.,#2.-'3,++%.+?><F# 08*$',&B-(''?3&'(-4(-,4B#&+(#B-(2(''1,6.##(&./.,#9:;%.+?>G),&'$&'>--, #8''(4(#%(#0((2),#G),+&6>-(''+.40,',#%,)27--.4'./(2B-+)/>-(''2.4(# (#2B#)(#$-%(+(4$/#.'.2(*-$@,&&,-$@0),+&6>-(''-.&4,#(''1+.&'>-)(28''-, 6(4'$-,-%.#&4(-<r(#)-(&.)(#&70(-4(-'$/-(6..(++('.),-2(-.',#6-(%/7#/&-.4 2,',#&4(*G),+2.&*7/-3#)(2(''),#6>-,#4+(-),#%8@4,'4$%*+,D(2B-+)2.+,2,-.< 2.2.1.2 Interaktivitet "#$%/,$2.&3(+.&,-.#/&7B-%7+,'(''>4(6>-&'7,+&,#6>-),#2B-+)&$%2.+,2,-. $@003-),#3'2,@4+(&<:,2,-4'8/&$%(#2B#)&.#$%),''($%-7),1>-&'>)?( V_

&>4(#),(2#843#&4(*$@0/,6>-&'7,+&,6>-),'$4B#)(<U3-.#',-(4'.2,#%$),++,++,-,#2.-'3,++%.+?>B-0(#)+(-$%2.+4(%>?+./0,',-&$%/,&6>-#(2./,-.#/$@0 3'6$-&4(#),<U>/.#',-(4'.2.','/,-%>?+./0,''.++(''&,2B-+),#3'$+.4(*,-&*,4'.2 $@0.#',-(/,-(%,)),#6>-(''&>4(#843#&4(*$@067#8(.#&.4',-< 2.2.1.3 Informationsintensitet U3-%8@4,'$@003-),'(+?,-().#6$-%('.$#&$%*-,&,#',-(&&4(2(-(B-,#.#'-,&&(#' ),+.2.-'3,++(2B-+)(-<:,'1,-$-6>-&'7&*72.+4,'&86',%(#0(-%,)(''-,*-,&,#',-( 2,-4+./0,',#%,),#%$),++<=(@F(@0-,#,'<(+<eVaaaf%,#(-(''),'(+?,-.#/&/-(),# &4(%$'&2(-(2()2.6>-2B#'(-$&&(2),#-.4'./(2B-+),#*7%$'&2(-(#),(2&'7#)< :,'(+?,-.#/4(#$@4&70(#)+($%(''2B+?(2()%(#&4('(%,).,#%$),++,6',-&$% ),'B-$%>?+./'(''67%,)),$B#)+./(2(-.('.$#,-&$%6.##&.#('3-,#<b7/$#&'(#& %7&',%(#)-(/-B#&,#< 2.2.1.4 Intelligenta objekt "#',++./,#'($1?,4'4(#.2.&&(6(++1,'8)(.#',-(4'.2(/3.),-&$%(&&.&',-(- (#2B#)(-,#.),3**/.6',-&$%&4(3'6>-(&,++,-&$%0?B+*,-'.++%,),D,%*,+2.& #(2./,-.#/<F''(##('&B''(''&,*7.#',++./,#'($1?,4'B-('',#0,+%$),++.&7&'$- 3'&'-B@4#.#/&$%%>?+./'&'>)?,-(#2B#)(-,#.),3**/.6',-&$%&4(3'6>-(&< 2.2.2 Användningssituationer E,$2.&3(+.&,-.#/0(-%7#/((#2B#)#.#/&$%-7),#)B-%7#/($+.4((#2B#)(-,&4( 43##(6>-&'7$@0.#',-(/,-(%,),#$@0&(%%(%.+?><M#2B#)#.#/&&.'3('.$#,-#(&,- %8@4,'$+.4(3'2.+4,'%(#%7&','(0B#&8#'.++2.)),&./#(2 /,$2.&3(+.&,-.#/&2,-4'8/$@02.)&4(*(#),(2/,$2.&3(+.&,-.#/(-<FD,%*,+*7 &4.++#(),-%,++(#(#2B#)(-,&$%4(#*72,-4((#2B#)#.#/,#$@06>-3'&B''#.#/(-#( 6>-(#2B#)#.#/,#B-&7)(#'&$%43+'3-G4>#$@07+),-eC+$@3%,'(+<W f< :,&&3'$%6.##&),'&.'3('.$#,-)B-,#(#2B#)(-,,#&(%3'#8''?(-,#2.&3(+.&,-.#/ $@0(#)-(&.'3('.$#,-)B-6+,-((#2B#)(-,&(%(-1,'(-%,)0?B+*(2,#2.&3(+.&,-.#/< C+$@3%,'(+<eW f$@0=(@f(@0-,#ew Xf1,&4-.2,-),$+.4( (#2B#)#.#/&&.'3('.$#,-#(%,)0?B+*(2,#%('-.&&$%(#2B#)&.#$%)('$-&'>'' &(%(-1,',e6./3-Vf< Samma tid Olika tid Samma plats Möte i stadsplaneringsprocessen Informationsdator som finns i ett kommunalhus Figur 1. Beskriver kombinationer av temporala och spatiala aspekter på individuell och gemensam användning av datorsystem. Exemplifieringen är gjord för att passa mitt arbete. Jag kommer dock inte att titta närmare på alla delar utan framförallt på samma tid samma plats och olika tid olika plats. C+$@3%,'(+<eW fb-),&$%6>-&'*,4(-*7(''),'6.##&,'''8)+./'.#&+(/(2 &(%(-1,',)7%B##.&4$-.#',-(/,-(-%,)/,$2.&3(+.&,-.#/(-<p2,#$%(-'.4,+#0,',- gh$/#.'.2,(#)3&(1.+.'8.&&3,&.#/,$2.&3(+.l('.$#gb-),-(&(#&('&%8@4,'',4#.&4< Olika plats Planarkitekter som tittar på samma modell fast de befinner sig på olika platser Medborgare som oberoende av varandra tittar på en visualisering VV

F#+./'),%&7+>&,-%(#),&(%(-1,'&*-$1+,%&$%4(#3**&'72.)/,$2.&3(+.&,-.#/ /,#$%(''3'2,@4+(#8('8*,-(26>-1B''-()07-)2(-(<b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geovisualisering för socialt bruk ] G&74$%%,-?(/6-(%6>-(++'(''&'3),-(&.'3('.$#,# &(%%('.)5&(%%(*+('&&$%+.//,-'.++/-3#)6>-1,/-,**,'< 2.2.3 Att skapa mervärde genom visualisering och interaktiva 3Dmodeller H>-(''&4(*(,#2.&3(+.&,-.#/&$%1+.-(#2B#)1(-&7%7&',%(#2,'(2()&$%&4( 2.&3(+.&,-(&52(-6>-$@06>-2,%&4(*(-%(#),#[c+.4('8*,-(22.&3(+.&,-.#/(- +B%*(-&./%,-,++,-%.#)-,1-(6>-(''6>-%,)+(,#4B#&+(G6>-4+(-(#7/$',++,- &4(*(>2,-1+.@4<H$'$#G%$),++,-,++,-&'('.&'.&4()('(+B%*(-&./$6'(1-(6>-('' 1,&4-.2(68&.&4($1?,4',++,-/,#,-,++(%>#&',-$@04(#%,)6>-),+(#2B#)(&6>-('' 2.&3(+.&,-(4$%*+,D(2B-),#/,#$%(''1.)-('.++6>-&'7,+&,,++,-&4(*(>2,-1+.@4< :B-,%$'B-),.#',(++'.)1-(6>-(''6>-%,)+(,#4B#&+(,++,-4$%%3#.@,-(,'' 13)&4(*'.++%7#/($+.4('8*,-(2%B##.&4$-eS3-40(-)W ]f<u(#%,#(-$@4&7('' ),'&(4#(&6$-%('6>-(''6>-%,)+(&$@.(+($@0,%$'.$#,++(63#4'.$#,-(2 2.&3(+.&,-.#/(-<:,&&(6$-%('1,0>2&.),6(++%(#2.++4$%%3#.@,-(,D,%*,+2.& 4B#&+$-$@0)B-6>-%7&',,#.#',-(4'.29:;%$),++4$%*+,'',-(&%,)8'',-+./(-,.#6$-%('.$#$%%(#2.++(''),#&4('(#/,-(6+,-).%,#&.$#,-B#,#'-().'.$#,++ *(**%$),++4(#/>-(<:,''(&8#&B''),+(&B2,#(2=(@F(@0-,#$@0R-((4eW f< There is a need to take full advantage of technological advances that make it possible to personalize representation, generate complex multidimensional and dynamically liked views, merge representation with reality and take advantage of non-visual perceptional channels (MacEachren & Kraak 2000, s. 4). S3-40(-)eW ]f%,#(-)$@4(''68&.&4(%$),++,-(''-(0,-(-%b##.&4$-.&'>--, 3'&'-B@4#.#/B#2()2.-'3,++%$),++/>-<:,&&3'$%&7B-2.-'3,++(%$),++,-.#',+.4( +B%*+./(6>-(''&4(*(>2,-1+.@4< Despite all the wonderful possibilities of virtual reality applications, the qualities of physical models still attracts us more and are more suitable for gaining an overview and understanding spatial relationships. (Burkhard 2007) ] C,#,)(#3#),--31-.4,#/,$2.&3(+.&,-.#/6>-&$@.(+'1-346>-,#1,&4-.2#.#/(21,/-,**,' VW

M''-(4'.$#$@003-(''-(0,-(),#%B##.&4(1+.-(2,#2.&&6>-,',,+&,B-.#',0,+',#4,+'(''%B'(,++,-6>-4+(-(<M#'(/+./,#B-),'&7(''2.&&(%B##.&4$-(''-(0,-(&%,- (2,#68&.&4%$),++B#(2,#.#',-(4'.2G,+,4'-$#.&4%$),++G%,)(#),'%$'&(''( /B++,-6>-(#)-(< "),#%7#,#.#',-(4'.2%$),++&4(*(-/$)>2,-&.4',++,-.#',4(#/.2,'2.& ).&43',-(&G%,#,#+./'H$-&,++eW ]f&74(#%b##.&4$-1b''-,(2/>-(&*('.(+( -,+('.$#,-.,#68&.&4B#.,#2.-'3,++%$),++< H-7#3'/7#/&*3#4',#(''2.-'3,++(%$),++,-.#',.6>-&'(0(#)+B%*(-&./6>-('' (2/>-(&*('.(+(-,+('.$#,-&70(-S3-40(-)'.++&(%%(#&%,),D*,-',-.#$% *+(#,-.#/G4(-'$/-(6.G(-4.',4'3-G%(-4#()&6>-.#/$@06.+%&4(*(#),3'(-1,'(' 1,/-,**,'komplementära visualiseringar.:,&&(),+(&.#.&?3&'8@4,#/-3**,-&$% *-,&,#',-(&#,)(#<E,#$%(''3'/76-7#,#9:;%$),++$@0()),-((#)-('8*,-(2 2.&3(+.&,-.#/(-&74(#%(#&4(*(,#2.&3(+.&,-.#/&$%/,-%,-2B-),$@0#8(.#&.4',-6>-1,'-(4'(-,#,++,-.#',-(4'>-,#< 2.2.3.1 Skisser p-,''&#(11'&b''(''2.&3(+.&,-(,''4$#@,*'<:,%>?+.//>-#8@4,+63#4'.$#,-g 3#),-+B''(--,&$#,%(#/$@0&4(*(-3'-8%%,6>-,/#('$+4#.#/(-<C4.&&,-B-,''1-( &B''(''4$%%3#.@,-(.)s,-$@02.&.$#,-*7,'''.)./'&'().3%< 2.2.3.2 Diagram p-&@0,%('.&4(-,*-,&,#'('.$#,-&$%4(#3#),-+b''(-,+('.$#,-%,++(#&'$-0,',-< "#$%&'()&*+(#,-.#/4(#,D,%*,+2.&(#2B#)(&6>-(''2.&3(+.&,-(03-%B##.&4$-->- &./,++,-2.+4,#'8*(2%B##.&4$-&$%1$-.,''$%-7),< 2.2.3.3 Bilder S.+),-0(-,#6>-%7/((''&4(*(4B#&+$-G67#/(3**%B-4&(%0,'$@0&'>)?(+B-(#),< "#$%&'()&*+(#,-.#/4(#1.+),-(#2B#)(&6>-(''2.&3(+.&,-(4#3'*3#4',-$@0.#'-,&&(#'(*+('&,-&$%&7)(#(&'B++,#)B-6$+4&(%+(&G'-,2+./(-,&'(3-(#/,- &0$**.#/@,#'-($@0(66B-&42(-',-< 2.2.3.4 Kartor R(-'$-0(-6>-),+,#(''),4(#.++3&'-,-(17),),'(+?,-$@06>-07++(#),#%,++(#),%G &(%'.)./'&$%),4(#/,,#>2,-1+.@4<:,'&*('.(+(6>-07++(#),#(/>-,#4(-'( #('3-+./$@0/,-,#4,+'.++/7#/'.++.#6$-%('.$#<R(-'$-4(#$@4&70(,D(4'(&*('.(+( 6>-07++(#),#,++,-2.&(,#6>-2-B#/)1.+)6>-(''/,1B''-,>2,-1+.@4< 2.2.3.5 Objekt E,-%>?+./0,'6>-1,'-(4'(-,#(''3'6$-&4(),#'-,)?,).%,#&.$#,#<=7#/(&'B),-0(- 68&.&4(9:;%$),++,->2,-2.&&(),+(-(2&'(),#&$%68++,-,#2.4'./63#4'.$#< C'8-4(#%,),#.#',-(4'.29:;%$),++4$%%,-%,)%>?+./0,',#(''6.+'-,-(.#6$-%('.$#$@0%>?+./0,',-#((''2.&3(+.&,-(%7#/('8*,-(2.#6$-%('.$#.,#$@0 &(%%(%$),++< 2.2.3.6 Interaktiva visualiseringar R(#67#/(%B##.&4$-&3**%B-4&(%0,'G%>?+.//>-(.#',-(4'.2'&(%(-1,',,++,-&4(*( #8(.#&.4',-/,#$%(''+7'((#2B#)(-#(4$%%(7'G4$#'-$++,-($@04$%1.#,-(%7#/( $+.4('8*,-(2.#6$-%('.$#<"#6$-%('.$#,#2.&(&$6'(.6$-%(2.#',-(4'.2().(/-(% V9

,++,-1.+),-&$%/,-,#>4()6>-&'7,+&,/,#$%(''),)('(&$%+.//,-'.++/-3#)6>- 2.&3(+.&,-.#/,#,#4,+'4(#4$%1.#,-(&$@0*-,&,#',-(&*7,''>2,-&47)+./'&B''&(%' -,*-,&,#',-(&*7,''6>-(#2B#)(-,#+B''1,/-.*+./'&B''< 2.2.3.7 Historier och mentala bilder :,&&(B-&4(*(),2.&3(+.&,-.#/(-&$%.#',B-1(&,-(),*72,-4+./0,',#.&(%%( 3'&'-B@4#.#/&$%,D,%*,+2.&4(-'$-<U.&'$-.,-B-,'',66,4'.2'&B''(''67#/(.#'-8@4 $@0),+(%,)&./(2,-6(-,#0,',-&(%'.)./'&$%),B-2B+)./'*,-&$#+./(<F''#8'' 6$-%('6>-&*-.)#.#/,#(20.&'$-.,-B-1+$//(-G2.+4(4(#/,,#8'',-+./(-,).%,#&.$# (2(&*,4',-#(*7,#&'()$@003-),'B-(''+,2()B-< 2.2.4 Detaljeringsgrad N8*,#(2(#2B#)#.#/&&.'3('.$#$@0&86','(#2B#)(-,#0(-%,)(''.#',-(/,-(%,),# 9:;%$),++(2/>-2.+4,#),'(+?,-.#/&/-()&$%1,0>2&$@02()&$%B-.#'-,&&(#'('' %$),++,-(<"/-$2()-(/4(#%(#&B/((''$%(#2B#)(-,#B-.#'-,&&,-()(2(''67 4B#&+(6>-&(%%(#0(#/$@0./-$2()-(/6>-&'703-,D,%*,+2.&,#&'()&,-3'&7 1,0>2&),'6B--,),'(+?,-B#$%%(#,D,%*,+2.&&4((2/>-($%,#2.&& (-4.',4'%$),++(2,''03&*(&&(-.#%,)),#>2-./(1,18//,+&,#-3#'$%< =@F(@0-,#,'<(+<eVaaaf$@0C+$@3%,'<(+<eW f1,&4-.2,-),''(%,)1,/-,**,'.#6$-%('.$#&.#',#&.','<:,'1,&4-.2&&$%(''),'(+?,-.#/&/-(),#.,#%$),++1>-*7,''2.&&'(2&'7#)2(-((2&(%%(),'(+?,-.#/&/-()&$%%(#4(#6>-2b#'(&./.),# 2,-4+./(2B-+),#<F''&B''('''8)+./(-,),6.#.,-(),'(+?,-.#/&/-(),#.9:;%$),++,-(2 18//#(),-B-(''(#2B#)(&./(21,/-,**,'j,2,+;$6;:,'(.+&$%S3@00$+L$@0 :>++#,-ew Yf1,&4-.2,-<:,-(&&8&',%18//,-*768-(#.27,-(2),'(+?,-.#/&/-()G jc:;v5jc:;xg$@00(-(#2b#'&.*-(4'.4,#.),#%$),++>2,-s,-+.#&$%6.##&('' &47)(.E$$/+,F(-'0<:,'3'#8''?(-*-.#@.*,#(''%(#4(#(#2B#)(&./(2$+.4( ),'(+?,-.#/&/-()2.)$+.4((2&'7#).%$),++,#<T(/0(-)$@46-(%6>-(++'(#2B#'), $+.4(),'(+?,-.#/&/-(),-#(6>-1,-$,#),*72.+4,'&86',%(#0(-%,),#%$),++<c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c+.4(6$-%,++,-6(&(),-'(&.#',0,++,-%,).),##(#.27< 2.2.4.3 LOD-3 :,'(+?,-(),18//#(),-)B-6(&(),-$@0/,$%,'-.,-'(&%,).%$),++,#<FD,%*,+2.& &74(#%(#()),-(6$'$#*76(&(),-#($@0%$),++,-(1(+4$#/,-G'-(**$-$@0 13-&*-74< VX

2.2.4.4 LOD-4 "),#&.&'(#.27#&7'(-%(#B2,#%,).#&.)(#(203&,'<N-(**$-G)>--(-$@0(#)-( ),'(+?,-%$),++,-(&6>-(''&4(*(,#&72,-4+./0,'&'-$/,#%$),++&$%%>?+./'<:,##( #.274(#?B%6>-(&%,),#(-4.',4'-.'#.#/(2,''03&< 2.2.5 Kommentarer till geovisualisering och 3D-modellering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tt utforma användbara system C$%2.&,''&71,)-.2&17),6$-&4#.#/$@06-(%'(/(#),(2*-(4'.&4('.++B%*#.#/(-.#$%/,$2.&3(+.&,-.#/$6'(3-,''',4#.&4'*,-&*,4'.2B2,#$%),'3#),-&,#(-,7- ),+2.&6>-B#)-('&<H+,-$@06+,-&$%B-2,-4&(%%(.#$%$%-7),'*,4(-*72.4',#(2 (''.#6>-(%,'$),-&$%0B-&'(%%(-6-7#6B+','%B##.&4(;)('$-.#',-(4'.$#< M#+,)#.#/,#'.++),''(B-(''),'$6'(3**4$%%,-*-$1+,%%,)/,$2.&3(+.&,-.#/(- 6>-(''),.#',&'>)?,-(#2B#)(-#(&%7+$@0&86',#<H>-(''43##(&4(*((#2B#)1(-( /,$2.&3(+.&,-.#/(-&$%1.)-(-%,)4$/#.'.2&3**$-'GB-,''3#),-+(/6>-&(%'(+G 6>-%,)+(-,#2.&&4B#&+(,++,-/,->2,-1+.@4$@0&4(*(-,#&(%&8#.#$%,# 0,',-$/,#/-3**%B##.&4$-G&7%7&',%(#.#'(,''(#2B#)(-@,#'-,-('$@0 (#2B#)#.#/&$-.,#',-('6>-07++#.#/&&B''2.)3'6$-%#.#/(2),%< 2.3.1 Vad är ett användbart datorsystem? S,/-,**,'(#2B#)1(-0,'0(-&.''3-&*-3#/.#$%%B##.&4(;)('$-.#',-(4'.$#<F#+./' U,K,'','(+<eVaaWGVaa\f&74(-(4'B-.&,-(&=:"(2),&./#G3'2B-),-.#/$@0.%*+,%,#',-.#/(2.#',-(4'.2()('$-&8&',%&$%&4((#2B#)(&(2%B##.&4$-< :,&&3'$%.##,6(''(&&'3).,'(26,#$%,#&$%3**4$%%,-$%4-.#/),&&(&8&',%< H>-),%&$%B-2,-4&(%%(.#$%=:"&7B-$6'((#2B#)1(-0,',''0323)%7+6>- ),#2,-4&(%0,'&$%),1,)-.2,-<M#2B#)1(-0,'),6.#.,-(&*7%7#/($+.4(&B''(2 $+.4(*,-&$#,-1,-$,#),*7&86','%,)),6.#.'.$#,#<F#+./'"CcaWXV;VV),6.#.,-(& (#2B#)1(-0,'&$%d Den grad i vilken användare i ett givet sammanhang kan bruka en produkt för att uppnå specifika mål på ett ändamålsenligt, effektivt och för användaren tillfredsställande sätt (ISO 9241-11). VY

:,##(),6.#.'.$#B-&27-(''(#2B#)(*7,''4$#4-,'&B''$@0%7#/(6$-&4(-,0(- 3'2,@4+('%$),++,-&$%%,-.#/7,#),1,&4-.2,-2()(#2B#)1(-0,'B-<M''&4(*(,# &7)(#%$),++B-,''6>-&>4(''1,&4-.2(4(-(4'B-.&'.&4((''-.13'&$%6>-4#.**(&%,) (#2B#)1(-0,'G&B''(.#),%.,''&(%%(#0(#/$@0(''1,&4-.2(2()),1,'8),-$@0 03-),'.++6>-#7/$''.++6>-&'7,+&,#6>-2()(#2B#)1(-0,'B-<r',-4$%%(#),(''-.13'. %7#/(%$),++,-6>-(#2B#)1(-(&8&',%B-(''),,D,%*,+2.&där lätta att lära sig, underlättar för användaren att komma ihåg, är effektiva att använda, gör användaren produktiv, är säkra att använda och är till nytta för användaren ej,2,#'0(+os(-#,&w ^Gj>K/-,#oC'$+',-%(#W XGI-,,@,GA$/,-&oC0(-* W WGT$-)(#,'(+<Vaa\f<:,&&((''-.13'4(#&B/(&'.++0>-(),#4+(&&.&4( ),6.#.'.$#,#(2(#2B#)1(-0,'<:,##(0(-&.#(->'',-.#$%2()j>K/-,#$@0 C'$+',-%(#eW Xf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droliga, motiverande, hjälpsamma, underhållande, stödjer kreativitet osv.:,&&((''-.13'4(++(&(2i-,,@,g A$/,-&$@0C0(-*eW Wf6>-user experience goals%,)(#j>k/-,#$@0c'$+',-%(# ew Xf0B#2.&(-'.++J0.',&.),$@0J.D$#eVa^]f&$%-,)(#)7(-/3%,#',-(),6>- (''(#2B#)1(-0,'4(#&,&3-6+,-($+.4(*,-&*,4'.2$@0(''),'B-,#&31?,4'.2&'$-0,'< F#+./'),%&7B-),'2.4'./(*,-&$#,#&3**+,2,+&,.),#/.2#(&.'3('.$#,#< :,'6.##&3**,#1(-+./,#%7#/($+.4((&*,4',-*7(#2B#)1(-0,'$@0*,-&$#,-%,) $+.4(,-6(-,#0,',-/,-1,/-,**,'$+.4(.##,1>-)<bB-?(/.6$-'&B''#.#/,#*-('(-$% (#2B#)1(-0,'.),##(3**&('&&74$%%,-?(/(''&86'(*7),#2.)(-,'$+4#.#/,#G)B- B2,#.@4,%B'1(-((''-.13'.#/7-< 2.3.2 Användaren i fokus "$@0%,)(''%(#.&'>--,3'&'-B@4#.#/1>-?(),.#'-,&&,-(&./6>-(#2B#)(-#(& &.'3('.$#&73'2,@4+(),&#8(,'#$/-(6.&4(%,'$),-6>-)('(.#&(%+.#/$@0(#(+8&< :,&&(%,'$),-18//,-*7#B-2(-$3#),-)('(.#&(%+.#/,#$@0'(-0B#&8#'.++),' &$@.(+(&(%&*,+,'&$%&4,-.),&&(&.'3('.$#,-<:,''(.4$%1.#('.$#%,)),#1-,)(-, &8#,#*72()&$%B-(#2B#)1(-0,'$@02()&$%4(-(4'B-.&,-(-(#2B#)1(-(&8&',% +,)),'.++(''4$#',D'3,++),&./#3'2,@4+(),&<F#+./'j>K/-,#$@0C'$+',-%(#eW XG &<Va]f0(#)+(-4$#',D'3,++),&./#$%(''g&B4,-&'B++((''3'2,@4+(-#(&6>-&'7,+&,6>- ),#1+.2(#),(#2B#)#.#/&&.'3('.$#,#&72B+&$%%>?+./'-,6+,4',-(-(#2B#)(-#(& $@043#),-#(&3**6(''#.#/(-g<:,''(/>-&/,#$%,#.',-('.23'2,@4+.#/&*-$@,&&&$% B-.#-.4'()*74-(2/,#,-,-.#/G),&./#G.%*+,%,#'('.$#$@03'2B-),-.#/<E,#$%,# /-()2.&6>-6.#.#/(2),'(+?,-$@0.)s,-G$6'(/,#$%(''18//($+.4(*-$'$'8*,-G &B4,-&'B++&),'(''4-(2,#*7),'4$%%(#),&8&',%,'3**68++&<I7%7#/(&B''&70(- 4$#',D'3,++),&./#&'$-(+.40,',-%,)),+'(/(#),),&./#&$%3-&*-3#/+./,# *-(4'.&,-(),&.#$%),#&4(#).#(2.&4(&8&',%3'2,@4+.#/&6.+$&$6.#<:,##(2(-6-7# V\

1>-?(#,#*$+.'.&4')-.2,#6.+$&$6.$@00(#)+(),$%(''*-$(4'.2'),%$4-('.&,-( (-1,'&*+('&,-eC*.#3LL.W Wf$@0/,(#2B#)(-#(&'>--,.#6+8'(#),>2,-&.#&.'3('.$# $@03'2,@4+.#/,#(2),#<`#),-Vaa_;'(+,'1>-?(),%(#*-('($%),+'(/(#),),&./# *7,''(##('&B''B#.#$%),#&4(#).#(2.&4(&8&',%3'2,@4+.#/&6.+$&$6.#<F# 6>-&4?3'#.#/&4,)),%$'(''',4#.4,-#(&7/&&$%,''&B''(''>4(43#);$@0 (#2B#)(-(@@,*'(#&,#G2.)/((#2B#)1(-0,'&1,/-,**,'$@01,-.4(3'2,@4+(-#(& 6>-&'7,+&,6>-(#2B#)#.#/&&.'3('.$#,-#(ej>K/-,#oC'$+',-%(#W Xf<:,#&'$-( &4.++#(),#%,++(#4$#',D'3,++),&./#$@0),+'(/(#),),&./#B-(''.),#&,#(-,&7 ),+'(-(#2B#)(-#(.),&./#*-$@,&&,#*7,''%,-(4'.2'&B''<:,''(*7/-3#)(2(''),' 6>-,#3'$%&'7,#),),&./#,-B-%8@4,'&27-'(''6>-&'72()&$%0B#),-.,#6-(%'.)( (#2B#)#.#/&&.'3('.$#eM-2$+(W Xf<H>-(''3#),-+B''(6>-&'7,+&,#&7'(-(#2B#)(-,#,#(4'.2-$++.),&./#(-1,','<F#+./'j>K/-,#$@0C'$+',-%(#eW XfB-),',# *-$@,&&(2>%&,&.)./'+B-(#),)B-(#2B#)(-#('(-,#(4'.2),+.),&./#(-1,','*7 &(%%(&B''&$%),&./#,-#),+'(-.(#2B#)(-#(&&.'3('.$#6>-(''6>-&'7),#./-3#),#< 2.3.3 En användarcentrerad process R$#',D'3,++;$@0),+'(/(#),),&./#4(#&B/(&2(-($+.4(&B''(''6>-07++(&./'.++ (#2B#)(-#(3#),-),&./#*-$@,&&,#<:,'/,%,#&(%%(6>-),%B-)$@4(''6$43& +.//,-*7(''.#2$+2,-((#2B#)(-#(.3'2,@4+.#/,#(2,''&8&',%<:,''(4(++(&$6'(6>- (#2B#)(-@,#'-,-()),&./#2.+4,'0(#)+(-$%(''6>-&'7(#2B#)(-#($@0),-(& 3**/.6',-6>-(''&,)(#(#2B#)(),##(.#6$-%('.$#3#),-0,+(),&./#*-$@,&&,#< "#$%(#2B#)(-@,#'-,-()),&./#&76.##&),'68-(&'8@4,#/-3#)+B//(#),(4'.2.',',- &$%#$-%(+'/,#$%6>-&eI-,,@,GA$/,-&oC0(-*W Wf<:,&&(*-,&,#',-(&#,)(#< 2.3.3.1 Identifiera behov och generera krav H>-(''43##(),&./#(,''&8&',%&$%&'>)?,-(#2B#)(-#(.),-(&2(-)(/$@0&$% +>&,-),-(&,2,#'3,++(*-$1+,%&7%7&',%(#2,'(2.+4(),*-.%B-((#2B#)(-#(B- $@02.+4,'&+(/&&'>)),&43++,43##(67(2,#.#',-(4'.2*-$)34'<N8*.&4(%,'$),- &$%(#2B#)&.),##(6(&B-.#',-2?3,-G,#4B',-$@06$43&/-3**,-< 2.3.3.2 Utveckla alternativa designer M''),&./#(0(#)+(-'.++&'$-),+$%(''6>-,&+7.)s,-&$%%>',-(#2B#)(-#(&1,0$2 $@04-(2<c6'(),+(&),&./#(-1,','.#.'27$+.4(),+(-<:,+&),#4$#@,*'3,++( ),&./#,#G&$%0(#)+(-$%),&./#(22(),''&8&',%&4(43##(/>-($@003-),'&4( &,3'G$@0),+&),#68&.&4(),&./#,#&$%B-%,-4$#4-,'$@0),'(+?,-()$@0'(-0(#) $%6B-/2(+G+?3)$@003-4#(**(-&4(&,3'$@0&72.)(-,<`#),-),#4$#@,*'3,++( ),&./#,#&7(#2B#)&1+<(<+7/#.27*-$'$'8*,-$@0&@,#(-.,-6>-(''$%2(#)+(1,0$2 $@04-(2'.++,#4$#@,*'3,++%$),++< 2.3.3.3 Skapa en interaktiv prototyp F#.#',-(4'.2*-$'$'8*B-$6'(),'1B&'(&B'','(''&4(*(.#',-(4'.$#<:,''(%7&', #>)2B#)./'2.&.#',/>-(&/,#$%('',#4>-1(-*-$'$'8*&4(*(&5B2,#,# *(**,-&*-$'$'8*/,-%>?+./0,',-'.++.#',-(4'.$#<:,'2.4'./(B-(''*-$'$'8*,#/,- (#2B#)(-#(%>?+./0,''.++(''.#',-(/,-(%,)),#G&7(''),&./#,-#4(#',&'(17),&.# 4$#@,*'3,++($@068&.&4(),&./#< 2.3.3.4 Utvärdera `'2B-),-.#/4(#&4,*7$+.4(&B''$@0.$+.4(6(&,-.,''*-$?,4'<E-3#),#B-)$@4('' %(#',&'(-(#2B#)1(-0,',#$@0(@@,*'(#&,#(2,#*-$)34',++,-,''&8&',%< V]