Kväve i ett internationellt perspektiv Peringe Grennfelt IVL Svenska M iljöinstitutet Gårdsjökonferensen 7 april 2016
Totaldeposition av kväve 2012-2014 Markvattnets nitratkvävehalt 2012-2014
Internationella luftvårdsfrågor som rör kväve Försurningen N viktigare än S i många områden: NH 3, NOx -> Nitrat Biodiversitet: NH 3, NOx N som näringsämne M arknära ozon: Nox, VOC och metan -> Ozon Hälsa: kvävedioxid NO 2 och ammoniumnitrat-partiklar : NH 3, NOx - > psrtiklar
Alla föroreningar minskar European ECE-region Kväveoxider och ammoniak minskar långsammare än svavel
Försurning Sulfur in air and precipitation Nitrogen in air and precipitation EM EP Heleen de Wit 1st joint session EM EP-WGE sept 2015 5
Försurningen fortfarande problem i kontinentala Europa: Schweiz: Årligt läckage av kväve 2005-2011 R I MO AL BO MUU OL P R BR BB R U AW ZO G B AI BU F R AU OS S W LC WA R AF DI HA WI BR A WG HI MU BA ZB ZV ZBB LUB LU Basensättigu <15% >15-40% >40% Critical loads for conifers and deciduous trees : conifers: 2-4 kg N ha -1 a -1 ; deciduous : 4-5 kg N ha -1 a -1 S A Annual nitrogen deposition in forests: 23.5 kg / ha Annual acidifying inputs: 2 kmol / ha (85% N, 15% S) Braun et al. 2013
Kväve hotar fortsatt biodiversiteten
Eutrophication 2010: 63% (1,060,000 km 2 ) Acidification 2010: 7% (124,000 km 2 ) 2030 Baseline: 52% (870,000 km 2 ) 2030 Baseline: 3.3% (58,000 km 2 ) Source: IIASA (2015) Exceedance of Critical loads 2010 and 2030 according to EU s 8 baseline scenario
Source: CCE Critical load exceedance in Europe
Ozon ett problem som uppträder på olika skalor Lokalt i stora urbana områden Regionalt ozoneepisoder över Europa, östra Nordamerika etc. Norra hemisfären Bildas genom solljusinducerade reaktioner mellan kväveoxider, flyktiga organiska ämnen (VOC) och metan
Ozonhalterna har ökat under 1900-talet
Changing ozone profile: importance of flux-based approach Lettuce Barley Sugar beet Potato Tomato Alfalfa Oilseed Rape M aize Peas and beans Rice Wheat Soybean 40 ppb 0 10 20 30 40 50 Threshold ozone conc (ppb) M7 ozone conc. required for a significant effect on yield* * From M ills and Harmens, 2011, ICP vegetation Food Security Report, http:/ / icpvegetation.ceh.ac.uk/ q The ozone profile has changed - peaks are falling and background is rising to just above/ below 40 ppb q Vegetation (e.g. crops) respond to ozone concentrations well below 40 ppb (i.e. the threshold in AOT40) Daily mean O 3 from ICP Vegetation sites (Jun Aug) Contribution to category (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0-20ppb 20-40ppb 40-60ppb >=60ppb P = 0.02 P = 0.38 P = 0.32 P = 0.05 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Year Example contribution to WGE trends report (2015)
Risk of ozone damage to ecosystems Forest Grassland POD = Phytotoxic Ozone Dose q Risk highest in central Europe and parts of southern Europe, where ozone concentrations are higher and/ or climate conditions conducive to high ozone uptake by vegetation
A warmer Arctic may lead to an earlier onset in the photosynthesis. This may lead to effects on forests and seminatural vegetation Annual variation in ozone concentrations at two sites in the North of Sweden Data from P-E Karlsson, IVL
Partiklar Smog episode over Paris, 18 M arch 2015. Large fraction due to transboundary pollution En betydande del av partiklarna utgörs av ammoniumnitrat
Råcker tekniska åtgärder till? Ammoniak M ycket kan åstadkommas genom tekniska åtgärder men vi behöver gå längre Ökad N effektivitet inom jordbrukssektorn Ändrade kostvanor mindre kött Kväveoxider Se till att trafikens utsläpp lever upp till avgaskraven Sjöfartens utsläpp
Ammonia remains a challenge for ecosystems and health
80% of NH 3 emissions emerge from 5% of the farms in the EU 100% NH 3 emissions # of farms 90% Share of all farms/ total NH 3 emitted 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% Farm sizes: >500 LSU 100-500 50-100 15-50 1-15 LSU 0 10% 0% NH3 emissions in EU-28 Farms in EU-28 The NEC proposal suggests measures for 3% of the farms, i.e., for large industrial animal holdings Source: IIASA-GAINS
Kväve är ett globalt problem 60 30 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0.75 0.5 0.25 0.1 0 Annual atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen compounds (kg N per hectare)
The WA GES of too much nitrogen Water quality Air quality Greenhouse balance Ecosystems Soil quality
Coastal areas and nutrient pollution
Kväveproblemet kommer att öka Ökande befolkning Ändrad kost mer kött i stället för vegetarisk föda Ökat intresset på den internationella agendan Flera FN-initiativ inklusive SDG
Ten key actions Agriculture 1. Improving nitrogen use efficiency in crop production 2. Improving nitrogen use efficiency in animal production 3. Increasing the fertilizer N equivalence value of animal manure Transport and Industry 4. Low-emission combustion and energy-efficient systems 5. NO x capture and utilization technology Waste & Recycling 6. Improving food supply efficiency & reducing food waste 7.Recycling nitrogen (and phosphorus) from waste water systems Societal consumption patterns 8. Energy and transport saving 9. Lowering the human consumption of animal protein Integration 10.Spatial optimization and integration
Tack för uppmärksamheten