Effekter i ögat av optisk strålning Presentationen finns på: http://www.neuro.uu.se/ophthalmology/teaching/externalteaching/index.html Synen som ljusdetektor Gullstrand lab UPALA UPALA Brp_OpticalRadiationRainbow BRP_2_6_EM spectrum, cartoon Far-UVR 28 35 UVR-C UVR-B UVR-A Ultraviolet radiation 4 76 Visible radiation 4 3 IRR-A IRR-B IRR-C Infrared radiation UPALA UPALA BrpRadiometry Energy (J) Flux (J/s=W) Area (m 2 ) Solid angle (sr) Radiance (W/sr/m 2 ) BrpDefinition Absorption φ (W) In φ (W) Out Direct transmittance Scattering φ Out, T (%)= ; -Absorbance ; -O.D. UPALA φ In SJUKHUS UPALA
Pcr 2_2PuctateKeratitisFluores cein Absorption Heat emission (Low energy IRR photons Florescenence (Heat + lower photon energy light) Fosforescence (Heat + delayed lower enery light) UPALA Scatt int (rel.) Scatt int (rel.) Mie scattering Rayleigh scattering Blank 25 45 65 85 k I s = 4 λ 25 4 45 65 76 85 I s = Oberoende av våglängd UPALA LightScatteringInOneAtom PropagationThroughHomog enousmedium UPALA UPALA RayleighScattering Small particle scattering Isotropic light scattering MieScattering Mie scattering Ø<<λ I ( λ) = k 4 λ Ø λ I (λ) = k SJUKHUS UPALA SJUKHUS UPALA 2
Title CorneaMacro UPALA Pvi AsteroidHyalos.jpg UPALA Reflection, refraction TransmEyeTotal Ø λ I (λ) = k 2 7 2 7 22 SJUKHUS UPALA UPALA TransmEyeTotalUvr TotalHumanUvrExpanded 28 28 3 3 32 34 Wavelength 32 36 38 (nm) 34 4 36 38 4.4.3.2. 3 32 34 36 Boettner et al, 962 UPALA Boettner et al, 962 UPALA 3
.6.4.2. 28 3 32 34 36 38 4 42 Barker, unpublished.. Prenatal Birth -2 yrs -9 yrs 35 4 45 5 55 6 2-29 yrs 3-39 yrs 4-49 yrs 5-59 yrs 6-69 yrs 7-79 yrs SJUKHUS UPALA Fotobiologisk reaktion En biologisk effekt som uppkommer pga förändrade egenskaper hos en biomolekyl som har ändrats av optisk strålning Förutsättning: (Fotokemins första lag) Optisk strålning har absorberats BPB_2 Photobiologic reaction UPALA BPB_2_2_Tissue interaction Power in Power out < BPC_O_Photochemical Photochemical damage damage Irradiation Absorption Scattering Absorption Heat diffusion Convection Molecular change SJUKHUS SJUKHUS UPALA SJUKHUS UPALA Reciprocity ReciprocityCondition condition BPB 3_Photobiology Phototoxic by photochemistry Photosensitized Type I O 2 Type II (Photodynamic) Photoallergic Damage = k x Irradiance x Exposure time SJUKHUS UPALA UPALA 4
BpbPhototoxicDamage Phototoxic Photosensitized damage BPB 7_Photosensitized damage Absorption in the choroid Verteporfyrin Energy transfer Molecular damage Endotelial proteins in the choriod Deactivated endothelial proteins UPALA SJUKHUS UPALA Corneal crosslinking Riboflavin UVR 37 nm BpBPhotoallergic Photoallergic UPALA UPALA BPB_2_2_Tissue interaction Power in Power out > LAS_33_Fotokoagulerad retina Scattering Absorption Heat diffusion Convection SJUKHUS SJUKHUS UPALA UPALA 5
Photovaporization PhotoCarbonization UPALA UPALA BPB_2_2_Tissue interaction Power in Power out >> LAS_57_Photoablation Scattering Absorption Heat diffusion Convection SJUKHUS SJUKHUS UPALA UPALA Las_63PrkHistology LAS_6_Photoablation, histo UPALA UPALA 6
Irradiance (W/m 2 ) BPB_2_2_Tissue interaction Power in Power out >>> LAS_72 Yag-kapsulotomi Scattering Absorption Heat diffusion Convection SJUKHUS SJUKHUS UPALA UPALA 5 Optical radiation-tissue interaction Optical radiation Photodisruption Tissue interaction Skador av laser i ögat Faror med laserstrålning Stor effekt under kort tid J/m 2 6 J/m 2 Ablation Thermal effects Carbonization, vapourization Normala försvarsmekanismer fungerar ej Koherent strålning 5 Denaturation Photochemical effects -9-6 -3 3 Exposure time (s) SJUKHUS UPALA Avståndet spelar liten roll Mycket kraftig koncentration på retina UPALA Risk laser-eye ArFl-93 FrqDblNdYag-532 HeNe-633 nmndyag-64 nm TransmEyeTotal Coherent laser beam Unaccommodated (far vision) Extended light source Accommodated (near vision) 2 7 2 7 22 Pascal Rol UPALA UPALA 7
NdYagQSwitchedLasersLesi ons SafetyGoggles USAMRD - WRAIR, Brooks AFB, TX 43 UPALA UPALA Spectral irradiance (W/m²/nm) 2.5 BrpSunSpectralRadianceWester996 2 4 6 8 Wester, 996 UPALA Atmospheric attenuation Atmospheric absorption Solar elevation BrpSolarExposureVariables SolarExposreVariables Earth exposure SurfaceEarth - Season Atmospheric scatter - Ozon - Clouds Background reflection - Latitude - Day time α Altitude UPALA CSS_8Solstrålning Brp_OcularExposure Reflectance (rel.) Cap shielding Eye brow scatter Snow Sea water White paint Beach sand Concreate Boat deck Boat deck Asfalt Grass Background reflection Eye lid shielding UPALA UPALA 8
CoroneoInferiorNasal SunburnTarsus Nose SJUKHUS UPALA UPALA Title Biological eff. (rel.) Pcn IncreasedSecretion Cullen et al, 994.. 24 26 28 3 32 34 Pta_2 4BasalcellscancerUlcererande UPALA UPALA Pcn_3 2Pingueculum Pcr_3_2_2Pterygium UPALA UPALA 9
PCN_6_2_Photokeratit Pcr_ClimaticDroppletKeratopathy UPALA Courtesy Sliney D UPALA PUV_5 Iritis PLS_6 8Hypermature cataract_i Action spectrum cataract Biological eff. (rel.) Pitts et al, 977 Merriam et al, 2 28 3 32 UPALA UPALA Rst_3UvrMacro Rst_4UvrMacro Rat, albino, SD, UVR-3 nm, 36 kj/m 2, in vivo Rat, albino, SD, UVR-3 nm, 36 kj/m 2, in vivo Söderberg 988 Söderberg 988 UPALA UPALA
PAR (%).8 Cataract, PLS_6 2Cuneiform_I cortical, risk factors Age>4 yrs.2.4...5.4.2 Age 7+ Gender, female Family history Artrit UVR >.2 MSY Risk factor Myopi >D Diabetes >5yrs Struma >yrs (McCarty, VIP Melbourne, IOVS 2) UPALA Risk for cortical cataract as a function of UVR-B from the sun Taylor et al., 988 Relative risk (ref. dose ) 4 3 2 Figure 2 3 4 UVR dose UPALA Biol. Eff. Rel. Rel. sensitivity as a function of age.8.6.4.2 Pigmented C57Bl6 mice, Zhang et al, manus Albino SD rat, Dong et al. 25.2.4.6.8 Rel. Age UPALA Biological eff. (rel.) Title Type II Type I 435 55 3 4 5 6 7 8 BluelightVsNoBlueLight Wu et. al, 999 UPALA LAS_33_Fotokoagulerad retina Biological eff. (rel.) Photochemical retinal hazard Pcr_ClimaticDroppletKeratopathy Type II Type I 435 55 3 4 5 6 7 8 UPALA UPALA
Tröskeldos Den minsta dos som ger upphov till en definierad skada BPB_7 Tröskeldos UPALA Action spectrum UVR-cataract Albino SD rat, 6 weeks, week latency Threshold dose (kj/m²) Bpb_9_3_3_2_2Action spectrum, UVR-induced cataract, rat, in vivo Threshold: MAD.975 Merriam et al, 2 285 295 35 35 325 UPALA UVR cataract, relative spectral biologial efficiency UVR-induced cataract, rat, in vivo Albino SD rat, 6 weeks old week latency, Treshold definition: MAD.975 Biol. eff. (rel.) BPB_9_3_3_2_3UVR cataract, relative biologic effectiveness, rat in vivo Merriam et al, 2 285 295 35 35 325 UPALA.6.4.2. 28 3 32 34 36 38 4 42 Barker, unpublished.. Prenatal Birth -2 yrs -9 yrs 35 4 45 5 55 6 2-29 yrs 3-39 yrs 4-49 yrs 5-59 yrs 6-69 yrs 7-79 yrs SJUKHUS UPALA Retinal phototoxicity (rel) 4 2.. Luminous efficiency (rel.) Retinal phototoxicity (rel) 4 2 Aphacic eye Phototoxicity BlueLigthDamageSensitivityScotopic Scotopic Phototoxicity Class Photopic Class 2 Melatonin suppresson Aphacic eye Phototoxicity BlueLigthDamageSensitivityScotopic Class 2 Scotopic Melatonin supression Filter.. Luminous efficiency (rel.) 4 5 6 7 SJUKHUS UPALA 4 5 6 7 SJUKHUS UPALA 2
SN6AT, SN6AT ALCON (ALCON) Title Hoya Hoya AFUY, AF-UY HOYA Title (HOYA) Aurium/ SmartYellow (Medennium) (rel.)..8.6.4.2. 3 IOL filters Eyeonics, Crystalens AMO Clariflex, 2 D 4 Hoya AF- (UY) Alcon SN6 AT, 2 D Alcon SN6 AT, 3 D Amo, OptiBlue 2, 3 D Human 53 yr old Boettner et al., 962 5 SmartYellow, Trnsp SmartYellowYellow 6 AlconSN6AtHoyaAF-(UY) UPALA Mainster et al, 27 Werner et al, 26 UPALA Solglasögonstandarder International Commission for Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection ANSI Z8.3-986: American National Institute Institute for ophthalmic non-prescription sunglasses and fashion eyewear requirements BS 2724:987: Brittish standard Sun glare eye protectors EN 836(997): Comité Europeen de Normalisation Sunglasses and sunglare filters for general use EN 66, EN 72 Sunglasses ad sunglare filter for industrial use AS 67-983, UDC 68.738 Australian Standard Sunglasses and fashion spectacles- non-prescription types NF S77-8: Norme Francaise DIN 58 27: Deutsche Institut fur Normung Sonnenschutzfilter EN 836(997) Sunglasses and sunglare filters for general use Syfte Reducera obehagskänsla av solstrålning och förbättra seendet Skydda ögat mot för mycket solstrålning BPB Solglasögonstandarder UPALA BPB_2_EN 836, syfte UPALA EN 836(997)Sunglasses and sunglare filters for general use EN 836(997)Sunglasses and sunglare filters for general use Struktur Komfort-Behaglig ljusnivå Säkerhet- Ta bort skadlig strålning Kvalitet- Ge bra syn - Maximal dämpning av signalljus - Homogenitet i dämpningen i filtrer - Minimera optisk brytning (sfäriskt, astigmatiskt, prismatiskt) - Minimera ljusspridning Utseende- Inga mekaniska materialdefekter Slaghållfasthet- stålkuletest Transmittansstabilitet i tiden Brandsäkerhet Fysisk konsumentsäkerhet BPB_3_EN 836, struktur UPALA BPB_4_Filterkategorier Filterkategorier : Ingen eller mkt begränsad ljusdämpning (T v =8- %) : Liten ljusdämpning (T v =43-8 %) 2: Måttlig ljusdämpning (T v =8-43 %) 3: Kraftig ljusdämpning (T v =8-8 %) 4: Mkt kraftig ljusdämpning (T v =3-8 % Olämpliga vid bilköring UPALA 3
Csg2 SlitMask UPALA 4