五六 custodial interrogation2 custodial interrogation Miranda custodial interrogation custodial interrogation Escobedo the focus test 12 2 custody the focus test the focus test the custody test 1Kenneth W. Graham 2Yale Kamisar 3 custody interrogation
五 custody the focus test 1Miranda v. Arizona 1 Miranda Rule custodial interrogation custodial interrogation Miranda custody interrogation 2 3 Miranda custodial interrogation Escobedo v. Illinois 4 5 Escobedo the focus test Miranda the custody test 1 384 U.S. 436 1966 Miranda 2 Id., at 444.Miranda custody Id., at 477 3 Yale Kamisar Miranda Miranda 5 6 五 Miranda 4 3 Yale Kaimisar, Custodial Interrogation Within The Meaning of Miranda, in Criminal Law and the Constitution Sources and Commentaries, at 335 1968 4 378 U.S. 478 1964Escobedo 5 384 U.S., at 444, note 4.
6 custodial interrogation custodial interrogation the focus test the custody test Escobedo Miranda custody interrogationescobedothe focus test Goldberg Stewart White 7 2Escobedo Escobedo Escobedo Escobedo Escobedo Escobedo Escobedo Escobedo Escobedo Escobedo Escobedo 6 Yale Kamisar et al, Modern Criminal Procedure : Cases, Comments & Questions 13th ed., at 601 2013 7 Escobedo 180 14 1965 Escobedo v.illinois.-- 14 1965 1 146 1965 35 1995 五四
五 Escobedo Escobedo Escobedo 3Goldberg 8 Escobedo Gideon v. Wainwright 9 14 10 6 11 Escobedo Massiah v. United States 12 Escobedo 三8 Warren Black Douglas Brennan 9 372 U.S. 335 1963Gideon 10 14 1 3 11 6 in all criminal prosecution
Massiah Escobedo Escobedo the accused Escobedo Escobedo Escobedo Escobedo Escobedo Escobedo Escobedo Escobedo Escobedo Escobedo 12 377 U.S. 201 1964Massiah Massiah Massiah Colson Colson Massiah Colson Colson Massiah Colson Massiah Massiah 6 6 Massiah 五二
五 Escobedo the accused 一 Gideon the accused
6 accusatory the accused adversary system the accused 4 Escobedo the focus test Escobedo Escobedo Crooker v. California 13 Crooker Crooker 14 Brown v. Mississippi 15 14 the totality of circumstances test the voluntariness test 五〇13 357 U.S. 433 1958Crooker 14 378 U.S., at 491. 15 297 U.S. 278 1936Brown
四 Cicenia v. Lagay 16 Crooker 17 九 Escobedo Escobedo Crooker Crooker 14 Cicenia Crooker 16 357 U.S. 504 1958Cicenia 17 Cicenia Cicenia Crooker 357 U.S., at 508.
Crooker Cicenia Brown 14 Escobedo 6 Crooker Cicenia Escobedo Crooker Cicenia 18 Crooker Cicenia Crooker Crooker Escobedo 6 Escobedo Crooker Cicenia 19 5 Escobedo 6 四八18 34 30 1 19 Id., at 492.
四 6 20 21 22 6 critical stage 23 24 25 26 20 6 6 1 2 73 1968 101 4 30 1977 73 1986 13 5 371 2001 2001 69 302 2006 21 See, e.g., Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45 1932Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458 1938Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 1963Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 1984United States v. Cronic, 466 U.S. 648 1984 22 37 3 七 2089 46 1993 11 3 24 53 3 514 23 20 24 Hamilton v. Alabama, 368 U.S. 52 1961 25 Massiah v. United States, 377 U.S. 201 1964
27 28 Escobedo Escobedo Massiah 29 Escobedo Escobedo 30 6 Stewart Massiah Massiah Massiah 31 indictmentinformation adversary proceedings 32 26 United States v. Wade, 388 U.S. 218 1967 27 Argersinger v. Hamlin, 407 U.S. 25 1972 28 Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52 1985 29 378 U.S., at 485. 30 Id., at 486. 31 Id., at 493. 32 Id., at 493-494. 四六
四 33 White 34 35 Stewart White 6 adversary system adversary proceedings adversary 五 33 Id., at 494. 34 Clark Stewart 35 378 U.S., at 496-497.
6 the focus test the accused 6 Stewart White 36 knowingly intelligentlyvoluntarily 四四
四 37 6Escobedo the focus test Escobedo Escobedo Escobedo Escobedo Crooker Cicenia 6 6 Escobedo the focus test 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 38 36 三 37 178 184-191 2012 37 2073 38 378 U.S., 490.
6 Escobedo 6 39 Escobedo 6 7Escobedo the focus test 6 Miranda custodial interrogation custody interrogation 5 40 Miranda custodial interrogationescobedo v. Illinois 四二39 Id., at 490-491. 40 5 in all criminal case
四 41 Escobedo 42 Miranda the focus test Miranda the focus test 43 custodial interrogation the focus test the custody test Kenneth W. Graham 44 the focus test the custody test 1Kenneth W. Graham Graham Miranda custodial interrogationmiranda Escobedo People v. Dorado 45 People v. Stewart 46 47 Dorado Dorado 2 41 384 U.S., at 444, note 4. 42 Yale Kamisar et al, supra note 6, at 601. 43 Jefferson V. Smith, The Threshould Question in Applying Miranda : What Constitutes Custodial Interrogation?, 25 S.C.L.Rev. 699, at 707 1974 一44 Kenneth W. Graham, What is Custodial Interrogation? : California s Anticipatory Application of Miranda v. Arizona, 14 U.C.L.A.L.Rev. 59 1966 45 62 Cal. 2d 338, cert. denied, 381 U.S. 937 1965Dorado 46 62 Cal. 2d 571 1965Stewart Stewart Miranda companion case 1 California v. Stewart 47 Graham, supra note 44, at 63-68.
Escobedo Dorado Escobedo Dorado Tobriner Escobedo accusatory stage 2 48 Dorado Escobedo the focus test Dorado 1 2 Dorado 3 4Dorado Dorado 49 Graham Dorado Escobedo Miranda Dorado 5 criminal case 6 criminal prosecution 50 四〇48 62 Cal. 2d at 348-352. 49 62 Cal. 2d at 353-354. 50 Graham, supra note 44, at 66.
三 Stewart Dorado 1 3 51 Graham focus custody interrogation 52 Graham Escobedo A focus custody interrogation interrogation C focus custodyprocess of interrogation Escobedo 53 focuspurpose 4 54 Graham Dorado Stewart Miranda 51 62 Cal. 2d at 577-580. 九52 Graham, supra note 44, at 67. 53 378 U.S., at 492. the accused 54 Graham, supra note 44, at 67-68. C Id., at 68. B focus custody D focus
Escobedo 6 5 Miranda Escobedo 6 5 55 6 Escobedo focus Escobedo focus custodyinterrogation Graham Graham Miranda Warren Miranda custodial interrogationescobedo 56 Graham A Miranda custodial interrogation Escobedo Goldberg B Escobedo Miranda custodial interrogation 55 378 U.S., at 442. 56 Graham, supra note 44, at 69. 三八
三C Miranda Escobedo 60 61 57 Miranda Escobedo Escobedo 58 Miranda custodial interrogationescobedo Miranda 4 59 Miranda third degree Graham Miranda Escobedo Miranda Escobedo Graham Dorado Stewart 57 Id., at 69. 58 Id., at 69-70. 59 Id., at 70. 60 Id., at 69-70.
Escobedo 62 Graham Escobedo Escobedo Miranda 5 5 4 4 4 4 Miranda 63 5 Miranda Graham Warren 5 Miranda 61 Escobedo Escobedo 378 U.S., at 490. 62 Graham, supra note 44, at 70. 63 378 U.S., at 461. 三六
三 Bram v. United States 64 Zing Sung Wan v. United States 65 66 Malloy v. Hogan 67 Twining 5 68 Graham Miranda Miranda Escobedo Escobedo Miranda 69 Escobedo Escobedo Escobedo 6 6 70 64 168 U.S. 532 1897 65 266 U.S. 1 1924 66 Graham 2 MaNabb-Mallory See, McNabb v. United States, 318 U.S. 332 1943Mallory v. United States, 354 U.S. 449 1957 Twining 5 See, Twining v. New Jersey, 211 U.S. 78 1908 5 五Graham, supra note 44, at 71. 67 378 U.S. 1 1964 68 Graham, supra note 44, at 71-72. 69 384 U.S., at 465 n.35. 70 Graham, supra note 44, at 72.
Graham Miranda Miranda 71 Graham Escobedo Miranda Escobedo Escobedo 6 5 Escobedo Miranda Escobedo 6 Graham the focus test the custody test Graham Miranda 三四71 Graham, supra note 44, at 72-73.
三 72 73 prosecution 4 4 三Graham 5 A custodial interrogation 5 criminal case 4 4 6 criminal B custodial interrogation 5 criminal case C 4 4 4 4 4 custodial interrogation D contempt Miranda E Miranda Escobedo 5 5 Graham A E A E 74 72 384 U.S., at 477. 73 Graham, supra note 44, at 75-78. 74 Id.
A Miranda 6 Escobedo B criminal case civil case Miranda C Massiah v. United States 75 D compulsion coercion-compulsionignorance-compulsion 三二75 377 U.S. 201 1964
三 Miranda Escobedo 5 focus 76 E Graham Mirada custodial interrogation custody interrogation Stewart focus custody interrogation Goldberg 2 focuscustody interrogation Escobedo focus purpose focus focus custody 76 Graham, supra note 44, at 112-114.
interrogation 3 3 custody interrogation Graham 77 Miranda custodial interrogation Miranda Escobedo Miranda Escobedo Miranda custodial interrogation 78 custodial interrogation 79 Escobedo Escobedo Miranda custody custody Dorado custody interrogation 三〇77 Id., at 114-117. 78 Yale Kamisar Kaimisar, supra note 3, at 339. 79 384 U.S., at 444, note 4.
二custody custody Massiah custody Graham custodial interrogation non- custodial interrogation interrogation the focus test the custody test 81 A custody focus custody focus 九80 focus Graham Stewart Graham, supra note 44, at 116 81 Id., at 116-117. 82 371 U.S. 471 1963 Massiah Escobedo Graham 3 focus 80 custody Wong Sun v. United States 82
focus custody focus B focus custody Stewart focus Massiah Graham focuscustody interrogation Graham custodial non-custodial 二八
二 interrogation Massiah Miranda Miranda custody interrogation Massiah Massiah Miranda 5 Escobedo 6 Graham interrogation Massiah Massiah Graham 七Graham Miranda Graham Graham focus custody interrogation