Stockholm-Uppsala Air Quality Management System Tage Jonson
Air Quality Association Strategies Measurements Emissions Dispersion models Environment quality standards Costs and benefits Particles and health effects
the association...
Air Quality Management Association Organisation Annual session (members) Association Board Drafting committee Home office function Home office KSL, Stockholm County Association of Local Authorities ½ - time civil servant Operator SLB-analys, Stockholm City Environmental and Health Protection Administration Budget 350 000 /year
Area covered by the association 150 times 250 km 3 counties 34 municipalities ~ 2 miljoner inhabitants
Members 32 municipalities 2 county councils 3 county boards with special agreements 3 private companies 2 state authorities
Air Quality Management Association - a forum for legislation and needs AUTHORITIES Laws and regulations AQMA STAKEHOLDERS Needs and expectations STATE REGION LOCAL Municipalities Industries County councils NGO s Farmers Forestry Etc.
Main purpose of the air quality management association Better and cheaper basic data for decision-making about environment and infrastructure Lower system costs for monitoring with many members Basic databases (emissions, model data, measurements) for the whole region Information available for many users and general public
Development 1993-2005 Build up of emission databases and dispersion models 1993-94 System operational 1994-06-01 for Stockholm County More model calculations - reductions of monitoring costs After extension with Uppsala county 1997, 31 municipalities and 4 regional organisations share lower system costs Some hundreds of environmental impact assessment (EIA) have improved the basis for decisions since 1994 From 2002 also private companies and state authorities can be members Emission databases are built up for the counties of Västmanland and Södermanland 2004 Counties of Gävleborg and Östergötland participates in the collaboration from 2005
Environment impact assessments during 2004 Beställare Typ av uppdrag Medlem Nacka Kommun Spridningsberäkningar av PM10 inför ev. etablering av förskola vid Ja Danvikstull GFK Stockholm Slussen, alternativa förslag Ja Centrum utveckling Spridningsberäkning av PM10 år 2015 för Kv Plåten i Sundbyberg Nej Uppsala kommun Spridningsberäkningar av PM10 och NO 2 vid Nanna skolan i Uppsala Ja GFK Stockholm Spridningsberäkningar av PM10 och NO 2 vid Danvikslösen Ja Tyrens AB Spridningsberäkningar av PM10 för Hotell Kristineberg, Kungsholmen Nej Stockholm Scandia konsult Spridningsberäkningar av PM10 vid kv, Lusgården 6 Nej GFK Stockholm Spridningsberäkningar av PM10 för år 2010 vid Dalgatan Ja GFK Stockholm Rangordning av tre alternativa utformningar av området kring Hotell Ja Kristineberg med hänsyn till luftföroreningar Nacka Kommun Spridningsberäkningar av PM10 för år 2010 vid Finntorp i Nacka Ja GFK Stockholm Spridningsberäkningar av PM10 för år 2006 vid Norra Bantorget i Stockholm Ja Sigtuna Kommun Spridningsberäkningar av PM10 för år 2020 i samband med översiktsplan Ja för Arlanda Arlanda stad Miljöavgifts kansliet Effekter av trängselavgifter Ja Stockholm stad LVF Kartläggning av bensenhalter, Uppdragsgivare Stockholm och Uppsala Ja läns luftvårdsförbund LVF Utsläppsdata 2002. Uppdragsgivare Stockholm och Uppsala läns Ja luftvårdsförbund LVF Mätdata 2003. Uppdragsgivare Stockholm och Uppsala läns Ja luftvårdsförbund HB Silver-dal expl. Spridningsberäkningar av PM10 och NO 2 år 2010, Silverdal i Sollentuna Nej kommun SBK Uppsala Spridningsberäkningar av PM10, NO 2 och bensen vid Kv. Brandstationen Ja i Uppsala GFK, SBK Spridningsberäkningar av PM10, NO 2 och bensen vid Snöflingan Ja Stockholm PEAB Spridningsberäkningar av PM10. Gyllene Ratten Fruängen Nej GFK Stockholm Spridningsberäkningar av PM10 och NO 2 för år 2006. Hornstull Ja FK Uppsala kommun Utredning av luftföroreningshalter vid Brantingsskolan Ja FK Uppsala kommun Utredning av luftföroreningshalter vid Heidenstamsskolan Ja Tyrens AB Bedömning av luftkvaliteten vid Täby centrum Nej GFK Stockholm Spridningsberäkningar av PM10 för Torshammnsgatan i Kista Ja SSM Bygg Utredning av luftföroreningshalter vid Tellusbergsvägen Nej GFK Stockholm Spridningsberäkningar av PM10 och NO 2 vid Danvikslösen. Förnyad Ja utredning White Arkitekter Spridningsberäkningar av PM10 vid Danderyds sjukhus Nej Botkyrka kommun Spridningsberäkningar av PM10 och NO2 för Alby Ja AstraZeneca AB Spridningsberäkningar av NO2 för Ångcentral, Snäckviken i Södertälje Ja Svenska Bostäder Spridningsberäkningar av PM10 vid Nybohovsberget Nej
The co-operation is growing 300 x 400 km 6 counties 76 municipalities 3,3 milj. inhabitants
Air Quality Management Association Homepage Real time data on hourly basis Databases Maps Reports www.slb.nu/lvf
overall strategies...
Strategies for air quality actions and evaluations Actions Evaluations Global Conventions, protocols Atmosphere and climate European Emission directives Air quality directives National Legislation, licenses Standards, objectives Regional Preventive actions Urban planning Local Emission sources Air quality standards
Strategy for better environment (DPSIR) Driving forces (traffic, energy, industry, consumption) Pressure (emissions to the environment) Status (concentrations in air, water, soil, biosphere) Impact (environment and health effects) Response (limit values, goals, actions, emission reductions)
Examples of projects Drivers Pressure Status Impact Response City planning Emissions Mapping Effects Actions Stockholm environm. programme Environment zones Road pricing Road tunnels New fuels for road vehicles Resuspended road dust Ultrafine particles Biofuels for heating NO2 PM10 Benzene Ozone Metals BaP WHO CAFE National research programme Environm. and health effects in urban plans European limit values National goals Urban plans NO2 actions PM10 actions
European directives for air quality Framework directive for ambient air 96/62/EC First daughter directive 1999/30/EC about limit values for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter and lead Second daughter directive 2000/69/EC about limit values for benzene and carbon monoxide Third daughter directive 2002/3/EC about ozone in ambient air Fourth daughter directive 2004/107/EC about arsenic, cadmium, mercury, nickel and PAH (BaP) CAFE working group on particulate matter in April 2004
Strategies for evaluation of European limit values Strategies for evaluating environment quality standards recommended by Swedish reference laboratory ITM Combinations of evaluation tools important for cost reduction Cooperation between municipalities in associations reduces costs 2001 2006 Margin of tolerance Limit value Upper assessment threshold Lower assessment threshold Action plan Measurements, model calculations Measurements required Model calculations Indicative measurem. Emission calcul. Nomogrammes
Necessary tools for air quality evaluation Measurement databases (air pollutants and meteorology) Dispersion and deposition models (concentrations and exposure) Emission databases (sources and actions)
Air quality management software - Internet Airviro Software from SMHI (Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute) Emission databases Measurement databases Dispersion models Information Forecasts
measurements...
Strategies for measurements Most polluted areas (hot spots) Urban background (roof level) Rural background, monitoring imports of air pollutants Project measurements Choice of best method for different purposes All methods are compared to EC reference methods (Swedish reference laboratory ITM)
Stockholm urban background (roof level) Ozone upward trend Particulate matter (PM10) no downward trend Nitrogen dioxide down below 20 ug/m3 (emission standards on road vehicles) Sulphur dioxide down below 5 ug/m3 (district heating system, plants with cleaning equipment, less sulphur in fuel)
Stockholm traffic sites (street level) Particulate matter (PM10) exceeding limit values, no downward trend Nitrogen dioxide above limit values, downward trend Carbon monoxide below limit values, steady downward trend
Measurements, E4 and Norrlandsgatan Tests of PM10 actions Tests with dust fixing (CMA, MgCl) Development of PM10 model, coarse particles Development of model for ultrafine particles in PASTA project
emissions...
Emission databases for emission scenarios Detailed point, area and line sources in emission databases 20000 links in road network Vehicle emission scenarios until 2020
Purposes with emission databases Connection to sources - emission trends Input to concentration calculations - limit values and standards Input to exposure calculations - environment and health effects Connection to actions - increased knowledge about sources
Emission calculations Separate domains Easy calculations Comparable calculations between counties Follow-up of emission objectives Input to dispersion models
dispersion models...
Different types and scales of dispersion models Dispersion models corresponding to measurements and different environments SMHI MATCH mesoscale model for regional background (rural) Gaussian model for urban background (urban roof level) Street canyon and OSPM models for local scale (street level)
Meteorological vertical profile data 3 meteorological masts stability data wind data 10-15 years of hourly data meteorological scenarios SODAR diagnose
Climatology data for meteorological scenarios 6 classes of stability 60 wind directions 15 years of hourly data Season scenarios
Strategies for modelling Modelling calculations of now situation (mapping) Verifying calculations by measurements (reference methods) Future scenario calculations for checking air quality standards Exposure modelling (health effects) Emission modelling for analysis of reductions needed
Swedish environment quality standards...
Nitrogen dioxide map, Stockholm city centre 1999 Swedish standards to be met 2006 Measurements and model calculations, max. difference 20 % About 50 % less NOx emissions from road traffic compared with 1990 Exceedings along many congested streets and highways 60 # 84 # 42 # 55 # 49 # 82 # 63 # # # 60 # 64 41 # 68 # 71 # 65 64 # # 60 56 # # 57 67 # 5848 51 47 # # 42 # # 53 59 # 39 49 46 # # 5945 # # 58 45 # # 57 #
Nitrogen dioxide map, Stockholm city centre 2006 About 50 % less NOx emissions from road traffic compared with 1999 Exceedings along some congested streets and highways
Particulate matter (PM10), Stockholm city centre 2002 EC limit value and Swedish standard to be met 2005 and 2010 Exceedings much higher than NO2 89! 62! No decreasing trend 76! Regional and local actions are needed to reduce emissions of resuspended road dust 78! 94! Maps on www.slb.nu/lvf 33 (taknivå)! 0 1 2 3 4 Kilometer
Benzene, Stockholm city centre 2003 European limit value and Swedish standard to be met 2010 Below limti value and standard already 2003 No further actions needed Maps on www.slb.nu/lvf 3,6! 1 (taknivå)! 1,3! 1 (taknivå)!
Actions to be taken to get below limit values Government decision of 2001 2010 regional action programmes, PM10 december 2004 NO2 PM10-standard Regional actions needed Regional actions (reduction of studded tyres, Margin of tolerance winter road maintenance etc.) Limit value Regional actions NO2-standard Vehicle NOx regulations (EURO 3,4 and 5) important Upper assessment threshold Regional actions still needed (environmental zones, road Lower assessment threshold pricing etc.)
costs and benefits...
Focus on three cost levels User costs and high access to data - impact by networking between users System costs for air quality monitoring and modelling - impact by association of 5 regional administrations and 32 municipalities Total costs for infrastructure and environment - impact by modelling in urban planning and environment and health studies
lower user costs by higher accass to data...
Public databases for interactive search Historical air quality and meteorology data can be searched in databases by anybody Validated data can be downloaded after some 3 months
Closed project databases for interactive search Air quality and meteorology data can be searched in databases by project members
EC requirements on air quality information Air quality information to general public required in EC directives and Swedish legislation Stockholm air quality data are updated every hour on www.slb.nu/lvf Air quality data related to limit values Air quality forecast in radio and papers AirPRIORI
Air quality forecasts for Stockholm city centre Regression model used for forecasts SODAR diagnosis Trajectory forecasts automatically downloaded Information and forecasts in radio stations and newspapers
AirPRIORI project under development Air Pollution Realtime Information On Risk Indicators Coarse particles (PM10 - PM2,5) Fine particles (PM2,5) Ultrafine particles (PM0,1) Nitrogen oxides (NO2, NOx) Ozone (O3) Cooperation project with SMHI and medical scientists Development of forecasts in second step
PM fractions, street level in Stockholm Coarse fraction (PM10-PM1) emission of wear particles Fine fraction (PM1-PM0,1) long distance episodes Ultrafine fraction (<PM0,1) emission of combustion particles 140000 120000 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 Particle size distributions from a inner city kerb side site in Stockholm 0 0 0,00 0,01 0,10 1,00 10,00 Pa rtic le dia me te r ( μ m) Number Surface Mass 200 160 120 80 40 μ
lower system costs by cooperation...
Stockholm monitoring network 1991 Monitoring stations with automatic analysers and remote sensors 1991 13 meteorology stations 26 air quality stations U Sigtuna U U Vallentuna Norrtälje U Upplandsbro Ekerö R Upplands- Väsby Täby Sollentuna Järfälla U Danderyd Vaxholm Sundbyberg USolna Lidingö U Stockholm U C UU U U M U Nacka Österåker Salem Huddinge Tyresö U kn Södertälje Botkyrka Haninge Värmdö R Nynäshamn 7 METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS ( 1 LEVEL) 2 METEOROLOGICAL MASTS ( 2-3 LEVELS) R R U R C M 4 SODAR STATIONS 14 URBAN AIR QUALITY 4 RURAL AIR QUALITY 3 STREET CANYON AIR QUALITY 5 MOBILE AIR QUALITY STATIONS
Stockholm - Uppsala monitoring network 2005 extended region more modelling fewer stations 7 meteorology stations 10 air quality stations Saved costs of 5 MSEK per year compared with 1991
lower total costs by modelling scenarios...
Examples of simulations and scenarios Mapping of now situations for different pollutants Future air quality simulations in urban planning Retrospective air pollution exposure in health studies
Road tunnel projects (Southern and Northern links) Optimising ventilation of road tunnels regarding concentrations inside and outside the tunnels Saved costs can be in the order of 10-100 MSEK in each project 40 Brunnsviken 40 45 45 40 60 40 35 60 45 50 55 70 80 45 55 50 35 45 40 40 35 35 60 50 50 60 40 40 40 35 30 35 70 80 60 50 30 40 30 25 25 30 Lilla Värtan 40 25 30 25 30 40 45 40 4 35 30 25
Example of exposure calculations Investigation of North-South road connections Change in exposure between Diagonal Ulvsunda and zero alternative Calculation of differences in health effects
Stockholm test of congestion charge and public transports Toll stations 20 SEK: Mo-Fri 7.30-8.30 16-17.30 17.30 15 SEK: Mo-Fri 7-7.307 7.30 8.30-9 15.30-16 16 17.30-18 18 10 SEK: Mo-Fri 6.30-7 9-15.30 18-18.30 18.30 Combined with investments in public transports
Example of exposure calculations Investigations of Stockholm test with congestion charge and investments in public transport Change of exposure of NOx concentrations NOx indicator for calculation of health effects 0 1 2 km Befolkning * NOx-halt -250-0 ökad halt 0 ingen förändring 1-100 minskad halt 100-300 minskad halt 300-600 minskad halt 600-1000 minskad halt 1000-1700 minskad halt
Retrospective exposure modelling in health studies Emission databases built for each decade 1960-2000 Modelling of concentrations of air pollution indicators (e.g. NOx 1970 from road traffic) Modelled values coupled to addresses of cases and control cases as an estimation of exposure
Retrospective exposure modelling in health studies Emission databases built for each decade 1960-2000 Modelling of concentrations of air pollution indicators (e.g. NOx 2000 from road traffic) Modelled values coupled to addresses of cases and control cases as an estimation of exposure
particles and health effects...
Swedish research programmes SNAP (Swedish National Air pollution and health effects Programme) 2002-2006 Main part of 27 projects have focus on particles PASTA (ultrafine particles in city environment) HEAPPS (short term exposure and heart disease) LEAP (long term exposure and heart disease) SENSI (healthy risks for sensitive groups) EXPOSE (exposure - modelling and measurements) FALKONAIR (register study 45000 heart infarctions) WearTox (VTI, Lunds och Linköp. univ.)
International research American studies European studies (APHEIS) National studies (Netherlands, Norway, Sweden) WHO - CAFE Indoor air (EUROPART)
Results so far Coarse particles (PM10 - PM2,5) are related to increased respiration morbidity for sensitive groups Fine and ultrafine particles (PM2,5 och PM0,1) are related to higher mortality and hospitalization in cardio-pulmonary diseases Relationships between concentrations and health effects are linear without thresholds Statistical exposure-response relationships include exposure to particles indoors Toxicological studies show that combustion particles have strong inflammatory potential More knowledge is needed about causal relationships between health effects and single PM characteristeristics
Detailed system information on homepage www.slb.nu