custodial interrogation 2

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1 五六 custodial interrogation2 custodial interrogation Miranda custodial interrogation custodial interrogation Escobedo the focus test 12 2 custody the focus test the focus test the custody test 1Kenneth W. Graham 2Yale Kamisar 3 custody interrogation

2 五 custody the focus test 1Miranda v. Arizona 1 Miranda Rule custodial interrogation custodial interrogation Miranda custody interrogation 2 3 Miranda custodial interrogation Escobedo v. Illinois 4 5 Escobedo the focus test Miranda the custody test U.S Miranda 2 Id., at 444.Miranda custody Id., at Yale Kamisar Miranda Miranda 5 6 五 Miranda 4 3 Yale Kaimisar, Custodial Interrogation Within The Meaning of Miranda, in Criminal Law and the Constitution Sources and Commentaries, at U.S Escobedo U.S., at 444, note 4.

3 6 custodial interrogation custodial interrogation the focus test the custody test Escobedo Miranda custody interrogationescobedothe focus test Goldberg Stewart White 7 2Escobedo Escobedo Escobedo Escobedo Escobedo Escobedo Escobedo Escobedo Escobedo Escobedo Escobedo 6 Yale Kamisar et al, Modern Criminal Procedure : Cases, Comments & Questions 13th ed., at Escobedo Escobedo v.illinois 五四

4 五 Escobedo Escobedo Escobedo 3Goldberg 8 Escobedo Gideon v. Wainwright Escobedo Massiah v. United States 12 Escobedo 三8 Warren Black Douglas Brennan U.S Gideon in all criminal prosecution

5 Massiah Escobedo Escobedo the accused Escobedo Escobedo Escobedo Escobedo Escobedo Escobedo Escobedo Escobedo Escobedo Escobedo U.S Massiah Massiah Massiah Colson Colson Massiah Colson Colson Massiah Colson Massiah Massiah 6 6 Massiah 五二

6 五 Escobedo the accused 一 Gideon the accused

7 6 accusatory the accused adversary system the accused 4 Escobedo the focus test Escobedo Escobedo Crooker v. California 13 Crooker Crooker 14 Brown v. Mississippi the totality of circumstances test the voluntariness test 五〇 U.S Crooker U.S., at U.S Brown

8 四 Cicenia v. Lagay 16 Crooker 17 九 Escobedo Escobedo Crooker Crooker 14 Cicenia Crooker U.S Cicenia 17 Cicenia Cicenia Crooker 357 U.S., at 508.

9 Crooker Cicenia Brown 14 Escobedo 6 Crooker Cicenia Escobedo Crooker Cicenia 18 Crooker Cicenia Crooker Crooker Escobedo 6 Escobedo Crooker Cicenia 19 5 Escobedo 6 四八 Id., at 492.

10 四 critical stage See, e.g., Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S United States v. Cronic, 466 U.S 七 Hamilton v. Alabama, 368 U.S Massiah v. United States, 377 U.S

11 27 28 Escobedo Escobedo Massiah 29 Escobedo Escobedo 30 6 Stewart Massiah Massiah Massiah 31 indictmentinformation adversary proceedings United States v. Wade, 388 U.S Argersinger v. Hamlin, 407 U.S Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S U.S., at Id., at Id., at Id., at 四六

12 四 33 White Stewart White 6 adversary system adversary proceedings adversary 五 33 Id., at Clark Stewart U.S., at

13 6 the focus test the accused 6 Stewart White 36 knowingly intelligentlyvoluntarily 四四

14 四 37 6Escobedo the focus test Escobedo Escobedo Escobedo Escobedo Crooker Cicenia 6 6 Escobedo the focus test 三 U.S., 490.

15 6 Escobedo 6 39 Escobedo 6 7Escobedo the focus test 6 Miranda custodial interrogation custody interrogation 5 40 Miranda custodial interrogationescobedo v. Illinois 四二39 Id., at in all criminal case

16 四 41 Escobedo 42 Miranda the focus test Miranda the focus test 43 custodial interrogation the focus test the custody test Kenneth W. Graham 44 the focus test the custody test 1Kenneth W. Graham Graham Miranda custodial interrogationmiranda Escobedo People v. Dorado 45 People v. Stewart Dorado Dorado U.S., at 444, note Yale Kamisar et al, supra note 6, at Jefferson V. Smith, The Threshould Question in Applying Miranda : What Constitutes Custodial Interrogation?, 25 S.C.L.Rev. 699, at 一44 Kenneth W. Graham, What is Custodial Interrogation? : California s Anticipatory Application of Miranda v. Arizona, 14 U.C.L.A.L.Rev Cal. 2d 338, cert. denied, 381 U.S Dorado Cal. 2d Stewart Stewart Miranda companion case 1 California v. Stewart 47 Graham, supra note 44, at

17 Escobedo Dorado Escobedo Dorado Tobriner Escobedo accusatory stage 2 48 Dorado Escobedo the focus test Dorado 1 2 Dorado 3 4Dorado Dorado 49 Graham Dorado Escobedo Miranda Dorado 5 criminal case 6 criminal prosecution 50 四〇48 62 Cal. 2d at Cal. 2d at Graham, supra note 44, at 66.

18 三 Stewart Dorado Graham focus custody interrogation 52 Graham Escobedo A focus custody interrogation interrogation C focus custodyprocess of interrogation Escobedo 53 focuspurpose 4 54 Graham Dorado Stewart Miranda Cal. 2d at 九52 Graham, supra note 44, at U.S., at 492. the accused 54 Graham, supra note 44, at C Id., at 68. B focus custody D focus

19 Escobedo 6 5 Miranda Escobedo Escobedo focus Escobedo focus custodyinterrogation Graham Graham Miranda Warren Miranda custodial interrogationescobedo 56 Graham A Miranda custodial interrogation Escobedo Goldberg B Escobedo Miranda custodial interrogation U.S., at Graham, supra note 44, at 69. 三八

20 三C Miranda Escobedo Miranda Escobedo Escobedo 58 Miranda custodial interrogationescobedo Miranda 4 59 Miranda third degree Graham Miranda Escobedo Miranda Escobedo Graham Dorado Stewart 57 Id., at Id., at Id., at Id., at

21 Escobedo 62 Graham Escobedo Escobedo Miranda Miranda 63 5 Miranda Graham Warren 5 Miranda 61 Escobedo Escobedo 378 U.S., at Graham, supra note 44, at U.S., at 461. 三六

22 三 Bram v. United States 64 Zing Sung Wan v. United States Malloy v. Hogan 67 Twining 5 68 Graham Miranda Miranda Escobedo Escobedo Miranda 69 Escobedo Escobedo Escobedo U.S U.S Graham 2 MaNabb-Mallory See, McNabb v. United States, 318 U.S Mallory v. United States, 354 U.S Twining 5 See, Twining v. New Jersey, 211 U.S 五Graham, supra note 44, at U.S Graham, supra note 44, at U.S., at 465 n Graham, supra note 44, at 72.

23 Graham Miranda Miranda 71 Graham Escobedo Miranda Escobedo Escobedo 6 5 Escobedo Miranda Escobedo 6 Graham the focus test the custody test Graham Miranda 三四71 Graham, supra note 44, at

24 三 prosecution 4 4 三Graham 5 A custodial interrogation 5 criminal case criminal B custodial interrogation 5 criminal case C custodial interrogation D contempt Miranda E Miranda Escobedo 5 5 Graham A E A E U.S., at Graham, supra note 44, at Id.

25 A Miranda 6 Escobedo B criminal case civil case Miranda C Massiah v. United States 75 D compulsion coercion-compulsionignorance-compulsion 三二 U.S

26 三 Miranda Escobedo 5 focus 76 E Graham Mirada custodial interrogation custody interrogation Stewart focus custody interrogation Goldberg 2 focuscustody interrogation Escobedo focus purpose focus focus custody 76 Graham, supra note 44, at

27 interrogation 3 3 custody interrogation Graham 77 Miranda custodial interrogation Miranda Escobedo Miranda Escobedo Miranda custodial interrogation 78 custodial interrogation 79 Escobedo Escobedo Miranda custody custody Dorado custody interrogation 三〇77 Id., at Yale Kamisar Kaimisar, supra note 3, at U.S., at 444, note 4.

28 二custody custody Massiah custody Graham custodial interrogation non- custodial interrogation interrogation the focus test the custody test 81 A custody focus custody focus 九80 focus Graham Stewart Graham, supra note 44, at Id., at U.S Massiah Escobedo Graham 3 focus 80 custody Wong Sun v. United States 82

29 focus custody focus B focus custody Stewart focus Massiah Graham focuscustody interrogation Graham custodial non-custodial 二八

30 二 interrogation Massiah Miranda Miranda custody interrogation Massiah Massiah Miranda 5 Escobedo 6 Graham interrogation Massiah Massiah Graham 七Graham Miranda Graham Graham focus custody interrogation