Partiklar från förbränningsmotorer lagkrav, orsaker, åtgärder och mätmetoder

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1 Partiklar från förbränningsmotorer lagkrav, orsaker, åtgärder och mätmetoder Luftvårdsföreningens seminarium om partiklar i utomhusluft Jan Gåsste AVL Nordiska

2 The Company AVL is the world s largest private and independent company developing powertrain systems with internal combustion engines along with instrumentation and test systems. 2

3 Our Experience for Your Success AVL founded years experience ~ employees worldwide, where of ~ in Graz Involved in more than 1000 engine development projects More than 3,500 engine test bed installations 3

4 AVL COVERS ALL CUSTOMER SEGMENTS Engineering Passenger Cars 2-Wheelers Racing Simulation Construction Agriculture Commercial Vehicle Testing Locomotive Marine Power Plants 4

5 Manage Electrification Optimize Interactions IC Engine Battery Transmission Electric Motor Control Strategy 5

6 AVL in Scandinavia AVL MTC, Haninge AVL SPEAB, Södertälje 6

AVL in Scandinavia AVL Nordiska Founded 1986 AVL

founded 2008 after take over of GMPT-S s Engine

Södertälje and Gothenburg Notified Technical

TRIAS (2000), ISO 17025 (2001), & ISO 9001 2000

7 AVL in Scandinavia AVL Nordiska Founded 1986 AVL MTC AB - Founded 1988 In the AVL-group 2002 SPEAB founded 2008 after take over of GMPT-S s Engine Development in Södertälje Situated in Haninge, Södertälje and Gothenburg Notified Technical Service Holder of Significant Accreditations Japan TRIAS (2000), ISO (2001), & ISO (2001) ~ 190 Persons Employed AVL MTC, Haninge AVL SPEAB, Södertälje 7

8 Människan har påverkat atmosfären ända sedan vi upptäckte elden 8

9 Universal Human Rights The General Assembly of the United Nations proclaimed in 1948 the Universal Declaration of Human rights. Article 25 declares that "Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being...". Human beings need a regular supply of food, water and a continuous supply of air (10-20 m3 per day). All humans should have free access to air, water and food of acceptable quality, as fundamental human right. 9

10 Lagkrav 10

Standards) Argentina, Australia and Hong Kong have allowed in the past US or EU standards and move to EU only.

11 EMISSION REGULATION Worldwide Trends There are 3 different emission standards in use worldwide. European USA Japanese Most countries worldwide implement the EU standards Asia-Pacific uses EU Standards (only Taiwan has US Standards) Argentina, Australia and Hong Kong have allowed in the past US or EU standards and move to EU only. USA, Canada and some countries in South America implement US standards. Japanese emission standard are used only in Japan Long-term also Japan may implement once world harmonized emission standards (WHDC). 11

12 Emissionslagstiftning Light Duty (g/km) (taget från Diesel Tier Date CO (g/km) HC (g/km) NMHC (g/km) HC+NOx (g/km) NOx (g/km) PM (g/km) Smoke (me-1) Euro , ,97-0, Euro 2, IDI , ,70-0, Euro 2, DI , ,90-0, Euro , ,56 0,50 0, Euro , ,30 0,25 0, Euro 5a , ,23 0,18 0, PN (Nb/km) Euro 5b/b , ,23 0,18 0,0045-6*10e11 Euro , ,17 0,08 0,0045-6*10e11 Tier Petrol (Gasoline) Date European Light Duty Emission Regulation CO (g/km) HC (g/km) NMHC (g/km) HC+NOx (g/km) NOx (g/km) PM (g/km) Smoke (me-1) Euro , , Euro , , Euro ,30 0, , Euro ,00 0, , Euro 5a ,00 0,10 0,068-0,06 0, Euro 5b/b ,00 0,10 0,068-0,06 0, PN (Nb/km) Euro ,00 0,10 0,068-0,06 0, TBD 12

13 Emissionslagstiftning Heavy Duty (g/kwh) (taget från Tier Date CO (g/kwh) HC (g/kwh) NMHC (g/kwh) NH3 (ppm) NOx (g/kwh) PM (g/kwh) Smoke (me-1) Euro I <85kW ,50 1, ,00 0, Euro I >85kW ,50 1, ,00 0, Euro II ,00 1, ,00 0, Euro II ,00 1, ,00 0, Euro III EEV only ,50 0, ,00 0,02 0,15 - Euro III ,10 0, ,00 0,10 0,80 - Euro IV ,50 0, ,50 0,02 0,50 - Euro V ,50 0, ,00 0,02 0,50 - PN (Nb/kWh) Euro VI ,50 0,13-10,00 0,40 0,01-8*10e11 Tier Date Transient (III-V: ETC, VI: WHTC) European Heavy Duty Diesel Emission Regulation Steady State (I & II: ECE R-49, III-V: ESC & ELR, VI: WHSC) CO (g/kwh) CH4 (g/kwh) NMHC (g/kwh) NH3 (ppm) NOx (g/kwh) PM (g/kwh) Smoke (me-1) Euro III EEV only ,00 0,65 0,40-2,00 0, Euro III ,45 1,60 0,78-5,00 0, Euro IV ,00 1,10 0,55-3,50 0, Euro V ,00 1,10 0,55-2,00 0, PN (Nb/kWh) Euro VI ,00 0,50 0,16 10,00 0,46 0,01-6*10e11 13

Sea coal - a soft coal from the coast of England, which was very smoky when

14 First Emission Regulations The control of air pollution is not new: England s Edward the First in 1273 banned the use of sea coal. Sea coal - a soft coal from the coast of England, which was very smoky when burned. And if you thought air pollution laws are strict today: In 1307, a blacksmith was hanged for using sea coal! 14

15 Förbränning (Hur emissioner uppstår och vad de består av) 15

16 Förbränning Bränsle Förbränningens uppgift är att omvandla bränslets lagrade kemiska energi till värmeenergi. Oxidationsmedel För att åstadkomma detta måste normalt följande tre saker vara närvarande: Tändkälla 16

17 Restprodukter vid förbränning Vid all förbränning av kolväten i luft bildas i huvudsak vattenånga och koldioxid. I mindre mängder bildas även andra mer oönskade restprodukter. C x H y + luft (N 2 + O 2 ) N 2 + CO 2 + H O 2 + 1% oönskade restprodukter (HC+ NO x + CO + partiklar) Ex: vid förbränning av 1 kilo bensin bildas c:a 1 kg vatten och c:a 3 kg koldioxid Förutom partiklarna är de gasformiga restprodukter vi intresserar oss mest för: Kolväten (HC) även benämnt totalkolväten Kväveoxider (NO X ) Kolmonoxid (CO) Dessutom är koldioxid (CO 2 ) som bekant som växthusgas av stort intresse 17

18 Avgasernas beståndsdelar vid Dieseldrift Luft Avgaser Bränsle 18

19 Koncentration HC Dieselförbränning NOx PM 1 Lambda CO Dieselmotorer 20

20 NOx-PM Trade Off Vid utvecklingen av dieselmotorer får man alltid göra en kompromiss mellan utsläpp av NOx och av partiklar. 22

21 Diesel Partikelemissioner 23

22 PARTICLE GENERATION IN GENERAL 25

23 Schematic of Diesel Particulates and Vapor phase Compounds Source: SAE-Paper

24 Dieselpartiklarnas beståndsdelar Dieselpartiklarnas beståndsdelar varierar beroende på motor, bränsle och är till och med beroende på lasten! 27

25 Avgasefterbehandling m.a.p. partiklar 28

26 Scheme of a (cerium) DPF system control Source: Bosch, Corning Clean Diesel Workshop, Schloss Johannisberg,

27 CRT - Continuos Regenerating Trap 30

28 Partikelemissioner från direktinsprutade bensinmotorer - Utmaningen inför EURO 6 31

29 Total Particulate Number [# / km] Limit 5 [mg/km] CNG and best PFI engines show the path: it is mixture formation quality 1e+14 1e+13 To do: make homogeneous charge for turbulent premixed combustion 1e+12 Limit 5*10 11 [#/km] Benchmark T-GDI NEDC Results from current AVL investigation e+11 1e+10 0, PM mass [mg / km] CNG Gasoline MPI 1. Gen. GDI 2. Gen. GDI Diesel DPF Diesel Source: Vogt, 28. Wiener Motorensymposium 2007, Data from Ford (2007) and Anderson et al. (2004) 32

30 Particulate Number [# / km] 1e+14 1e+12 1e limits 1e+10 0, PM mass [mg / km] EURO 6 particulate emissions: Mixture formation is key to success We use diagnostics in Pre-development: optical engine Series development: multichannel spark plug sensors Calibration: pressure flame sensors 35

31 Mätteknik 36

32 Diesel Emission Measuring Systems Opacimeter Particle Counter Smoke Meter Fuel/HC Sulphates Black smoke (Soot C ) Blue smoke ( HC Vapor) White smoke ( water Vapor) Brown smoke ( NO2) Soot (Carbon C ) Water Others Elementary Carbon Lubricating Oil/HC Metal Constant Volume Sampling Partial Flow Dilution 37

33 Particulate Measurement: Gravimetric Full-Flow Dilution (CVS) Particulate Sampler (PSS) Partial-Flow Dilution Total Sampling Partial-Flow Dilution Partial-Flow Sampling Particulate Sampler (PSS) with Secondary Dilution 38

34 Particulate Measurement: Gravimetric 39

35 PARTICLE COUNTING - WHY? After a high efficiency DPF the mass emission is 10 times below the limit and can not easily be quantified. 41

36 THE AVL PARTICLE COUNTER: APC

37 conc. [#/ccm] APC RESULTS Vehicle without DPF 4,5E ,0E ,5E+07 3,0E ,5E speed [km/h] 2,0E ,5E ,0E+07 5,0E ,0E time [s] 0 43

38 conc. [#/ccm] APC RESULTS Vehicle with DPF 9,0E ,0E ,0E ,0E+04 5,0E speed [km/h] 4,0E ,0E ,0E+04 1,0E ,0E time [s] 44

39 Particulate: Micro Soot Sensor Micro Soot Sensor 45

Measuring principle (1) Modulated IR-Light Modulated Absorption Modulated Expansion Sample diluted exhaust (CVS, SPC, or Micro diluter) Exhaust gas will be directed through a measuring chamber and

40 Measuring principle (1) Modulated IR-Light Modulated Absorption Modulated Expansion Sample diluted exhaust (CVS, SPC, or Micro diluter) Exhaust gas will be directed through a measuring chamber and thermally animated by a modulated laser beam Lock-In Recording Sound Wave Acoustic detection by microphone Modulated heating produces periodic pressure pulsation, which will be detected by a microphone as acoustic wave The signal is amplified in a pre-amplifier and filtered in a Lock-In - amplifier. 46

41 On Board Measurements (PEMS) 54

42 Prov på väg Euro III High emitting Euro I 55

43 För mer information kontakta: Jan Gåsste Managing director AVL Nordiska P.O. Box 223, SE Haninge Sweden Phone: Direct: Home page: jan.gasste@avl.com 56

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