RAISING THE RETURNS FROM R&D Thomas Andersson November 24 IKED s areas of work include: Flagship publications Growth Policy issues in the Nordic countries, including: secretariat for Finance Ministers new economy project ; chairing innovation policy review in, action plan for a Norwegian Innovation Policy; Work on Commercialisation of University Research with Industry. Eastern Europe, the Baltics, Poland, Slovenia, Turkey towards competing in the Single Market ASEM-agenda, KBE in Asia, and ICT for development Dynamism in Latin American countries, from Chile to Cuba Regional Economic Cooperation; Cross-border Issues; Integration cross-border as in Öresund region World Competitiveness Proceedings: The Cluster Policies Whitebook ASEM Proceedings: Globalisation and ICT: The Role of Government, Private Sector and Civil Society in an Information Society for All Swedish Innovation Policy Review (IPE) Norwegian Policy Review: Towards a New Growth and Innovation Policy in The Baltic Countries and Poland: Towards effective policies for innovation and enterprise development in the Baltic Sea Region Handbook for Evaluation of Innovation Policy The Global Venture Capital Market and Challenges for individual countries
Shifting weights in the world economy 3 Percent of World GDP (PPP adjusted) 2 2 1 1 198 1981 USA EU * Data for Brunei not included in the aggregate of A.ASEM. Source: IMF World Economic Outlook (WEO) database. 1982 1983 1984 198 1986 1987 1988 1989 199 JAPAN A.ASEM* CHINA GERMANY FRANCE 1991 1992 1993 1994 199 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 4 High tech exports as share of total manufactured export 3 3 A.ASEM USA Per cent 2 2 1 1 World EU Countries in Eastern Europe Russian Federation 1992 1993 1994 199 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 Source: UNCTAD Technology Indicators Database.
R&D expenditure in relation to GDP 1981-21 Per cent of GDP Source: OECD MSTI, 24 R&D expenditure in relation to GDP 21 Source: OECD MSTI, 24
Institute R&D in relation to total R&D expenditure 21 Percent of total R&D 2 2 1 1 Norw ay Netherlands France Finland UK Sw eden Source: INNO & Technopolis "Benchmarking Technology R&D" 24 Scientific publications in internationally acknowledged journals 2 21 Number 2 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 Number of publications per million population Percentage of world total Per cent 4% 3% 3% 2% 2% 1% 1% % % Switzerland Israel Finland UK Netherlands Source: National Science Indicators (NSI) database, 22 Canada USA Austria France Ireland Spain Japan Italy Korea China
Number of triadic patents (USA, EU, Japan) per million inhabitants 1987-1998 Triadic patents per million inhabitants 13 12 11 1987 1993 1998 1 9 8 7 6 4 3 2 1 Switzerland Japan Finland USA Netherlands Israel France Austria UK Canada Source: OECD MSTI, 23 3 2 Economic turnover generated by products that are new to firms 2 Percent Total Manufacturing Services 2 1 1 Finland Spain Italy Source: Eurostat New Cronos database, 23 Portugal Austria France Netherlands Greece Luxembourg Iceland
3 Percent Economic turnover generated by products that are new to the market 2 2 2 Total Manufacturing Services 1 1 Finland Portugal Italy Spain Source: Eurostat New Cronos database, 23 France Austria Greece Luxembourg Iceland Abandoning the linear model Increased intensity in linkages through ICT Supply: R&D Innovations Demand: Market Ideas tecnologies Researchers Entrepreneurs Customers Competitors Source: IKED
3 Percent Percentage of active population engaged in starting new firms 23 2 2 1 1 Uganda Thailand Argentina Korea Brazil China Iceland Ireland Israel Hungary South Africa Poland Taiwan Croatia Russia Source: Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) 23 Lack of seed funding Public Gap Private Science Developm. Launching Expansion Established technology
Density Mapping of BITs Worldwide Number of BITs per country, January 23 1 to 3 31 to 6 61 to 9 > 91 High Application of Rule of Law Varies by Region (based on aggregation of surveys/polls 1997-99*) Index of Rule of Law Application Low Index OECD East Asia Middle East South Asia Eastern Europe Latin America Sub- Saharan Africa Former Soviet Union Note: Regional Averages shown for discussion purposes, and hide large intra-regional variation in each case. Thin vertical line reflects estimated margin of error. Source: Kaufmann, Kraay and Zoido-Lobaton (1999). "Aggregating Governance Indicators" and "Governance Matters" PWRP 219 and 2196. http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance
On Innovation Scientific basis - Academic credentials and openness - Critical mass, rigidity, niche players, Diffusion structure - Competence centres and industrial institutes - Professional services Industry-related features - R&D-intensity and linkages through internationalised business - SMEs, competence issues - Organisations versus individuals - Risk-reward ratio