Designerly ways of knowing: aspects. Designmetodik. Design. Design. Designers tackle 'ill-defined' problems.

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1 Designmetodik Bosse Westerlund Designerly ways of knowing: aspects Designers tackle 'ill-defined' problems. Design som aktivitet Ansatser och metoder Their mode of problem-solving is 'solutionfocused'. Their mode of thinking is 'constructive' abductive. They create real, whole artefacts. Design Design Industridesign, produktdesign vs. Interaktionsdesign vs. New Media Design concerns itself with the meanings artifacts can aquire by their users.!! (Klaus Krippendorff (1995) Redesigning Design, in Vihma, Design - Pleasure or Responsibility? and ) Henry Dreyfuss Raymond Loewy, Henry Dreyfuss

2 Ansatser 1/2 Ansatser 2/2 Kooperativa ansatser Expert Optimerande Innovativa Användarcentrerade marknadscentrerade triangulation: using more than one research approach to address the same question.! (Mackay, Wendy. 1997) Specifikationsdrivna prototypdrivna Produktivitetsorienterade lekfullare ansats Triangulerande Cultures of Prototyping Flyt (Fluency) Requirements vs. Prototypes, two duelling representations. Organizations intending to be innovative need to move from specification-driven prototypes to prototype-driven specifications. When the community of stakeholders... broadens...physical objects that help to bridge disciplinary and functional boundaries become more important.! Fluency... refers to the degree of gracefulness with which the user deals with multiple demands for her attention and action Jonas Löwgren (2007) Fluency as an Experiential Quality in Augmented Spaces in International Journal of Design, Vol. 1 No Look, Feel and Behaviour Schrage, M, (1996) Cultures of Prototyping in Bringing Design to Software, Terry Winograd, 1996 The Marble Answering Machine. Där inspelade meddelanden representeras av stenkulor. Durrell Bishop, RCA, 1992 The Marble Answering Machine. Där inspelade meddelanden representeras av stenkulor. Durrell Bishop, RCA, 1992

3 Interface the interface of persons and things. (Suchman 2007:259) the interface... as a relation enacted in a particular setting... that shifts over time. (Suchman 2007:259) continous reconfigurations Interfaces can be explained by the interactions between the human cognition and the physical properties of the artifacts handled. (Krippendorff 2006:78) The Ambient Umbrella. If rain is forecast, the handle of this umbrella glows so you won't forget it. Lucy Suchman (2007) Human-Machine reconfigurations Klaus Krippendorff (2006) The semantic turn Interaktionsdesign, definitioner Interaction Design (IxD) is the professional discipline that defines the behavior of interactive products and how products communicate their functionality to the people who use them. ( Men kan artefakter ha en egen vilja, kommunicera?? Joe Colombo Relation människa - artefakt - värld Don Ihde har skapat en modell o begrepp för relationer mellan människa och teknik. Han pekar ut tre - fyra skilda relationer, men det ska ses som ett kontinuerligt spektrum. (ur Verbeek, 2005) Maskinerna gjorde inte som användarna trodde - användarna förstod inte hur maskinerna skulle hanteras. Etnologer kallades in. Lucy Suchman

4 Relation människa - artefakt - värld Relation människa - artefakt - värld Relations of mediations embodied relation glasögon, blindkäpp,... hermeneutical relation termometer, klocka, webkamera,... Alterity relations biljettautomat,... (I technology) world I (technology world) I technology ( world) Readiness-to-hand Presence-at-hand Heidegger Background relations I ( technology/world) centralvärme,... Relation människa - artefakt - värld Artefakter kan dels betraktas ur sitt möjliggörande perspektiv, dvs hur de ger oss tillgång till världen: bilar, flygplan, teleskop... Hur blir andra närvarande för oss när vi har kontakt via telefon, e-post? Men tingen medierar också vår existens. Hur påverkar TVn vårt sätt att dela upp vår dag? På vilket sätt påverkar flygplan, bilar vårt sätt att organisera våra sociala relationer? Relation människa - artefakt - värld. Jan Chipchase, Nokia. på TED Teorier, modeller, begrepp, mer Affordance (Gibson) Affordance Constraints Mapping Feedback Breakdown Conceptual model Gibson (1979) originally coined the term to account for his observations that pilots, seeking to land their aircraft, look for and see in the surfaces they are exposed to not what it is but whether an aircraft is landable. Citat från Krippendorff i Objects and Images, Vihma (1992: 40). A relation between the pilot and the surface.

5 Affordance (Norman) Mapping... affordance refers to the perceived... properties of the thing, primarily those fundamental properties that determine just how the thing could possibly be used!... the relationship between two things, in this case between the controls and their movements and the results in the world. Donald Norman, The Design (Psychology) of Everyday Things, 1988: The holes in a pair of scissors are affordances: they allow the fingers to be inserted. The sizes of the holes provide constraints to limit the possible fingers. Bill Gaver et al., Drift Table, RCA, Equator! Steering a car or dialing *21* # Bill Gaver et al., Drift Table interliving Triangulering mellan olika metoder prober observationer intervjuer workshops teknik prober prototyper Bill Gaver et al., the Drift Table

6 Designprocess? Visual guidelines (example) I nästan all litteratur beskrivs designprocessen som linjär och ske i olika faser. (Naturvetenskapligt världsbild ofta kvantitativ och att det finns en objektiv sanning)... trots att det förefaller logiskt, finns inga bevis på att processen sker på detta sätt i verkligheten med framgångsrikt resultat (Lawson 2004:14) Integrerad lärandeprocess, med metodiskt arbete och bedömningar baserade på erfarenhet. A minimum of lines, instead use proximity and surfaces without borders to frame connected information, actions, etc. Align where reasonable (miss-alignment attracts attention) Use even spacing where reasonable (uneven spacing attracts attention) Gestalt principles : Proximity, Similarity, Continuity, Symmetry Use contrasting colours to attract attention. Not otherwise. Metoder Aspekter, tonvikt, ett möjligt sätt att se References Skapa idéer: skisser 2D 3D, brainstorm,... Utvidga idéer: frågor, system,... Prova: skisser/prototyper 2D 3D, testa, scenarios,... Se: observation, förfölja,... Fråga: 5 varför, bilddagbok, Critical Incident Technique,... Bedömma: plupp, love-hate, SWOT, tester, six thinking hats,... Överblick: mindmapping, andrahands research, funktionsanalys,... Buxton, Bill (2007) Sketching User Experiences: Getting the Design Right and the Right Design (2007) by Bill Buxton, Morgan Kauffman. A great book about the importance of exploring many different possibilities early on in projects with the help of sketches. Krippendorff, K. (2005) The semantic turn: new foundations for design, Boca Raton, Fla., CRC.! Lawson, B. (2004) What designers know, Oxford, Architectural Press. Löwgren, Jonas (2007) Fluency as an Experiential Quality in Augmented Spaces in International Journal of Design, Vol 1 (3) Moggridge, Bill (2006) Designing Interactions, MIT Press Donald Norman (1988) The Psychology of Everyday Things, (also published as: The Design of Everyday Things, New York, Basic Books Saffer, Dan (2006) Designing for Interaction, Creating Smart Applications and Clever Devices, A New Riders Book Schrage, M, (1996) Cultures of Prototyping in Bringing Design to Software, Terry Winograd, 1996 Lucy Suchman (2007) Human-Machine reconfigurations, Cambridge Verbeek, Peter-Paul (2005) What Things Do, Philosophical reflections on Technology, agency, and design Penn State Press.