TREATMENT CONDITIONS FOR THE REMOVAL OF CONTAMINANTS FROM ROAD RUNOFF. Magnus Hallberg. June 2007

Transkript

1 TREATMENT CONDITIONS FOR THE REMOVAL OF CONTAMINANTS FROM ROAD RUNOFF Magnus Hallberg June 2007 TRITA-LWR PHD 1032 ISSN ISRN KTH/LWR/PHD 1032-SE ISBN ISBN

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3 Treatment conditions for the removal of contaminants from road runoff ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Skanska and the Skanska PhD program have provided financial support for this work to help increase knowledge and competence in the construction field. I would like to express especial appreciation to Associate Prof. Kyösti Tuutti and Environmental Manager Johan Gerklev for their important support. I would also like to extend the same appreciation to Professor Björn Täljsten at the Technical University of Denmark. Financial support for the fieldwork has been received from the Office of Regional Planning and Urban Transportation in Stockholm (RTK), the Road Bridge and Tunnel Consortium (VBT) in cooperation with the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), the Swedish Road Administration in the Stockholm region, and the Swedish construction industry s organization for research and development-sbuf. The participants in the RTK stormwater and reference group have provided a valuable network for communicating results and important feedback. VBT has provided notable input during the seminars and the road group meetings. The support from Mr. Torbjörn Lundbom and the personnel at the Swedish Road Administration has been essential for the work by providing first hand access to the study sites and to traffic data. Two people have had to endure my many ideas, Mr. Bo Pettersson and Mr. Olli Kärki. Mr. Pettersson and I spent many evenings pondering construction and building the experimental equipment in Eugenia. Mr. Kärki has not only been exposed to diving in storm water basins in search of sediment traps but also provided skilled craftsmanship and good solutions during the difficult fieldwork. Also warm thoughts to my fellow colleagues at Land and Water Resource Engineering who have been exposed to my novel accent and furthermore the smell of cinnamon in the morning coffee. Moreover, thanks to Mr. Bertil Nilsson for his assistance with the monitoring equipments. I would also like to extend my thanks to Mrs. Gudrun Aldheimer and Mrs. Åsa Snith at Stockholm Vatten AB for their support. For review and comments on the work I would extend a thank you to Tech. Lic. Bernt Ericsson, Mr. Rolf Bergström, PhD Thomas Larm. The amount of data during the work has been extensive. Mr. Kjetil Sørhus has provided programming and good ideas for structuring the data and as my best friend he has had to put up with thoughts and changes during the strangest hours of the day. Thanks are also due to Prof. Jan Grandell for help with statistical problems and formula writing. Almost last, but not least I would like to extend a warm thank you and most sincere appreciation to my supervisor Associate Prof. Gunno Renman. In our work together Gunno s professionalism and positive commitment to research work has been invaluable as a constant source of encouragement for my thesis work. Last but absolutely furthest from the least I would like to extend a warm thank you to my girlfriend Monika Forsman. Monika has been valuable when elaborating on results and experiment since we also share the common ground of chemical engineering. But most importantly Monika, you have been a pillar in supporting me during the ups and downs of the work and endured my Skånska temper. Magnus Hallberg Stockholm April, 2007 iii

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5 Treatment conditions for the removal of contaminants from road runoff SUMMARY The pollutant load in road runoff is related to traffic densities and road maintenance activities. In urbanised areas treatment of road runoff is common and often considered necessary. The pollutants are partitioned between the particulate and dissolved matter. However, the contaminants tend to have an affinity to the particulate material. Sedimentation, the predominant treatment method for road runoff uses various types of ponds. Design tools used for stormwater treatment systems are based on extensive data from existing treatment systems. The variations in the empirical data make it difficult when attempting to evaluate precise conditions for pollutant removal and thereby minimising the land use for a treatment facility. This is a concern in highly urbanised areas where land use often is restricted. In this work, field studies were conducted in three separate watersheds along the same motorway with an annual average daily traffic exceeding 120,000 vehicles. The aim was to assess treatment conditions for the removal of contaminants from road runoff. The study of mass transport of total suspended solids used the EU Directive (1991/271/EEC) discharge requirement for urban wastewater treatment: 60 mg/l during winter and summer. The results showed that a capture of the total runoff volume was necessary during both seasons. Ten metals (Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn), as dissolved and particulate bound, were studied in the road runoff during a winter season and the following summer period. The dissolved part of Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Mn, and Ni was significantly higher in winter. The mass concentration (mg/kg) for all metals was significantly higher over the summer except for Al and Co, which showed a higher mass concentration during the winter. The total metal concentration showed a good correlation to total suspended solids (TSS) during winter with exception for Cd. Good correlation to TSS was also found for the summer period for Al, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn. A simple model could describe sedimentation by the initial concentration of TSS, albeit road salt (NaCl) had a significant impact on the sedimentation process during winter. Removal of dissolved metals was studied by column experiments using water granulated blast furnace slag. The result showed good removal for Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn independent of NaCl concentrations. Sediment accumulation (mg sediment/mm precipitation) was relatively consistent for the studied summer seasons as opposed to winter. The sediment differed in metal mass concentrations (mg/kg) between the seasons. Concentrations of Cu and Zn were high in regard to the guidelines for sensitivity of sediment dwelling organisms and Swedish guidelines for contaminated soils. The findings suggest that the entire runoff volume must be captured for treatment. The reduction of TSS concentration could be estimated for a specific surface load (m/h). This would also apply for majority of the studied metals that correlated well to the particulate material. Reactive filter technology using water granulated blast furnace slag could be applied for treatment of runoff for the reduction of dissolved metals. However, long-term studies are necessary for its practical implementation. Furthermore; the work shows that on-line turbidity measurements could be used for expedient process control for treatment facilities in similar watersheds dominated by roads. The work could be used together with existing design methods and models to evaluate and optimise road runoff treatment. v

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7 Treatment conditions for the removal of contaminants from road runoff SAMMANFATTNING Förutsättningar för behandling av dagvatten vid avskiljning av föroreningar Föroreningsbelastningen i vägdagvatten är beroende av trafikbelastningen och vägunderhållet. I urbaniserade områden är behandling av dagvatten vanlig och ofta bedömd nödvändig. Föroreningarna är lösta och partikulära, men har vanligen en affinitet till det partikulära materialet. Den förhärskande behandlingsmetoden för dagvatten är sedimentering, vanligen i dammar. Designmodellerna bygger på data från olika befintliga dagvattenanläggningar. Det varierande ursprunget till det empiriska underlaget medför svårighet att precist värdera designförutsättningarna och således minimera behandlingsanläggningens storlek. I förtätad stadsmiljö, där tillgång på mark är begränsad, kan detta vara ett problem. I detta arbete har fältförsök genomförts i tre avrinningsområden vilka domineras av en motorled med en årlig dygnstrafik större än 120,000 fordon för att utvärdera behandlingsförutsättningar för vägdagvatten. Masstransporten av suspenderat material (SS) utvärderades utifrån EU Direktivet (1991/271/EEC) och gränsvärdet för avloppsvatten på 60 mg/l under vinter och sommar. Studien visade att hela avrinningsvolymen bör behandlas oberoende av säsong. Fördelningen mellan partikulärt och löst material studerades för tio metaller (Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) under vinter och sommar. Den lösta delen av Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Mn och Ni var signifikant högre under vintern. Den partikulära koncentrationen (mg/kg) för samtliga metaller var högre under sommaren med undantag för Al och Co vilka förekom i högre halter under vintern. Totalhalten (μg/l) av metallerna korrelerade väl med SS under vintern med undantag för Cd. Likaledes uppvisade resultaten en god korrelation mellan SS och Al, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni och Zn under sommaren. Sedimenteringsegenskaperna kunde beskrivas med en enkel modell utifrån koncentration av SS, men förhöjda halter av vägsalt (NaCl) befanns påverka sedimenteringen under vintern. Reduktion av lösta metaller studerades i pilotförsök med vattenkyld granulerad masugnsslagg. God avskiljning erhölls för Cd, Cu, Ni och Zn oberoende av förhöjda halter av vägsalt. Ackumulering av sediment (mg sediment/mm nederbörd) befanns vara konstant under sommaren i motsats till studerade vinterperioder. Sedimentkoncentrationerna av Cu och Zn var förhöjda med avseende på riktlinjer för känslighet hos sedimentlevande organismer samt för återanvändning av slam. Resultaten visar att hela avrinningsvolymen måste behandlas. Reduktion av SS samt huvuddelen av metallerna, vilka visade god korrelation till det partikulära materialet, kan skattas utifrån en specifik ytbelastning (m/h). Reduktion av lösta metaller kan ske med granulerad masugnsslagg, dock bör långtidsstudier genomföras. Vidare visar studien på möjligheten att nyttja kontinuerlig turbiditetsmätning för en effektiv och praktisk processkontroll i reningsanläggningar för liknande avrinningsområden med hög trafikbelastning. Resultaten av arbetet kan användas för bedömning och optimering av vägdagvattenbehandling tillsammans med existerande designmetoder och modeller. vii

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9 Magnus Hallberg TRITA LWR PHD Thesis 1032 Cristina C., Tramonte J., Sansalone J.J. (2002) A granulometry-based selection methodology for separation of traffic-generated particles in urban snowmelt runoff, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 136:33-53 Deletic A. (1998) The First Flush Load of Urban Surface Runoff, Water Research, 32: Dimitrova S.V. (2002) Use of granular slag columns for lead removal, Water Research, 36: Dimitrova S.V., Mehanjiev D.R. (2000) Interaction of blast-furnace slag with heavy metal ions in water solutions, Water Research, 34(6): Dimitrova S.V., Mehandgiev D.R. (1998) Lead removal from aqueous solutions by granulated blast furnace slag, Water Research, 32 (11): Dimitrova S.V. (1996) Metal sorption on blast-furnace slag, Water Research, 30(1): Durand C., Ruban V., Legret M. (2004) Physicochemical characterisation of sediments from two retention/infiltration ponds: Wissous (urban) and Ronchin (road), Bulletin Des Laboratores Ponts et Chaussees, Folkeson L. (2005) Dispersal and effects of heavy metals from roads and road traffic Literature survey, VTI Rapport 512 (In Swedish) Färm C. (2003a) Constructed Filters and Detention Ponds for Metal Reduction in Storm Water, Doctoral Thesis, Mälardalens Högskola Färm C. (2003b) Investigation of detention system for stormwater runoff regarding maintenance, operation and handling, 1 st Intl. Conf. on Urban Drainage and Highway Runoff in Cold Climate, Riksgränsen Sweden, Färm C. (2001) Accumulation of sediment and heavy metals in a storm-water detention pond, Proceedings NOVATECH 2001, 4 th International conference on innovative technologies in urban drainage, Lyon-Villeurbanne, France, June 2001, Garyson R.B., Finlayson B.L., Gippel C.J., Hart B.T. (1996) The Potential of Field Turbidity Measurements for the Computation of Total Phosphorous and Suspended Solids Loads, Journal of Environmental Management, 47: German J. (2003) Reducing Stormwater Pollution Performance of Retention Ponds and Street Sweeping, Doctoral Dissertion Chalmers Institute of Technology Glenn D.W., Sansalone J.J. (2002) Accretion and Partitioning of Heavy Metals Associated with Snow Exposed to Urban Traffic and Winter Storm Maintenance Activities II, Journal of Environmental Engineering, 128 (2): GPMAS (1993) Guidelines for the protection and management of aquatic sediment quality in Ontario, Canada Grant S.B., Rekhi N.V., Pise N.R, Reeves R.L., Matsumoto M., Wistrom A., Moussa L., Bay S., Kayhanian M. (2003) A review of the contaminants and toxicity associated with particles in stormwater runoff, California Department of Transportation, Report CRSW-RT Gromaire-Mertz M.C., Garnaud S., Gonzales A., Chebbo G. (1999) Characterisation of urban runoff pollution in Paris, Water Science and Technology, 39:1-8 Grottker M. (1990) Pollutant removal by gully pots in different catchment areas, The Science of the Total Environment, 93: Guo J.C.Y., Urbonas B. (1996) Maximized detention volume determined by runoff capture ratio, Journal of water Resources Planning and Management, 122:

10 Treatment conditions for the removal of contaminants from road runoff Gustafsson M., Blomqvist G., Dahl A., Gudmundsson A., Ljungman A., Lindbom J., Rudell B., Swietlicki E. (2005) VTI Rapport 520 Inhalable particles from the interaction between tyres, road pavement and friction materials Final report from the WearTox project (In Swedish) Hallberg M. and Renman G. (2007) Reactive filters for removal of dissolved metals in highway runoff, Proceedings of 8 th International Symposium on the Highway and Urban Environment (eds. Morrison G. and Rauch S.), Springer Science, in press Hallberg M., Renman G., Lundbom T. (2007) Seasonal Variations of Ten Metals in Highway Runoff and their Partition between Dissolved and Particulate Matter, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, in press (Published on-line Dec. 2006) Hallberg M. (2006) Suspended Solids and Metals in Highway Runoff Implications for Treatment systems, Licentiate Thesis, Royal Institute of Technology Hallberg M., and Renman G. (2006) Assessment of Suspended solids concentration in highway runoff and its treatment implication, Environmental Technology, 27: Hares R.J., Ward N.I. (1999) Comparison of the heavy metal content of motorway stormwater following discharge into wet biofiltration and dry detention ponds along the London Orbital (M25) motorway, The Science of the Total Environment, 235: Hedlund S. (1995) The influence of road deicing salts on motor vehicle corrosion Follow-up of the project MINSALT Gotland, Korrosionsinstitutet Rapport 1995:4 Hewitt C.N., Rashed M.B. (1990) An integrated budget for selected pollutants for a major rural highway, The Science of the Total Environment, 93: Hoffman E.J., Latimer J.S. Hunt C.D., Mills G.L., Quinn J.G. (1985) Stormwater runoff from highways, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 25: Hogland W., Niemczynowicz C., Wahlman T. (1987) The unit superstructure during the construction period, The Science of the Total Environment, 59: Hvitved-Jacobsen T, Yousef YA. (1991) Highway runoff quality, environmental impacts and control. In: Hamilton RS, Harrison RM, editors. Highway pollution. Elsevier, 1991: Jacobson, T. and Hornwall F. (1999) Dubbslitage på asfaltbeläggning Sammanställning av resultat från provvägar och kontrollsträckor Väg- och Transportforskningsinstitutet 1999; VTI meddelande 862 (In Swedish) Jacobson, T. (1994) Undersökning av slitlagerbeläggningars resistens mot dubbade däck i VTI:s provmaskin. Väg- och Transportforskningsinstitutet 1994; VTI meddelande 732 (In Swedish) Kietlinska A., Renman G. (2005) An evaluation of reactive filter media for treating landfill leachate, Chemosphere, 61: Kobriger, N.P., Geinopolos, A. (1984) Volume III Sources and migration of highway runoff pollutants Research report, Federal Highway Administration, Report No. FHWA/RD- 84/059 Krishnappan B.G., Marsalek J., Watt W.E., Anderson B.C. (1999) Seasonal size distributions of suspended solids in a stormwater management pond, Water Science and Technology, 39: Kupiainen K., Tervahattu H., Räisänen M. (2003) Experimental studies about the impact of traction sand on urban road dust composition, The Science of the Total Environment, 308: Kupiainen K., Tervahattu H. (2005) Size and Composition of Airborne Particles from Pavement Wear, Tires, and Traction Sanding, Environmental Science and Technology, 39:

11 Magnus Hallberg TRITA LWR PHD Thesis 1032 Kängsepp P., Hogland W., Mathiasson L. (2003) An industrial leachate treatment system based on the filter bed-technique, Proceedings Sardinia 2003, 9 th International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, Cagliari, Italy, 6-10 October, p. 278 Larm T. (2000) Watershed-based design of stormwater treatment facilities: model development and applications. Doctoral Thesis, TRITA-AMI PHD 1038, Royal Institute of Technology 2000 Larm T. (2007) An operative watershed management model for estimating actual acceptable pollutant loads on receiving waters and for the design of the corresponding required treatment facilities, StomTac v , Lau Y.L., Marsalek J., Rochfort Q. (2000) Use of a Biofilter for Treatmetnt of Heavy Metals in Highway Runoff, Water Quality Research Journal Canada, 35: Lee J.H., K.W. Bang K.W., Ketchum L.H., Choe J.S., Yu M.J. (2002) First flush analysis of urban storm runoff, The Science of the Total Environment, 293: Lee J.H., Bang K.W. (2000) Characterization of Urban Stormwater Runoff, Water Research, 34: Legret M., Colandini V. (1999) Effects of a porous pavement with reservoir structure on runoff water: Water quality and fate of heavy metals, Water Science and Technology, 39(2): Legret M., Nicollet M. Miloda P., Colandini V., Rimbault G. (1999) Simulation of heavy metal pollution from stromwater infiltration through a porous pavement with reservoir structure, Water Science and Technology, 39(2): Legret M., Pagotto C. (1999) Evaluation of pollutant loadings in the runoff waters from a major rural highway, The Science of the Total Environment, 235: Li Y., Lau S-L., Kayhanian M. Stenstrom K. (2005) Particle Size Distribution in Highway Runoff, Journal of Environmental Engineering (ASCE), 131: Lindgren Å. (1998) Road Construction Materials as a source of Pollutants, Doctoral Thesis, Luleå University of Technology Lopez J.M., Callen M.S., Murillo R., Garcia T., Navarro M.V., de la Cruz M.T., Mastral A.M. (2005). Levels of selected metals in ambient air PM10 in an urban site of Zaragoza (Spain), Environmental Research, 99: Lundberg K., Carling M. Lindmark P. (1999) Treatment of highway runoff: a study of three detention ponds, The Science of the Total Environment, 235: Lygren E., Gjessing E., Berglind L. (1984) Pollutant transport from Highway, The Science of the Total Environment, 33: Marsalek J. (2003) Road salts in urban stormwater: an emerging issue in stormwater management in cold climates, Water Science and Technology, 48:61-70 Marsalek J. (1995) Stormwater pond sediments: Characteristics, removal and disposal, Presented at the Stormwater Management Monitoring and Maintenance Seminar, May 9, Toronto, Canada, Marsalek J., Marsalek P.M. (1997) Characteristics of sediments from a stormwater management pond, Water Science and Technology, 36: Marsalek P.M., Watt W.E., Marsalek J., Anderson B.C. (2003) Winter operation of an on-stream stormwater management pond, 1 st International conference on Urban Highway Drainage and Highway Runoff in Cold Climate, Riksgränsen, Sweden, March 2003 Muschak W., (1990) Pollution of Street Run-off by traffic and local Conditions, The Science of the Total Environment, 93:

12 Treatment conditions for the removal of contaminants from road runoff Pagotto C., Legret M., Le Cloirec P. (2000) Comparison of the hydraulic behaviour and the quality of highway runoff water according to the type of pavement, Water Research, 34: Pavanelli D., Bigi A. (2005) Indirect Methods to Estimate Suspended Solids Sediment Concentration: Reliability and Relationship of Turbidity and Settleable Solids, Biosystems Engineering, 90(1):75-83 Pettersson, T. (1999) Stormwater Ponds for Pollution Reduction. Dissertation no 14, Department of Sanitary Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg. Pettersson T. (1998) Water Quality Improvement in a Small Stormwater Detention Pond, Water Science and Technology, 38: Polkowska Z., Zabiegala B., Gorecki T., Namiesnik J. (2005) Contamination of Runoff Waters from Roads with High Traffic Instensity in the Urban Region of Gdansk, Poland, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 14: Preciado H.F., Li L.Y. (2006) Evaluation of metal loadings and bioavailability in air, water and soil along two highways of British Columbia, Canada, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 172: Randall W.C., Ellis K., Grizzard J.T., Knocke W.R. (1982) Urban Runoff Pollutant Removal by Sedimentation, Stormwater Detention Facilities, Proceeding from Conference on Stormwater Facilities, ASCE Reinosdotter K., Viklander M., (2005) A comparison of snow quality in two Swedish municipalities Luleå and Sundsvall, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 167: 3-16 Renman G, Hallberg M, Kocyba J. (2007). Cleaning of highway runoff using a reactive filter treatment plant a pilot-scale column study. Proceedings of 8th International Symposium on the Highway and Urban Environment (eds. Morrison G. and Rauch S.), Springer Science, in press. Roger S., Montrejaud-Vignoles M., Andral M.C., Herremans L. Fortune J.P. (1998) Mineral, Physical and Chemical Analysis of the Solid Matter Carried by Motorway Runoff Water, Water Research, 32: Sansalone J.J, Glenn D.W. (2002) Accretion of Pollutants in Snow Exposed to Urban Traffic and Winter Storm Maintenance Activities. I, Journal of Environmental Engineering (ASCE), 128: Sansalone J.J. Glenn D.W. (2000) Temporal Variations in Heavy Metal Partitioning and Loading in Urban Highway Pavement Sheet Flow Implications for In Situ Treatment Design, Transportation Research Record 1720, Paper No Sansalone J. Triboullard T. (1999) Variations in Characteristics of Abraded Roadway Particles as a Function of Particle Size Implications for Water Quality and Drainage, Transportation Research Record 1690, Paper No , Sansalone J.J., Koran J.M., Smithson J.A., Buchberger S.G. (1998) Physical Characteristics of Urban Roadway Solids Transported during Rain Events, Journal of Environmental Engineering, 124: Sansalone J.J., Buchberger S.G. (1997a) Characterization of solid and metal element distribution in urban highway stormwater, Water Science Technology, 36: Sansalone J.J., Buchberger S.G. (1997b) Partitioning and First Flush of Metals in Urban Roadway Stormwater, Journal of Environmental Engineering, 23: SEPA (1999) Bedömningsgrunder för miljökvalitet, Sjöar och vattendrag, kemikaliska och fysikaliska parametrar, Naturvårdsverket, Rapport 4920 (In Swedish) SEPA (1997) Generella riktvärden för förorenad mark, Naturvårdsverket, Rapport 4638 (In Swedish) 33

13 Magnus Hallberg TRITA LWR PHD Thesis 1032 Semadeni-Davies A. (2006) Winter performance of an urban stormwater pond in southern Sweden, Hydrological Processes, 20: Shinya M., Tsuchinaga T., Kitano M., Yamada Y., Ishikawa M. (2000) Characterisation of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban highway runoff, Water Science and Technology, 42: Scheuler (1987) Controlling urban runoff: A Practical Manual for Planning and Designing Urban BMPs, Washington Metropolitan Water Resources Planning Board, Washington, USA Shutes R.B.E., Revitt D.M., Lagerberg I.M., Barraud V.C.E. (1999) The design of vegetative constructed wetlands for the treatment of highway runoff, The Science of the Total Environment, 235: SLB (2004) Partiklar i stadsmiljö källor, halter och olika åtgärders effekt mätt som PM10 Slutrapportering av FoU projekt, SLB Rapport 4:2004 (In Swedish) Starzec P., Lind B.B., Lanngren A. Lindgren Å., Svenson T. (2005) Technical and environmental functioning of detention ponds for the treatment of highway and road runoff, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 163: Stead-Dexter K., Ward N.I., (2004) Mobility of heavy metals within freshwater sediments affected by motorway stormwater, The Science of the Total Environment, : Stockholm Vatten (2007) SORBUS Reninsganläggning för dagvatten, Rapport nr Stockholm Vatten (2002) Klassificering av dagvatten och recipienter samt riktlinjer för reningskrav Del 3 Rening av dagvatten (In Swedish) Stockholm Vatten (2001a) Klassificering av dagvatten och recipienter samt riktlinjer för reningskrav Del 2 Reningskrav och Dagvattenklassificering (In Swedish) Stockholm Vatten (2001b) Rapport 14/2001, Dagvatten Norra Länkens avsättningsmagasin (In Swedish) Stockholm Vatten (2000) Klassificering av dagvatten och recipienter samt riktlinjer för reningskrav Del 1 Recipientklassificering (In Swedish) Stone M., Marsalek J. (1996) Trace metal composition and speciation in street sediment: Sault Ste. Marie, Canada, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 87: Sriyaraj K., Shutes R.B.E. (2001) An assessment of the impact of motorway runoff on a pond, wetland and streatm, Environmental International, 26: Suk N.S., Guo Q., Psuty N.P. (1998) Feasibility of Using a Turbidimeter fo Quantify Suspended Solids Concentration in a Tidal Salt Marsh Creek, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 46: Takada H., Onda T., Harada M., Ogura N. (1991) Distribution and sources of polycyclic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in street dust from the Tokyo Metropolitan area, The Science of the Total Environment, 107:45-69 Teng Z., Sansalone J. (2004) In Situ Partial Exfiltration of Rainfall Runoff. II: Particle Separation, Journal of Environmental Engineering (ASCE), 130(9): Tenney S., Malina P.E., Randall J., Charbenau P.E, Ward G. (1995) An evaluation of highway runoff filtrations systems, Technical Report CRWR 265, Center for research in water resources, The University of Texas at Austing Thomson N.R., McBean E.A., Snodgrass W., I.B., Monstrenko (1997) Highway Stormwater Runoff Quality: Development of Surrogate Parameter Relationships, Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 94: UK Environmental Agency (2003) The Long Term Monitoring of Pollution from Highway Runoff: Final Report, R&D Technical Report P2-038/TR1 34

14 Treatment conditions for the removal of contaminants from road runoff Urbonas B., Stahre P. (1993) Stormwater Best Management Practices and Detention for Water Quality, Drainage and CSO Management, PTR Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Yersey USEPA (2005) Report National Management Measures to Control Nonpoint Source Pollution from Urban Areas, EPA-841-B-05 Viklander M. (1997) Snow Quality in Urban Areas, Luleå. Luleå Technical University. Doctoral thesis 1997:21. Vikström M., Gustafsson L.G., German J., Svensson G. (2004) Reduction of pollutants in stormwater ponds governing parameters and method for evaluation, VA-Forsk rapport Nr (In Swedish) Vägverket (2007) Uppföljning av Fredhällsmagasinet november 2004 till augusti 2005, Swedish Road Administration, Publikation 2007:18 (In Swedish) Walker W.W. (1987) Phosphorous removal by urban runoff detention basins, Lake and Reservoir Management, 3: Westerlund C., Viklander M., Bäckström M. (2003) Seasonal variations in Road Runoff Quality in Luleå, Sweden, International Conference on Urban Drainage and Highway Runoff in Cold Climate, Westerlund C., Viklander M. (2006) Particles and associated metals in road runoff during snowmelt and rainfall, The Science of the Total Environment, 362: Whipple W., Hunter V.J. (1981) Settleability of urban runoff pollution, Water Pollution Control Federation Journal, 53: Xanthopolus C., Hahn H. H. (1990) Pollutants attached to particles from drainage areas, The Science of the Total Environment, 93: Yousef, Y.A., Hvitved-Jacobsen T., Harper H.H., LIN L.Y. (1990), Heavy metal accumulation and transport through detention ponds receiving highway run-off, The Science of the Total Environment, 93: Yousef Y.A., Lin L., Lindeman W., Hvitved-Jacobsen T. (1994a) Transport of heavy metals through accumulated sediments in wet ponds, The Science of the Total Environment, 146/147: Yousef Y.A., Hvitved-Jacobsen T., Sloat J., Lindeman W. (1994b) Sediment accumulation in detention or retention ponds, The Science of the Total Environment, 146/147: Yousef, Y.A., Baker D.M., Hvitved-Jacobsen T. (1996) Modeling and impact of metal accumulation in bottom sediments of wet ponds, The Science of the Total Environment, 189/190:

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