Uncertainties of room average sound pressure levels measured in the field according to the draft standard ISO

Transkript

1 Uncertainties of room average sound pressure levels measured in the field according to the draft standard ISO Experiences from a few case studies Christian Simmons AkuLite Report 3 SP Report 2012:28

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3 Uncertainties of room average sound pressure levels measured in the field according to the draft standard ISO Experiences from a few case studies Christian Simmons

4 Abstract Results according to a new draft ISO standard for measuring sound pressure levels are presented. The proposed methods are based on various spatial sampling techniques, where a microphone is moved continuously or kept steady at fixed positions in different parts of the room. The uncertainty of the average is to a large extent related to the ability of the sampling method to sample sound pressure levels uniformly from all parts of the room. The uncertainties of the simplified methods of the draft standard have been estimated empirically by means of measurements made in five rooms with different acoustic conditions. The result of each type of simplified method is compared to an average of sound pressures recorded in a dense mesh of microphone positions throughout the permitted space in the same room. These results are also being submitted to Noise Control Engineering Journal. Key words: building acoustics, ISO 140, ISO , measurement uncertainty SP Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden SP Rapport 2012:28 ISBN ISSN Borås 2

5 Contents Preface 4 Summary 5 Sammanfattning 6 Introduction 7 Methods 8 Precision averaging of sound pressure levels in a dense mesh 8 Simplified averaging of the sound pressure levels by moving microphone paths 9 Standard deviation of sound pressure levels 10 Reverberation times 11 The test rooms 11 Example of spatial variation of sound pressure levels (living room) 14 Statistical analyses of sound pressure levels 16 New loudspeaker positions, differences in the mesh average sound pressure level 21 Discussion of results and some practical experiences 22 References 24 Appendix Nya fältmätningsmetoder från ISO. Artikel i Bygg & teknik 2012 (in Swedish) Impact sound pressure level (diagram) 3

6 Preface This report presents results that have been financed within the national Swedish project AkuLite Acoustics and vibrations in light weight buildings. AkuLite involves all Swedish research institutions active in the field, leading industries and consultants. Vinnova and Formas are the public funders. The project started in late 2009 and will be finalised in early The work has been carried out through the company Simmons akustik & utveckling ab. The main part of this report has been submitted for publication through peer review in Noise Control Engineering Journal. A diagram and an article in the Swedish technical journal Bygg & teknik has been appended. Klas Hagberg Christian Simmons Birgit Östman AkuLite project manager SP Acoustics Senior advisor SP Wood Technology and WSP Acoustics SP Wood Technology 4

7 Summary A draft standard was presented by a working group within ISO in April It describes six methods to simplify the measurement of a spatially averaged sound pressure level in a room, in order to determine an airborne sound insulation between two rooms. The draft standard is intended to replace ISO 140 part 4 after revisions and balloting procedures. The proposed methods are based on various spatial sampling techniques, where a microphone is moved continuously or kept steady at fixed positions in different parts of the room. The uncertainty of the average is to a large extent related to the ability of the sampling method to sample sound pressure levels uniformly from all parts of the room. The uncertainties of the simplified methods of the draft standard have been estimated empirically by means of measurements made in five rooms with different acoustic conditions. The result of each type of simplified method is compared to an average of sound pressures recorded in a dense mesh of microphone positions throughout the permitted space in the same room. Some results that may be useful when an averaging method is to be decided: the standard deviations may actually be higher above 100 Hz than below, the 160 and 200 Hz third octave bands may even contain the most uncertain results the fixed positions method is practical and may be used in all types of room the special corner method gave higher average sound pressure levels and lower uncertainties compared to the other methods moving microphone methods are difficult to apply in small furnished rooms where there is not enough space to complete several independent microphone paths moving microphone methods may be sensitive to operator generated background noise microphone positions should be spread over the entire room volume This study has not estimated the uncertainty of the sound pressure level difference between two adjacent rooms, used for sound reduction index estimates. 5

8 Sammanfattning En arbetsgrupp inom ISO för nya fältmätningsmetoder inom byggakustikområdet (ISO TC 43/SC 2/WG 18) har gett ut ett förslag till standard (ISO ), som ska ersätta dagens ISO 140-standard för luftljudsisolering. Kommande del -2 beskriver mätning av stegljudsnivå och del -3 för fasadisolering. En central del i alla mätmetoder är hur man ska bilda medelvärden av ljudtrycksnivån i ett rum. För stegljudsnivå är det viktigt att veta hur man ska placera hammarapparaten, särskilt på anisotropa lätta bjälklag som har olika mottaglighet i olika delar. För att undersöka hur metoderna i standardförslaget fungerar i praktiken, samt att bidra med praktisk information till standardiseringskommittén, har en serie praktiska prover utförts inom det nationella forskningsprojektet AkuLite. Denna rapport består av två delar. Utvärderingarna beskrivs i detalj i en rapport på engelska, som godkänts för publicering i den vetenskapligt granskade tidskriften Noise Control Engineering Journal (NCEJ). Efter denna följer en kort svensk artikel i tidskriften Bygg & teknik. I korthet visar våra försök: att standardavvikelserna faktiskt kan vara högre över 100 Hz än vid lägre frekvenser, 160 och 200 Hz tredje oktavbanden kan innehålla de mest osäkra resultaten att metoden med fasta mikrofonpositioner är praktisk och kan användas i alla typer av rum den speciella hörnmetoden gav högre genomsnittliga ljudtrycksnivåer och lägre slumpmässiga skillnader jämfört med andra metoder metoder med svepande mikrofon är svåra att tillämpa i små möblerade rum där det inte finns tillräckligt utrymme för att utföra flera oberoende mikrofonbanor man tenderar att mäta i mitten av rummet vilket ger systematiska fel metoder med manuell svepning av mikrofonen kan vara känsliga för att operatören själv genererar störande bakgrundsljud mikrofonpunkter bör spridas över hela rummets volym I denna studie har vi inte uppskattat osäkerheten i ljudtrycksnivåskillnaden mellan två angränsande rum, som används för ljud uppskattningar av reduktionstal. 6

9 Introduction A draft standard was presented by a working group within ISO in April The draft standard ISO describes several methods to simplify the measurement of spatially averaged sound pressure levels for the purpose of determining the airborne sound insulation between two rooms. It is intended to replace ISO 140 part 4 after revisions and balloting procedures. The same measurement methods may be used in other parts of this standard, for the measurement of impact sound insulation (part 2) and façade sound insulation (part 3). The proposed averaging methods are based on various spatial sampling techniques, where a microphone is moved continuously or placed at fixed positions in each room. The uncertainty of a method is to a large extent related to its ability to sample sound pressure levels uniformly from all parts of the room. There are also extraneous factors that may cause unexpected results, e.g. the influence of furniture, small room sizes, irregular room shapes, radiating surfaces, stability of the sound source or background noise, most noticeably noise caused by the operator moving the microphone. In this brief field study, the uncertainties of the simplified averaging methods of the draft standard have been estimated empirically by means of sound pressure level measurements made in 5 rooms with different acoustic conditions. The result of each type of simplified method is normalized (compared) to a reference average of sound pressures recorded in a dense mesh of microphone positions throughout most of the permitted space of each room, according to the draft standard [1]. A few modifications of the methods of the draft standard are proposed in this paper, but no other averageing method has been included in the comparisons. This study does not examine whether the proposed measurement methods correctly assess the energy content of a room, nor the sound reduction index between two adjacent rooms. It was beyond the scope of this empirical study to include a theoretical background of sound pressure variations in enclosed spaces. However, some earlier studies give a theoretical background. Uncertainties related to spatial variations of the sound field have been estimated by Hopkins [2, 3]. A general study on the uncertainty in a spatial averaged sound pressure level was published in 1992 by Olesen [4], which were later used to write the technical report ISO 140 TR/13 and the standard ISO Recently, Pedersen et al compared various techniques to use corner positions in order to capture the highest sound pressure levels in the room and they compared their results to the room average [5]. An empirical study similar to the one presented in this report was published by the author in 1996, [6], where a variety of spatial sampling techniques were simulated and compared with the averages of all measured positions in each room. References to other studies are given as well in the references [2-6]. 7

10 Methods Precision averaging of sound pressure levels in a dense mesh The spatial average of the sound pressure level in each room was determined by measurements with two microphones mounted in a stand with vibration insulation. The microphone positions were placed in a mesh 0,7 x 0,7 m (i.e. 0,7 m distance between two neighboring positions), starting 0,5 meter (m) from two walls according to the provisions of the draft standard [1]. The resulting distance to the two opposing walls varied between 0,3 and 0,7 m (it was chosen to keep the same resolution of the mesh in all rooms). One microphone was fixed 1,7 m above the floor, the second 0,7 m above the floor, hence the distance between the vertical positions was 1,0 m. However, in a few positions, the distances to beds and chairs were closer than 0,5 m but at least 0.2 m. In a few positions, the lower microphone had to be raised to 0.9 m above floor to keep clear from protruding furniture ( 0,2 m). The number of microphone positions of the mesh are stated for each room below, as well as the reverberation times. The measurement equipment conforms to the provisions of the draft standard which has been verified by an accredited calibration laboratory. The spatial average of the squared sound pressures recorded in all positions of the mesh was taken as a reference later on, when the results obtained by simplified methods (manual scanning and fixed positions) were normalized. The loudspeaker was kept in the same position in each comparison. This choice of the microphone mesh follows from the provisions of the draft standard and from some practical limitations. It would have been beneficial to include at least one more height and to keep the same distance between microphone positions also in the vertical direction. However, the choice of mesh positions does not affect the comparison of the methods as presented below, since all results with the simplified methods are normalized to the same mesh average. The standard deviations presented below have not been normalized. It has not been examined how well the mesh averages correlate to the subjective impressions of sound in the test rooms, nor how they correlate with the total energy content of the room including pressures close to the boundaries. In some studies [2, 5], microphones have been positioned very close to the walls. If positions very close to the walls would be considered for a standardized method, it should be studied whether local and non-propagating near fields could influence the microphone signal at frequencies below the coincidence frequencies. Ceilings and walls with low weight plaster boards have rather high coincidence frequencies and the effect of near fields should be studied further. The sound was emitted by a stable MLS pink noise sound generator through a full range loudspeaker, placed on the floor close to one corner, facing the corner. The measurement time was 16 seconds for each fixed position. Microphone positions closer to the loudspeaker than 1 m were omitted. It was verified for each reading that the 50 Hz third octave band was stabilized within 0,3 db and that the A- weighted level was db +/- 2 db during each measurement sequence. The S/N ratio was better than 10 db (25 Hz 8 khz) in all readings. The sound pressure levels were not normalized to a 0,5 seconds reference reverberation time, only to the reference spatial average taken in the mesh of positions within the same room. The same microphone positions were used to determine a mesh average a second time, with the loudspeaker in a different position, on a table or on the floor not close to any wall. The purpose was to study whether the mesh average and the spatial variation (standard deviation) of the sound levels changed when the loudspeaker was moved. However, these second sets of measurements were not included in the comparison of the simplified methods of scanning the sound field discussed below. The results of this study relate to the determination of the spatial average sound pressure level in one room which is highly relevant e.g. for impact sound pressure level measurements. For airborne sound insulation, it has not been studied whether the uncertainties presented below reflect the uncertainty of the sound pressure level difference between two adjacent rooms. 8

11 Simplified averaging of the sound pressure levels by moving microphone paths The spatial averages and standard deviations were calculated for each of several moving microphone paths as well as sets of fixed positions, as proposed by the draft standard. (Moving microphone paths are denoted manual scanning paths in the draft standard). The average of each method was normalized to the spatial average of sound pressure levels recorded in the dense mesh of positions in the same room, using the same loudspeaker position, as described in the previous paragraph. The draft standard proposes four moving microphone paths. Methods number 1, 2, 3 and 4 are illustrated by Figure 1. Figure 1. Moving microphone paths (1 4) used to determine spatial averages of the sound pressure level according to the draft standard ISO/WD [1] Method (5) is denoted Five fixed positions. It gives the average of sound pressure level readings with the microphone in Five fixed positions placed in different parts of the room. This procedure was repeated 5 times, where all readings were taken in new positions (i.e. all readings used were unique for each room average). Method (6) is denoted Five fixed positions and Max corner. It combines the Five fixed positions room average with a special corner level, determined according to the draft standard. The sound pressure level is measured in all corners and the highest third octave band level of all corners is then averaged with the room average. The room average L LF is weighted according to equation (13) of the draft standard such that the Five fixed positions room average level is weighted by a factor of 2/3 and the highest corner level by 1/3 L LF 10lg 10, 10, (1) 9

12 In the figures and discussion below, the L LF is denoted Five fixed positions and Max corner. Figure 2. Corner microphone positions for method (6), proposed in [1] to reduce uncertainty of the spatial averages of the sound pressure level in small rooms in the three third octave bands Hz. One microphone position was 0,3 m from the walls and ceiling, the second microphone was at 0.6 m distance to examine whether the choice of distance influences the result. During the measurements, it was realized that it was not so easy to keep the microphone at the prescribed distances. In one room, the repeatability was determined by 5 readings, with the distances varying within realistic tolerances, taken as approximately +/- 0,1 m. The standard deviation between each corner maximum level tested in all corners was 0,4-0,7 db. Standard deviation of sound pressure levels Since the main purpose of a measurement is to estimate the spatial and time average sound pressure level of a room, it may be questioned whether the straight forward standard deviation of the dbvalues (denoted s 1 ) is appropriate for the purpose of estimating the uncertainty of the room average, e.g. as a confidence interval. For the spatial average, the standard uses a logarithmic average, i.e. the logarithm of the arithmetic average of the squared sound pressures, also denoted the energetic average. This value is typically higher than the arithmetic average of the db-values (i.e. of the levels). In the previous studies [4, 5], it was shown that zones with positive interferences have sound pressure levels quite close to the room average, but that zones with destructive interferences may vary considerably. Thus, it was examined whether other approaches to estimate the uncertainty would return a more relevant estimate of the uncertainty of the spatial average sound pressure level. A simple procedure was used to search for a better descriptor. To serve as a reference, the maximum sound pressure level in each frequency band of all readings was normalized by the logarithmic average. This difference was divided by a coverage factor of approximately 3,0, taken from the Student t s distribution (for the relevant degrees of freedom and a probability value of 99 %). The result is a simple estimate of the standard deviation of the logarithmic average (denoted s 2 ), being representative for sound levels in the range from the average to the maximum. However, maximum values may be uncertain. A more stable estimate of the standard deviation (denoted s 3 ), relevant for the levels around or higher than the room average, was obtained from the difference between the squared sound pressures 10

13 s 3 = 10 lg (p 2 avg + p 2 std) 10 lg (p 2 avg) (2) where p 2 avg is the arithmetic time and spatial average of the squared sound pressures p 2 std is the standard deviation of the time averaged squared sound pressures By comparison, it was found that s 3 was much closer to s 2 than s 1. Thus, s 3 is used throughout this report and it is denoted Standard deviation although this may be incorrect. Reverberation times Reverberation times were measured in each room, in 7 positions, using 7 decays in each position, for the same loudspeaker position in each room. The figures below show that the rooms chosen for this study have quite different reverberation times. The sound pressure levels have not been normalized to any reference reverberation time (nor absorption area). The Nordtest report by Olesen [4] gives a method to estimate the spatial variation of sound pressure levels on the basis of the reverberation times. However, such estimations have not been included in this study. The test rooms Five rooms were used for the measurements, chosen to be representative for real and often rather complicated conditions in buildings. They have different dimensions, shapes and reverberation times. The cylinders on the floor mark the mesh of microphone positions. Another purpose of the photos is to illustrate the difficulties to spread the microphone positions uniformly throughout a furnished room. 11

14 Reverberation times (s) vs frequency (Hz) Length (m) 4,5 Width (m) 4 Height (m) 2,8 Mesh 6x ,7 0,7 0,6 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,5 0,4 0,5 0,4 0,4 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,6 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,4 Figure 3. Photos showing the furniture in the living room. The table shows the reverberation times Hz and the dimensions of the room. The microphone positions are marked by colored cylinders on the floor. Reverberation times (s) vs frequency (Hz) Length (m) 4,0 Width (m) 2,1 Height (m) 2,5 Mesh 3x ,7 0,7 2,6 0,5 0,3 0,5 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4 Figure 4. Photos showing the furniture in the small bed room. The table shows the reverberation times Hz and the dimensions of the room. The microphone positions are marked by colored cylinders on the floor, table and bed. 12

15 Reverberation times (s) vs frequency (Hz) Length (m) 3,8 Width (m) 3,3 Height (m) 2,5 Mesh 4x ,7 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 Figure 5. Photos showing the furniture in the mid-sized bed room. The table shows the reverberation times Hz and the dimensions of the room. The microphone positions are marked by colored cylinders on the floor and couch. Reverberation times (s) vs frequency (Hz) Length (m) 4,2 Width (m) 3,3 Height (m) 3,5 Mesh 4x ,9 1,4 1,1 1,0 0,9 1,0 1,2 1,2 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 0,9 1,0 1,0 0,9 0,9 0,8 Figure 6. Photos showing the small reverberation chamber and some diffusing items present in the room (that are removed when the laboratory is used). The table shows the reverberation times Hz and the dimensions of the room. The microphone positions are marked on the floor but are not visible on these photos. 13

16 Reverberation times (s) vs frequency (Hz) Length (m) 7,7 Width (m) 5,5 Height (m) 3,5 Mesh 7x ,5 3,0 3,6 2,5 2,1 2,2 2,5 2,1 2,1 2,1 2,2 3,5 2,5 2,3 2,1 2,0 1,9 1,6 1,4 1,4 1,3 Figure 7. Photos showing the large reverberation chamber. Table shows the reverberation times Hz and the dimensions of the room. There were no diffusing items in the room, but the ceiling and walls were made of light plaster boards with different weights. The microphone positions are marked by colored plates on the floor. Example of spatial variation of sound pressure levels (living room) In order to illustrate some typical spatial variations of the sound pressure level in third octave bands, two 3 dimensional (3D) diagrams from the living room are presented below. The first diagram shows the distribution of sound pressure levels in the 63 Hz third octave band, the second refers to the 250 Hz third octave band. A total of 36 microphone positions in 6 rows and 6 columns are presented by the horizontal x- and y-axes in Figure 8. The sound pressure level in each position is plotted on the vertical z-axis. The surface of the 3D-diagrams is interpolated from the discrete positions of the mesh. The position of the microphone was 1,7 m above the floor. The loudspeaker position (6-6) is indicated to the upper right in the figures. The minimum distance from the microphone to the loudspeaker is 1.4 meter. Note: There was no measurement result in position 6-1 because the stove is situated here. These voids in the 3D-diagrams are indicated as minimum values in lower right hand corner (6-1) of the figures, since this kind of plots requires a value larger than zero. 14

17 Sound pressure level, db rel 20 μpa Void pos. Sound pressure level, db rel 20 μpa Void pos. Figures 8. Living room. Sound pressure levels in a grid of 6x6 microphone positions. Upper figure: the 63 Hz third octave band, lower figure the 250 Hz third octave band. The microphone was placed 1,7 m above the floor. The loudspeaker position is indicated to the upper right in both figures. There was no microphone in position 6-1, in the lower right hand corner of both figures (void), because of the stove (see photos in Figure 3). 15

18 Statistical analyses of sound pressure levels The results from the measurements in each room are presented in two types of figures. The first figure shows the energetic average sound pressure level (SPL) normalized by the mesh average in the same room. A zero db difference means the method gave the same result as the mesh average in this room. The second shows the standard deviation (defined as s3 above) in this room, for each simplified method. The numbers in the legend refer to the averaging methods, where Circle, Helix, Cylindrical type, Three semicircles, Five fixed positions, Five fixed positions and Max Corner Frequency (Hz) / Weighted values Frequency (Hz) / Weighted values Figures 9. Living room: For each of the simplified methods: upper; average SPL difference (compared to the mesh), lower; the standard deviation between the averages (s3). 16

19 Frequency (Hz) / Weighted values Frequency (Hz) / Weighted values Figures 10. Small bed room: For each of the simplified methods: upper; average SPL difference (compared to the mesh), lower; the standard deviation between the averages (s3). 17

20 Frequency (Hz) / Weighted values Frequency (Hz) / Weighted values Figures 11. Mid sized bed room: For each of the simplified methods: upper; average SPL difference (compared to the mesh), lower; the standard deviation between the averages (s3). 18

21 Frequency (Hz) / Weighted values Frequency (Hz) / Weighted values Figures 12. Small reverberation chamber: For each of the simplified methods: upper; average SPL difference (compared to the mesh), lower; the standard deviation between the averages (s3). 19

22 3 5 Frequency (Hz) / Weighted values 3 5 Frequency (Hz) / Weighted values Figures 13. Large reverberation chamber: For two of the simplified methods: upper; average SPL difference (compared to the mesh). Lower; the standard deviations of the average(s 3 ). The dashed line shows the standard deviation of the sound pressure levels for all positions in the mesh, included to illustrate the spatial variation of levels in this reverberation chamber. 20

23 New loudspeaker positions, differences in the mesh average sound pressure level The change of average sound pressure level has been measured when the loudspeaker was moved to another position than was used above for the comparisons of scanning methods. The sound pressure levels were measured at the same mesh of microphone positions in 4 of the 5 rooms. The figures 14 show that the resulting mesh average sound pressure level may change considerably when the position of the loudspeaker is changed. The standard deviation of sound pressure levels within the mesh seem to be similar after the loudspeaker was moved. Whether these differences influence the sound pressure levels in a receiving room and hence the sound reduction remains to be studied. Figures 14. Effects of changing the loudspeaker position. Upper; change of the average sound pressure levels. Lower; change of the standard deviations (s 3 ) 21

24 Discussion of results and some practical experiences Six simplified methods to obtain a spatial average sound pressure level have been compared. The methods are (1) Circle, (2) Helix, (3) Cylindrical type, (4) Three semicircles, (5) Five fixed positions and (6) Five fixed positions and Max Corner. The comparisons presented in the rooms described above indicate: Average differences of the spatial average typically deviate in the range of +1 to -2 db from the mesh average when the proposed methods are used in the frequency range Hz. Larger differences may occur at a few frequencies Method (5) approximates the mesh average within +/-1 db in the frequency range Hz, in the rooms used for this study The moving microphone methods (1-4), deviate more from the mesh average at some frequencies, in comparison with method (5) Method (5) may give slightly higher standard deviations than some of the moving microphone methods (1-4). However, it is not obvious this is only caused by greater random errors of the sampling method. The fixed positions were more evenly distributed throughout the permitted space of each room, compared to a moving microphone path that had to be placed more or less in the center of the small rooms, which may lead to systematic errors. These relations remain to be investigated further The standard deviations may actually be higher above 100 Hz than below, the 160 and 200 Hz third octave bands may even contain the most uncertain results Method (6) averages are systematically higher compared to the other methods and to the mesh. This is consistent with the results found by Hopkins and Turner [2], who also compared their averages to a mesh of positions not closer than 0,5 m to the walls. However, they also found that their corner-and-room averages agreed better with another type of room average where microphone positions very close the walls were included in the mesh average. The meaning of a mesh reference could be discussed in the context of energy content of the room and sound insulation prediction models based on energy balances (e.g. EN 12354/ISO 15712). But the choice of mesh reference does not affect the relative difference between results obtained with different methods Method (6) reduces the standard deviation below 100 Hz in all rooms used in this study. As pointed out in the draft standard, it should not be used from 100 Hz and higher It remains to be investigated whether the systematic differences of method (6) affect the sound reduction index between the source and receiving rooms. It is not obvious whether these differences would cancel out if the rooms have different acoustic conditions, since the magnitude of difference in the third octave bands ( Hz) appear to vary in the rooms of this study Some practical problems with moving microphone techniques (manual scanning) emerged during the measurements: It is difficult to fit wide circles of various shapes into the narrow spaces typical for small and densely furnished rooms. This leads to increased uncertainties since several paths tend to overlap or have to be modified to avoid coming too close to protruding furniture. If parts of the microphone path come close to each other, the result approximates one single fixed position taken in this part of the room and the result obtains an unknown weight in the room average The (2) Helix path performs a low standard deviation but also gives some systematic differences to the mesh. However, the scanning path proposed in the draft standard was difficult to perform without causing extraneous noise from moving the body and the feet. Thus, the procedure was changed such that the microphone was swept in two sequences, where degrees were covered first, then the operator paused the acquisition and turned around, then the remaining degrees were measured 22

25 The three semicircles path was easy to keep clear from furniture etcetera, but difficult to sweep at a constant speed. It was found easier to perform 4 semicircles, each 15 seconds, kept 45 degrees apart. However, this method has a slightly higher uncertainty at high frequency. It was also somewhat prone to causing noise from body and clothes, because the arm has to make rather wide movements The background noise caused by the operator may be difficult to keep track of during the actual measurement. It must be emphasized in the standard, that background noise should be minimized and the same scanning path should be used during background noise and receiving room measurements From earlier experiences, this noise may be kept very low when the operator is trained, concentrates on the scanning and work under favorable conditions. Nevertheless, there is a risk that a moving foot or a loose microphone cable may cause unexpected noise from time to time that disturbs the measurement at low sound pressure levels. This has been a topic of discussion among acousticians using manual scanning methods. Such self-generated noise is difficult to separate from relevant sounds registered by the microphone. On the other hand, being in the receiving room facilitates keeping an ear on background noise from the site, which is advantageous In this study, the instantaneous A-weighed sound pressure level versus time (F time weighting) and the equivalent sound pressure level in third octave bands were plotted on a large screen with high resolution, which allowed for a detailed monitoring of the signal during each measurement session. The sound pressure level was much higher than typical background noises. Still, some records had to be deleted and replaced by new measurements, e.g. when the A-weighted level varied more than typical. The reasons for such fluctuations were not examined. The draft standard actually suggests fixed positions without any operator present in the room to serve as a reference method in case of dispute. The practical findings of this study indicate that method (5) Five fixed positions has advantages. It may even be preferred for all types of room. It was quicker than first anticipated; 5 measurements each of 16 seconds did not take much longer to perform than first finding out a suitable position and then perform a 60 seconds manual scan. The operator may avoid causing extraneous noise during measurements and can focus on the signal acquisition during the measurement. In order to ensure a representative sampling with fixed microphones; it may be considered to specify that microphone positions shall be spread over 4 different sectors of the room and the heights be varied between m above the floor. The results of this study are relevant for impact sound pressure measurements (part 2 of the standard). However, it remains to study the uncertainty of the sound pressure level difference between two adjacent rooms, used for sound reduction index estimates. 23

26 References [1] ISO/WD Acoustics - Measurement of sound insulation in buildings and of building elements - Field measurements. Part 1: Airborne sound insulation. ISO/TC 43/SC 2 document N18. Issued by ISO/TC 43/SC 2/WG18 AHG6 secretariat (Danish Standards). Available as ISO/DIS in April [2] HOPKINS, C. On the efficacy of spatial sampling using manual scanning paths to determine the spatial average sound pressure level in rooms. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 2011, 129(5), pp [3] HOPKINS, C; TURNER, P. Field measurement of airborne sound insulation between rooms with non-diffuse sound fields at low frequencies. Applied Acoustics 66 (2005) [4] OLESEN, H.S. Measurement of the acoustical properties of buildings - additional guidance. Espoo Nordtest. NT Technical Report 203. NT Project No This NT study has been used for the technical report ISO 140 TR/13 and standard ISO [5] PEDERSEN, S; MØLLLER, H; PERSSON WAYE, K: Joint Baltic-Nordic Acoustics Meeting 2008, August 2008, Reykjavik, Iceland. This work has also been published in the journal article: Indoor Measurements of Noise at Low Frequencies Problems and Solutions, Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control, Vol. 26, No. 4, [6] SIMMONS, C. Measurement of sound pressure levels at low frequencies in rooms. Comparison of available methods and standards with respect to microphone positions. Acta Acustica united with Acustica, 1999, 85, pp

27 Nya fältmätningsmetoder från ISO ISO:s arbetsgrupp för nya fältmätningsmetoder inom byggakustiken har gett ut ett förslag till standard, som ska ersätta dagens ISO 140- standard för luftljudsisolering. Kommande delar beskriver mätning av stegljudsnivå respektive fasadisolering. En central del av alla metoder är hur man ska medelvärdesbilda ljudtrycksnivån inom ett rum. För stegljudsnivå är det viktigt att veta hur man ska placera hammarapparaten, särskilt på anisotropa lätta bjälklag som har olika mottaglighet i olika delar. För att undersöka hur de föreslagna metoderna fungerar i praktiken, samt ge värdefull information till standardiseringskommittén, har en serie prover utförts inom AkuLite-projektet. Figur 1: Metoder 1 till 4 med manuella svep av mätmikrofonen för att bestämma rumsmedelvärdet av ljudtrycksnivå, enligt förslag till ISO-standard Metod 3 är den svenska metoden i SS bilaga H (tidigare SIS TR-8). Förslaget priso för luftljudsisolering (ersättare till ISO 140-4) anger flera metoder för att medelvärdesbilda ljudtrycksnivån i sändarrum och mottagarrum. Antingen låter man mätmikrofonen röra sig kontinuerligt genom rummet med en motordriven bom eller genom att svepa den runt med sin egen arm, eller så mäter man i fixa positioner och räknar fram ett energimedelvärde efteråt. Metodens repeterbarhet, det vill säga hur nära ett antal oberoende försök ligger varandra, beror till stor del på om fördelningen av mikrofonpositioner är jämn och täcker in hela rummet. Metoder som bara mäter mitt i rummet ger en systematisk underskattning av medelljudnivån i rummet, vilket man vill undvika. För att prova de sex metoder som föreslagits gjorde vi upprepade mätningar i fem rum för att få med inverkan av rumsstorlek och mängden diffuserande och absorberande material. För att få en referens i respektive rum gjordes i tillägg detaljerade ljudtrycksnivåmätningar i ett Artikelförfattare är tekn dr Christian Simmons, Simmons akustik och utveckling AB, Göteborg. rutnät av mikrofonpositioner med 0,7 meters mellanrum. Två höjder mättes, 0,7 och 1,7 m över golvet. Energimedelvärdet av mätningarna i detta rutnät användes som normalisering, vilket gör att man kan studera både de systematiska skillnaderna mellan metoderna i standarden och de slumpmässiga variationerna. Högtalaren hade samma plats i alla delprov, normalt på golvet i ena hörnet, riktad mot väggen. Metoderna 1 till 4 med svepning av mikrofonen visas i figur 1. Metod 5 är att helt enkelt placera ut mikrofonen i fem olika positioner i rummet och ta energimedelvärdet. Denna metod har använts länge, med kända för- respektive nackdelar. Metod 6 är tänkt enbart för små rum (rumsvolym högst 25 m³) och bara i tredjedelsoktavbanden Hz. Principen är att kombinera resultat från metod 5 med fyra extra mätpositioner nära (0,3 till 0,5 m) hörnen. Hörnmätningarna jämförs först med varandra, och den högsta ljudtrycksnivån i något av hörnen används sedan vid medelvärdesbildningen, enligt följande formel 1: 1 2 L LF = 10log[ 10 0,1Lhörn ,1Lrum ] (1) 3 3 Det här var inte så enkelt att få till praktiskt. När hörnmätningarna upprepades fem gånger i ett rum visade det sig att standardavvikelsen blev cirka 0,4 till 0,7 db. Om metoden ska användas bör man precisera mätpositionen tydligare. Figur 2. Resultat Diagrammen 1 och 2 visar hur energimedelvärdena för respektive provmetod avviker från det noggranna medelvärdet (av mätningar i ett tätt rutnät), respektive standardavvikelsen från upprepade försök inom ett vardagsrum (25 m²). Några observationer och tankegångar från dessa försök är: Skillnader om ± 1 till 2 db mot rutnätsmätningarna är normala i frekvensområdet 50 till 5000 Hz, men större skillnader kan förekomma vid frekvenser under 200 Hz. Hörnmetoden ger systematiskt förhöjda nivåer, se kommentar nedan Metod 5 med fem fasta mikrofonpositioner fördelade över rummet ligger inom ±1 db från rutnätet i alla de rum som studerats Metod 5 har något högre standardavvikelse än de manuella svepmetoderna 1 till 4. Då ska man beakta, att de fasta positio- 28 Bygg & teknik 3/12

28 tid i samma del av en rumsmod och rumsmedelvärdet påverkas för mycket av denna mätpunkt De manuella svepmetoderna är känsliga för att man alstrar störande ljud. Man har också sämre kontroll på bakgrundsljud när man ska hantera instrumentet samtidigt som man sveper med mikrofonen Slutsatsen blev, att för denna tekniska metod (ISO 16283) bör man använda fasta mikrofonpositioner. Manuella svep kan ligga i en översiktsmetod typ ISO Diagram 1. Stegljudsmätningar på träbjälklag Ytterligare en fråga som är aktuell i standardiseringsdiskussionerna och även inom AkuLite, är hur man ska placera hammarapparaten på ett skivgolv med bärande bjälkar av trä (eller stål). För att undersöka känsligheten för olika placeringar genomfördes en serie tester i SP:s stegljudslaboratorium. Ett provgolv byggdes upp enligt ISO 10140, med en normal golvspånskiva (22 mm) som skruvades och limmades till 220 x 45 mm träbjälkar cc 600 mm, se bild 1. Ett undertak monterades med två lag 12,5 mm gipsskivor på akustikprofiler. I mellanrummet placerades lätt mineralull. Hammarapparaten placerades i det mest extrema fallet antingen helt ovanpå bjälkarna, så att alla hammare träffar på bjälken. I nästa mätning placerades den mitt mellan bjälkarna och parallellt med dessa. Diagram 2. nerna var mer utspridda än de manuella svepen, som tenderar att hamna i rummens mitt. Det kan medföra att upprepningarna blev mer lika varandra och gav en skenbar stabilitet i metoderna Standardavvikelsen kan vara högre över 100 Hz än vid lägre frekvenser Hörnmetoden ger systematiskt högre nivåer än rutnätsmätningarna. Detta resultat har andra forskare också kommit fram till, frågan är hur man ska hantera skillnaderna mot övriga metoder. Fördelen med hörnmetoden är att den ger avsevärt lägre standardavvikelse, det vill säga repeterbarheten blir bättre Metoderna Helix och Cylinder ger bra repeterbarhet men också en del märkliga avvikelser från rutnätsmätningarna. Det visade sig vara svårt att genomföra den här typen av mätningar i små rum, det blir lätt att man rundar utstickande möbler etcetera. Då får man en längre uppehålls- Bygg & teknik 3/12 Diagram 3. Bild 1. 29

29 För varje hammarapparatsposition mättes ljudtrycksnivån i mottagarrummet under bjälklaget som ett medelvärde av ett varv med 1,1 m radie och 32 sekunders integrationstid. Delar av resultaten framgår av figur 3 ovan och diagram 3 på sidan 29 (där Figur 3. kurva J = joist avser placering på bjälke och W = web av ser placering mellan bjälkarna). Det är tydligen så, att man får avsevärt högre stegljudsnivå på detta bjälklag då hammarapparaten placeras på bjälkarna jämfört med då den placeras mitt emellan dessa. Kompletterande försök med hammarapparaten vriden 45 grader relativt bjälkarna gav något mindre skillnader men trenden var densamma. Därmed blir valet av positioner för hammarapparaten högst väsentlig för vilket medelvärde som erhålls. Mätningarna visar att det finns möjlighet att förenkla mätmetoden, eller att minska standardavvikelsen i fältmätningar jämfört med befintlig standard genom noggrant val av antal hammarpositioner och placering av hammarapparaten relativt bjälkar. I laboratoriemetoden för mätning av stegljudsförbättring hos golvbeläggningar på lätta bjälklag specificeras placeringen av hammarapparaten i detalj. Så kunde vi göra även för fältmetiden. Man kan också fundera över vad som är mest relevant för den subjektivt upplevda störningen, medelvärdet eller en förhöjd nivå som inträffar så snart någon går, flyttar möbler, dammsuger eller leker ovanpå en bjälke. En fråga som man också måste fundera över i sammanhanget, är hur resultat med den nya metoden kan jämföras med den äldre metoden, det vill säga om det går att skapa en bakåtkompatibilitet. Hur mätmetoden ska se ut är alltså långt ifrån givet, här finns utrymme för diskussioner! Om någon har egna erfarenheter av den här typen av variationer eller förslag på hur metoden borde se ut, så ta gärna kontakt med författaren. 30 Bygg & teknik 3/12

30 Appendix Diagram on Impact sound Pressure level Complementary to figure 3 in the Swedish article

31

32 Uncertainties of room average sound pressure levels measured in the field according to the draft standard ISO Experiences from a few case studies Results according to a new draft ISO standard for measuring sound pressure levels are presented. These results are also being submitted no Noise Control Engineering Jounal. Stockholm Borås Skellefteå Växjö Tel: SP Rapport 2012:28