EN1210 Phonetics & Phonology, 1 HEC

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1 EN1210 Phonetics & Phonology, 1 HEC {

2 Kunskap och förståelse - förklara engelskans grammatiska struktur och beskriva olika stilnivåer, - redogöra för olika språk-, litteratur-, och kulturhistoriska perspektiv, Färdighet och förmåga - kommunicera på ett idiomatiskt, grammatiskt och argumentativt korrekt sätt i tal och skrift på engelska, - söka, värdera och hantera information i relation till konkreta forskningsuppgifter och frågeställningar, - tillämpa språk- och litteraturvetenskaplig teori och metod i egen produktion, - integrera litteratur-, språk-, och grundläggande kulturteoretiska perspektiv inom ramen för egen produktion, - producera närläsningar och vetenskapligt väl underbyggda analyser av litterära texter, Värderingsförmåga och förhållningssätt - i ett historiskt perspektiv och utifrån centrala vetenskapliga begrepp, teorier och metoder kritiskt förhålla sig till språkets, litteraturens och kulturens begränsningar och möjligheter för en hållbar samhällsutveckling, - kritiskt reflektera kring egna och andras teoretiska argument och metoder i egen produktion. EN1210 Phonetics - outcomes

3 Delkursen Akademisk engelska i tal och skrift examineras dels genom ett ordkunskaps- och flervalsprov (1 hp) (salstentamen), dels genom en muntlig presentation (1 hp), dels genom en salstentamen i fonetik (1 hp) och dels genom en hemtentamen i form av en uppsats (4,5 hp). EN1210 Phonetics, 1 HEC

4 EN1210 AWS: Oral Presentation

5 EN1210 AWS: Oral Presentation

6 Language users rely on phonological rules which are to some extent abstract, always categorical, and generalize over many cases. Carr: Evidence and argumentation. Sets up hypotheses. The ordered application of rules. Emphasis of this module: TARGET LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY, AWARENESS and APPLICATION of i.a. phonological RULES. WORD STRESS (trochaic pattern, general principles) & INTONATION!

7 Generative phonology posits two levels of phonological representation: An underlying representation is the most basic form of a word before any phonological rules have been applied to it. Underlying representations show what a native speaker knows about the abstract underlying phonology of the language. A phonetic representation is the form of a word that is spoken and heard. Phonological rules map underlying representations onto phonological representations. They delete, insert, or change segments, or change the features of segments. Government phonology, optimality theory, autosegmental phonology

8 [T]he study of certain sorts of mental organization. In particular, it is the study of certain types of mental category, mentally stored representations, and generalizations concerning those categories and representations. Philip Carr Phonology n. pl. pho nol o gies

9 Carr again: [P]honology is not the study of human speech sounds per se but of mental abilities and largely unconscious mental states. Phonology n. pl. pho nol o gies

10 In other words: the study of the system of mental categories in terms of which we interpret speech sounds. Native speakers of a language tend to take its phonological system for granted. Whether a sound is taken to be the same or different depends to a large extent on this system of mental categories. Phonology n. pl. pho nol o gies

11 Two or more speech sounds are the realizations (i.e. ALLOPHONES) of one and the same phoneme if: (a) they are in complementary distribution (mutually exclusive in a certain phonetic environment where one occurs, the other/s never do/es) (b) they are phonetically similar /l/ [ɫ] dark l immediately after vowels [l] clear l immediately before vowels It is entirely predictable which allophone will occur in which context. A PHONOLOGICAL GENERALIZATION governs the occurrence of allophones. The phonemic principle

12 Two or more speech sounds are the realizations (i.e. allophones) of one and the same phoneme if: (a) they are in complementary distribution (mutually exclusive in a certain phonetic environment where one occurs, the other/s never do/es) (b) they are phonetically similar /æ/ [æ ] before a nasal stop (redundant or nonsignificant nasalization in e.g. can t, sand) [æ] elsewhere The phonemic principle

13 /æ/ [æ ] before a nasal stop (redundant or nonsignificant nasalization in e.g. can t, sand) [æ] elsewhere NB: Carr adopts the view that phonemes often have a kind of default or basic phonetic realization. This is the realization that occurs in the absence of contexts which shift the realization from its default one. The phonemic principle

14 Two or more speech sounds are realization of different phonemes if: (a) they are in parallel (overlapping) distribution (b) they serve to signal a semantic contrast (due to the presence of a mental distinction) /ɾ/ voiced alveolar tap (flap) /l/ voiced alveolar lateral approximant SSE (Standard Scottish English) MINIMAL PAIR: ram - lamb The phonemic principle

15 The possibility that a phone (i.e. a phonetic segment) may be assigned to more than one phoneme. PARTIAL OVERLAP In some dialects of English, /r/ and /t/ are both realized by the alveolar tap [ɾ] in different phonetic contexts: /r/ > [ɾ] through (after a dental fricative) /t/ > [ɾ] bitter (between vowels) COMPLETE OVERLAP? Clue: telegraph - telegraphy It is not always possible to predict which phoneme a phone belongs to simply by considering its phonetic properties. Phonemic overlapping

16 What other sorts of phonological knowledge besides phonemes do speakers possess? Phonology n. pl. pho nol o gies

17 CARR: [A]ny given morpheme has a single phonological form. This phonological form may consist of more than one phoneme and may correspond to a variety of different phonetic forms. The prefix with the phonological form / n/ corresponds to four different phonetic forms, or ALTERNANTS: ɪ ɪm] impossible [ɪɱ] infelicitous [ ɪn] indirect [ ɪŋ] incorrect [ The phonological form of morphemes

18 Thus: The phonological form of a morpheme is present in the speaker s mentally constituted grammar. This phonological form consists in either a single phonological segment or in a sequence of phonological segments. Furthermore: There is evidence that these segments are organized into phonological constituents. One of those constituents is THE SYLLABLE. The evidence for the existence of the syllable comes in the form of phonological generalizations that can only be adequately expressed in terms of syllable structure. syllabaries older than alphabets, syllabification, slips of the tongue (spoonerisms) etc. The phonological form of morphemes + syllable structure