ph = -log[h 3 O + ] = -log[h + ]

[Type text] JR 2014

K c c [ C] [ D] a [ A] [ B] d b K K ( RT ) p c n gas K w [ H3O ][ OH ] [ H ][ OH ] ph = -log[h 3 O + ] = -log[h + ] K a [ 3 A ][ H O [ HA] ] [ A ][ H [ HA] ] K b [ BH ][ OH [ B] ] K w K a K b Procent joniserad [ H ] [ HA] 0 100% [ Bas] ph pka log Henderson-Hasselbalch [ Syra ] n För M m X x ( s) mm ( aq) xx ( aq) gäller: n m y x K [ M ] [ X ] Löslighetsprodukt sp y G = -nfe cell G o = -nfe o E o cell = E o katod -E o anod (galvanisk cell) -nfe = -nfe o + RTlnQ 1

E E o RT ln Q Nernsts formel nf RT E o cell ln nf K n(e - ) F = I t Faradays lag U = q + w w = -P V q = C T H = U + PV G = H TS (P konstant) S univ = S sys + S surr H sys Ssurr T G 0 = -RT lnk G = G 0 + RT lnq ln P P 2 H 1 vap 1 1 R T 2 T 1 Clausius-Clapeyron PV = nrt (ideala gaser) Löslighet (c) = k P P 1 = X 1 P 0 1 T b = i K b m T f = i K f m Henrys lag Raoults lag Kokpunktshöjning Fryspunktssänkning 2

Internationellt (av Codata) rekommenderade värden baserade på mätresultat tillgängliga 1986 c = 2.99792 10 8 m s -1 h = 6.6261 10-34 J s N A = 6.0221 10 23 mol -1 e = 1.6022 10-19 C F = 96485 C mol -1 = 96485 J V -1 mol -1 m e = 9.10939 10 31 kg = 5.48580 10-4 u m p = 1.67262 10-27 kg = 1.00728 u m n = 1.67493 10-27 kg = 1.00866 u R = 8.3145 J K -1 mol -1 = 0.083145 L bar K -l mol -l = 0.082058 L atm K -l mol -l = 62.364 L Torr K -1 mol -l R ln 10 = 19.1449 J K -l mol -l R ln 10/F = 0.198423 mv K -l 1 bar = l0 5 Pa = 10 5 N m -2 1 atm = 1.01325 bar = 101.325 kpa 1 Torr = 1/760 atm = 1.333224 mbar = 133.3224 Pa 1 Å = l0-10 m 1 L = 10-3 m 3 1 u = (1/N A ) g = l.6605 10-27 kg 1 ev = l.6022 10-19 J 0 C = 273.15 K RT ln 10/kJ mol -1 5.2294 5.5740 5.6123 5.7080 5.8038 5.9378 6.1867 7.1439 RT ln 10 F /mv 54.199 57.771 58.168 59.160 60.152 61.541 64.120 74.041 1.0 0.23901 0.010364 1.6605 10 21 120.27 83.59 4.1840 1.0 4.3364 10-2 6.948 10-21 503.2 349.8 96.49 23.061 1.0 1.6022 10-19 1.1604 10 4 8066.0 6.022 10 20 1.4393 10 20 6.242 10 18 1.0 7.243 10 22 5.034 10 22 8.314 10-3 1.9872 10-3 8.617 10-5 1.3807 10-23 1.0 0.6950 1.196 10-2 2.859 10-3 1.240 10-4 1.986 10-23 1.439 1.0 ~ 3

Acetylsalisylsyra C 9 H 8 O 4 3.0 10-4 Arseniksyra H 3 AsO 4 5.6 10-3 1.7 10-7 4.0 10-12 Arseniksyrlighet H 3 AsO 3 6 10-10 Askorbinsyra C 6 H 8 O 6 8.0 10-5 Bensoesyra C 6 H 5 COOH 6.5 10-5 Borsyra H 3 BO 3 5.8 10-10 Citronsyra C 6 H 8 O 7 7.1 10-4 1.7 10-5 4.1 10-7 Divätesulfid H 2 S 9.5 10-8 10-19 Fenol C 6 H 5 OH 1.3 10-10 Fosforsyra H 3 PO 4 7.5 10-3 6.2 10-8 4.8 10-13 Fosforsyrlighet H 3 PO 3 1.0 10-2 2.6 10-7 Jodsyra HIO 3 1.7 10-1 Klorättiksyra CH 2 ClCOOH 1.4 10-3 Kolsyra H 2 CO 3, (CO 2, aq) 4.2 10-7 4.8 10-11 Mjölksyra HC 3 H 5 O 3 1.4 10-4 Myrsyra HCOOH 1.7 10-4 Oxalsyra H 2 C 2 O 4 6.5 10-2 6.1 10-5 Sackarin C 7 H 5 NO 3 S 2.1 10-12 Salpetersyrlighet HNO 2 4.5 10-4 Selensyra H 2 SeO 4 Stor 1.2 10-2 Selensyrlighet H 2 SeO 3 3.5 10-2 5 10-8 Svavelsyra H 2 SO 4 Stor 1.3 10-2 Svavelsyrlighet H 2 SO 3, (SO 2, aq) 1.3 10-2 6.3 10-8 Underbromsyrlighet HOBr 2.0 10-9 Underjodsyrlighet HOI 2.3 10-11 Underklorsyrlighet HOCl 3.5 10-8 Vinsyra C 4 H 6 O 6 1.0 10-3 4.6 10-5 Väteazid HN 3 1.9 10-5 Vätecyanid HCN 4.9 10-10 Vätefluorid HF 7.1 10-4 Väteperoxid H 2 O 2 2.4 10-12 Ättiksyra (Etansyra) CH 3 COOH 1.8 10-5 4

Ammoniak NH 3 1.8 10-5 Anilin C 6 H 5 NH 2 3.8 10-10 Dimetylamin (CH 3 ) 2 NH 5.4 10-4 Etylamin C 2 H 5 NH 2 5.6 10-4 Hydrazin N 2 H 4 8.9 10-7 Hydroxylamin NH 2 OH 9.1 10-9 Kaffein C 8 H 10 N 4 O 2 4.1 10-4 Kodein C 18 H 21 NO 3 1.6 10-6 Metylamin CH 3 NH 2 4.4 10-4 Morfin C 17 H 19 NO 3 1.6 10-6 Piperidin C 5 H 11 N 1.3 10-3 Propylamin C 3 H 7 NH 2 5.1 10-4 Pyridin C 5 H 5 N 1.7 10-9 Stryknin C 21 H 22 N 2 O 2 1.8 10-6 Trimetylamin (CH 3 ) 3 N 6.5 10-5 Urea N 2 H 4 CO 1.5 10-14 Aluminiumhydroxid Al(OH) 3 1.8 10-33 Bariumfluorid BaF 2 1.7 10-6 Bariumhydroxid Ba(OH) 2 5.0 10-3 Bariumkarbonat BaCO 3 8.1 10-9 Bariumkromat BaCrO 4 1.2 10-10 Bariumsulfat BaSO 4 1.1 10-10 Bly(II)bromid PbBr 2 6.6 10-6 Bly(II)fluorid PbF 2 4.1 10-8 Bly(II)hydroxid Pb(OH) 2 1.2 10-15 Bly(II)jodid PbI 2 1.4 10-8 Bly(II)karbonat PbCO 3 3.3 10-14 Bly(II)klorid PbCl 2 2.4 10-4 Bly(II)kromat PbCrO 4 2.0 10-14 Bly(II)sulfat PbSO 4 1.8 10-8 Bly(II)sulfid PbS 3.4 10-28 Järn(II)hydroxid Fe(OH) 2 1.6 10-14 Järn(II)sulfid FeS 6.0 10-19 Järn(III)hydroxid Fe(OH) 3 1.1 10-36 Kadmiumhydroxid Cd(OH) 2 5.3 10-15 Kadmiumkarbonat CdCO 3 6.2 10-12 Kadmiumsulfid CdS 8.0 10-28 5

Kalciumfluorid CaF 2 4.0 10-11 Kalciumfosfat Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 1.2 10-26 Kalciumhydroxid Ca(OH) 2 8.0 10-6 Kalciumkarbonat CaCO 3 8.7 10-9 Kalciumsulfat CaSO 4 7.1 10-5 Kobolt(II)hydroxid Co(OH) 2 1.1 10-15 Kobolt(II)karbonat CoCO 3 1.4 10-13 Kobolt(II)sulfid CoS 4.0 10-21 Koppar(I)bromid CuBr 4.2 10-8 Koppar(I)jodid CuI 5.1 10-12 Koppar(I)klorid CuCl 1.7 10-7 Koppar(II)fosfat Cu 3 (PO 4 ) 2 1.4 10-37 Koppar(II)hydroxid Cu(OH) 2 2.2 10-20 Koppar(II)karbonat CuCO 3 2.5 10-10 Koppar(II)sulfid CuS 6.0 10-37 Krom(III)hydroxid Cr(OH) 3 3.0 10-31 Kvicksilver(I)bromid Hg 2 Br 2 6.4 10-23 Kvicksilver(I)jodid Hg 2 I 2 5.3 10-29 Kvicksilver(I)klorid Hg 2 Cl 2 3.5 10-18 Kvicksilver(II)hydroxid Hg(OH) 2 3.1 10-26 Kvicksilver(II)sulfid HgS 4.0 10-54 Magnesiumfluorid MgF 2 7.4 10-11 Magnesiumhydroxid Mg(OH) 2 1.2 10-11 Magnesiumkarbonat MgCO 3 4.0 10-5 Mangan(II)hydroxid Mn(OH) 2 2.1 10-13 Mangan(II)karbonat MnCO 3 2.2 10-11 Mangan(II)sulfid MnS 3.0 10-14 Nickel(II)hydroxid Ni(OH) 2 5.5 10-16 Nickel(II)sulfid NiS 1.4 10-24 Silverbromid AgBr 7.7 10-13 Silvercyanid AgCN 6.0 10-17 Silverhydroxid AgOH 1.9 10-8 Silverjodid AgI 8.3 10-17 Silverkarbonat Ag 2 CO 3 8.1 10-12 Silverklorid AgCl 1.6 10-10 Silverkromat Ag 2 CrO 4 1.1 10-12 Silversulfat Ag 2 SO 4 1.4 10-5 Silversulfid Ag 2 S 6.0 10-51 Silversulfit Ag 2 SO 3 1.5 10-14 Strontiumkarbonat SrCO 3 1.6 10-9 Strontiumsulfat SrSO 4 3.8 10-7 Tenn(II)hydroxid Sn(OH) 2 5.4 10-27 Tenn(II)sulfid SnS 1.0 10-26 Vismutsulfid Bi 2 S 3 1.6 10-72 Zinkhydroxid Zn(OH) 2 1.8 10-14 Zinkkarbonat ZnCO 3 1.2 10-10 Zinksulfid ZnS 3.0 10-23 6

F 2 (g) + 2e - 2F - (aq) 2.87 O 3 (g) + 2H + (aq) + 2e - O 2 (g)+h 2 O(l) 2.07 S 2 O 2-8 (aq) + 2e - 2SO 2-4 (aq) 2.01 Co 3+ (aq) + e - Co 2+ (aq) 1.82 H 2 O 2 (aq) + 2H + (aq) + 2e - 2H 2 O(l) 1.77 PbO 2 (s) + 3H + (aq) + HSO - 4 (aq) + 2e - PbSO 4 (s) + 2H 2 O(l) 1.70 MnO - 4 (aq) + 4H + (aq) + 3e - MnO 2 (s) + 2H 2 O(l) 1.68 Ce 4+ (aq) + e - Ce 3+ (aq) 1.61 2HClO(aq) + 2H + (aq) + 2e - Cl 2 (g) + 2H 2 O(l) 1.61 MnO - 4 (aq) + 8H + (aq) + 5e - Mn 2+ (aq) + 4H 2 O(l) 1.51 Au 3+ (aq) + 3e - Au(s) 1.50 BrO - 3 (aq) + 12H + (aq) + 10e - Br 2 (l) + 6H 2 O(l) 1.48 Cl 2 (g) + 2e - 2Cl - (aq) 1.36 Cr 2 O 2-7 (aq) + 14H + (aq) + 6e - 2Cr 3+ (aq) + 7H 2 O(l) 1.33 O 2 (g) + 4H + (aq) + 4e - 2H 2 O(l) 1.23 MnO 2 (s) + 4H + (aq) + 2e - Mn 2+ (aq) + 2H 2 O(l) 1.23 2IO - 3 (aq) + 12H + (aq) + 10e - I 2 (s) + 6H 2 O(l) 1.20 Br 2 (l) + 2e - 2Br - (aq) 1.07 HNO 2 (aq) + H + (aq) + e - NO(g) + H 2 O(l) 0.98 NO - 3 (aq) + 4H + (aq) + 3e - NO(g) + 2H 2 O(l) 0.96 2Hg 2+ (aq) + 2e - Hg 2+ 2 (aq) 0.92 HO - 2 (aq) + H 2 O(l) + 2e - 3OH - (aq) 0.88 Hg 2+ (aq) + 2e - Hg(l) 0.85 ClO - (aq) + H 2 O(l) + 2e - Cl - (aq) + 2OH - (aq) 0.81 Ag + (aq) + e - Ag(s) 0.80 Hg 2+ 2 (aq) + 2e - 2Hg(l) 0.80 Fe 3+ (aq) + e - Fe 2+ (aq) 0.77 O 2 (g) + 2H + (aq) + 2e - H 2 O 2 (aq) 0.68 MnO - 4 (aq) + 2H 2 O + 3e - MnO 2 (s) + 4OH - 0.59 MnO - 4 (aq) + e - MnO 2-4 (aq) 0.56 I 2 (s) + 2e - 2I - (aq) 0.53 Cu + (aq) + e - Cu(s) 0.52 H 2 SO 3 (aq) + 4H + (aq) + 4e - S(s) + 3H 2 O(l) 0.45 O 2 (g) + 2H 2 O(l) + 4e - 4OH - (aq) 0.40 Cu 2+ (aq) + 2e - Cu(s) 0.34 Hg 2 Cl 2 (s) + 2e - 2Hg(l) + 2Cl - (aq) 0.28 AgCl(s) + e - Ag(s) + Cl - (aq) 0.22 SO 2-4 (aq) + 4H + (aq) + 2e - SO 2 (g) + 2H 2 O(l) 0.20 SO 2-4 (aq) + 4H + (aq) + 2e - H 2 SO 3 (aq) + H 2 O(l) 0.17 Cu 2+ (aq) + e - Cu + (aq) 0.15 S(s) + 2H + (aq) + 2e - H 2 S(g) 0.14 Sn 4+ (aq) + 2e - Sn 2+ (aq) 0.13 AgBr(s) + e - Ag(s) + Br - (aq) 0.07 7

2H + (aq) + 2e - H 2 (g) 0 Fe 3+ (aq) + 3e - Fe(s) -0.04 Pb 2+ (aq) + 2e - Pb(s) -0.13 Sn 2+ (aq) + 2e - Sn(s) -0.14 AgI(s) + e - Ag(s) + I - (aq) -0.15 Ni 2+ (aq) + 2e - Ni(s) -0.25 Co 2+ (aq) + 2e - Co(s) -0.28 PbSO 4 (s) + 2e - Pb(s) + SO 2-4 (aq) -0.31 Cd 2+ (aq) + 2e - Cd(s) -0.40 Cr 3+ (aq) + e - Cr 2+ (aq) -0.41 Fe 2+ (aq) + 2e - Fe(s) -0.44 2CO 2 (g) + 2H + (aq) + 2e - H 2 C 2 O 4 (aq) -0.49 Cr 3+ (aq) + 3e - Cr(s) -0.74 Zn 2+ (aq) + 2e - Zn(s) -0.76 2H 2 O(l) + 2e - H 2 (g) + 2OH - (aq) -0.83 Cr 2+ (aq) + 2e - Cr(s) -0.91 Mn 2+ (aq) + 2e - Mn(s) -1.18 Al 3+ (aq) + 3e - Al(s) -1.66 Be 2+ (aq) + 2e - Be(s) -1.85 Mg 2+ (aq) + 2e - Mg(s) -2.37 Na + (aq) + e - Na(s) -2.71 Ca 2+ (aq) + 2e - Ca(s) -2.87 Sr 2+ (aq) + 2e - Sr(s) -2.89 Ba 2+ (aq) + 2e - Ba(s) -2.90 K + (aq) + e - K(s) -2.93 Li + (aq) + e - Li(s) -3.05 8

9

10

11

12

13

Aluminium Al 0.900 Guld Au 0.129 Grafit C 0.720 Diamant C 0.502 Koppar Cu 0.385 Järn Fe 0.444 Kvicksilver Hg 0.139 Vatten H 2 O 4.184 Etanol C 2 H 5 OH 2.46 Zink Zn 0.382 14

aluminium 26.98154 magnesium 24.305 antimon argon 121.75 39.948 mangan molybden 54.9380 95.94 arsenik 74.9216 natrium 22.98977 barium beryllium 137.34 9.01218 neodym neon 144.24 20.179 bly 207.2 nickel 58.71 bor brom 10.81 79.904 niob osmium 92.9064 190.2 cerium 140.12 palladium 106.4 cesium dysprosium 132.9054 162.50 platina praseodym 195.09 140.9077 erbium 167.26 rhenium 186.2 europium fluor 151.96 18.99840 rodium rubidium 102.9055 85.4678 fosfor 30.97376 rutenium 101.07 gadolinium gallium 157.25 69.72 samarium selen 150.4 78.96 germanium 72.59 silver 107.868 guld hafnium 196.9665 178.49 skandium strontium 44.9559 87.62 helium 4.00260 svavel 32.06 holmium indium 164.9304 114.82 syre tallium 15.9994 204.37 iridium 192.22 tantal 180.9479 jod järn 126.9045 55.847 tellur tenn 127.60 118.69 kadmium 112.40 terbium 158.9254 kalcium kalium 40.08 39.098 titan torium 47.90 232.0381 kisel 28.086 tulium 168.9342 klor kobolt 35.453 58.9332 uran vanadin 238.029 50.9414 kol 12.011 vismut 208.9804 koppar krom 63.546 51.996 volfram väte 183.85 1.0079 krypton 83.80 xenon 131.30 kvicksilver kväve 200.59 14.0067 ytterbium yttrium 173.04 88.9059 lantan 138.9055 zink 65.38 litium lutetium 6.941 174.97 zirkonium 91.22 15

18 8A 2 He 10 Ne 18 Ar 36 Kr 54 Xe 86 Rn 17 7A 9 F 17 Cl 35 Br 53 I 85 At 71 Lu 103 Lr 16 6A 8 O 16 S 34 Se 52 Te 84 Po 70 Yb 102 No 15 5A 7 N 15 P 33 As 51 Sb 83 Bi 69 Tm 101 Md 14 4A 6 C 14 Si 32 Ge 50 Sn 82 Pb 68 Er 100 Fm 13 3A 5 B 13 Al 31 Ga 49 In 81 Tl 67 Ho 99 Es 12 2B 30 Zn 48 Cd 80 Hg 112 66 Dy 98 Cf 11 1B 29 Cu 47 Ag 79 Au 111 65 Tb 97 Bk 10 28 Ni 46 Pd 78 Pt 110 64 Gd 96 Cm 9 8B 27 Co 45 Rh 77 Ir 109 Mt 63 Eu 95 Am 8 26 Fe 44 Ru 76 Os 108 Hs 62 Sm 94 Pu 7 7B 25 Mn 43 Tc 75 Re 107 Bh 61 Pm 93 Np 6 6B 24 Cr 42 Mo 74 W 106 Sg 60 Nd 92 U 5 5B 23 V 41 Nb 73 Ta 105 Db 59 Pr 91 Pa 4 4B 22 Ti 40 Zr 72 Hf 104 Rf 58 Ce 90 Th 3 3B 21 Sc 39 Y 57 La 89 Ac 2 2A 4 Be 12 Mg 20 Ca 38 Sr 56 Ba 88 Ra 1 1A 1 H 3 Li 11 Na 19 K 37 Rb 55 Cs 87 Fr 16

1A 8A H 2.1 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A Increasing electronegativity Increasing electronegativity Li Be B C N O F 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl 0.9 1.2 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 1B 2B 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.5 3.0 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.0 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.5 2.6 Cs Ba La-Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At 0.7 0.9 1.0-1.2 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.4 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.2 Fr Ra 0.7 0.9