en empirisk studie Anders B rjeson !"#"$#!$##% vers ttning av svenska passiva satser till ryska Slaviska institutionen

"#"$#$##% vers ttning av svenska passiva satser till ryska en empirisk studie Anders B rjeson Slaviska institutionen Specialarbete 15 hp Lingvistik Ryska 4 30hp H stterminen 2010 Examinator: Elisabeth L fstrand English title: Translation of Swedish Passive Sentences to Russian

vers ttning av svenska passiva satser till ryska En empirisk studie Anders B rjeson Sammanfattning "##$%&$'()%(*+%,-.)/,$0'($1%#%$$20%$%&$',30',$4&&$&2++,5$1%67/0/*8,9:%(4,-.$%&$',(%$#%$$2; 0%8-,.<'0%,%$02*30',$4&&(2(:'('++',-.*'(83,4(*,%$&2++%1&20&6'=6<',-'(*'#9%&&,5$1%()%,8,2%,' -,*83+>*>4.83,&.'*$0'($1%(6?'('.#2,2$1$&/*2'%0)/,#%$$20%$%&$',8,9($0'($1%&'=&',)%,30',$%&&$&2++,5$1%#,30%$)5#-&'$'(%&&,5$1%(1%(9$&%*1-..%$%..%&'.%;,'.%;$&,/1&/,$-.$0'($1%#%$$20%$%&$',/&%(%&&%(04(*%#%$$20 8-,.6@'*&'.%;,'.%;$&,/1&/,%0$'$)4,)/,2(8-,.%&2-('(2$%&$A$0'($1'++',,5$1A,'*-02$%$.'* )4($5(&2++0%*$-.4,14(*,'$#'1&20'(52(8-,.%&2-(2$%&$'(-B)0%*$-.4,021&2:&'++',.2(*,'021&2:&2 *'&$%..%()%(:*4,$%&$'(83,'1-..',6C'('.#2,2$1%$&/*2'(<%$',%$#9'&&/,0%+%0*,5:&'&&)/(*,%&%+ #%$$20%$%&$',/,$0'($1$13(;-B)8%B1+2&&',%&/,$-.>4.83,$.'*$%..%$%&$',2,5$1%30',$4&&(2(:%,6 D0'(-./,0%+'&4,<':,4($%&4,/&8%++'&&5*+2:&-B)*'('.#2,2$1%$&/*2'(1%(%($'$<'1,48&%/##$%&$'($ )5#-&'$6?$&/*2'(4,30',$4&&(2(:&2++%1&20%,5$1%$%&$',4,(9:-&0%(+2:%,'4(30',$4&&(2(:&2++#%$$20%6C' %1&20%$%&$',(%83,'1-..',-8&%,'2$13(&'=&',(%-B)*'#%$$20%28%B1&'=&',(%6E+%(**'%1&20%$%&$',(% *-.2(',%,30',$4&&(2(:%,.'*&,'*>'#',$-(#+/,%+6F3,'1-.$&'(4,*-B1(4$&%()'+&<':,4($%*&2++ $13(&'=&',(%6 G%:,21&%,'&&$&-,&&%B1&2++.2()%(*+'*%,'#,-8'$$-,@2+%(E2+583,'(2($#2,',%(*'-B)-/&&,3&&+2:)%(*; +'*(2(:/(*',/##$%&$%,<'&'&6 Stockholms universitet 106 91 Stockholm Telefon: 0816 20 00 www.su.se

Nyckelord H0'($1%I,5$1%I#%$$20I%1&20I&'.%I,'.%I-,*83+>* 1. Inledning... 2 2. Andra studier inom omr det... 3 3. Aktiv och passiv form... 4 4. Tema och rema... 5 5. Syfte och avgr nsning... 8 6. Passiv form i svenska och ryska... 10 6.1 Passiv form i svenskan...10 6.2 Passiv form i ryskan...11 6.3 Rysk aktiv form vid vers ttning av passiva satser...12 7. Metod... 16 8. Empirisk studie... 17 8.1 Urval av text och passiva satser...17 8.2 Analys...17 8.3 Sammanfattning och tolkning av resultat...25 9. Slutsatser... 26 1

1. Inledning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

2. Andra studier inom omr det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

#%,&2B2#6_%%('.'&$82((',%&&#%$$20%(04(*$<'&5*+2:&.',2$1,28&;4(2&%+$#,916?$1,28&$#,91<2+*%$#%$; $20-8&%$&.'*$;0',<I02+1'&4,$4,$12+&&5*+2:&2$0'($1%(6H&/*2'(02$%,40'(%&&2B1';+'0%(*'$/<>'1&%(; 04(*$2$%.<%(*.'*$;0',<-B)+'0%(*'$/<>'1&(4,*'&:4++',#%$$201-($&,/',%*.'*;6-#+/$#',8'1& #%,&2B2#6J,&21'+(%0$+/&%$.'*'(*2$1/$$2-(-..-*%+%0',<.'*#%$$20%1-.#+'.'(& U 6?$%.&+2:%&,' $#,9182(($'(&'(*'($%&&83,'*,%#%$$20%1-.#+'.'(&.'*$;0',<6C'&&%:4++',$904+2&%+;$-.$1,28&; $#,916 3. Aktiv och passiv form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`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

;A$$4&%,,&)"4-B)C%,&4%4&%,,&)"4$-.)%,/(:'84,$%..%<'&5*'+$'$-.*'%1&20%$%&$',(%.'*%(-(5.2; $',%*%:'(&D3#&;A$$%+&%,,&)"4-B)D3#&4%+&%,,&)"4 E 6^='.#+'(1%($'$$-.'&&83,$31%&&2++/$&,',%*'&09 &5*+2:%.-&#-+',$-.82(($2$#,91'&.'*)4($5(&2++$%&$',$8-,.-B)2((')9++6a'(%$2*%(83,'1-..', $%&$',.'*%:'(&-B)#,-&-&5#2$1%)%(*+2(:$0',<-B)9%(*,%$2*%($%&$',/&%(%:'(&-B).'*0',<$-. 2(('<4,'++',:,4($%,&2++2B1';)%(*+2(:6C4,'.'++%(82(($'(:+2*%(*'$1%+%%0%1&20%-B)#%$$20%$%&$',.'*-+21%2($+%:%0)%(*+2(:6 4. Tema och rema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subjektsled N$%%"(+2*L (-,%"0-%0,$4"0+2"</"0-%0$(0"0'3B$)%R"+67"$%%"predikatsled"N$("1$/3&/-0"0+2"*(($7@,,$/"$%%"&*(*%"1$/3R8"E$,-%*+L ($("2$,,-("0'3B$)%0,$4"+67"./$4*)-%0,$4")-,,-0"nexus8"I"'..0-%0$("-(1<(40"3$5/$..$%"0-%0"*"1*4"2$(*(5J" 0M(+(M2%"2$4"2$(*(5J"0-%0,*)(-(4$"&/-0$/"0+2"*(&*(*%*1&/-0$/"$,,$/"(+2*(-,&/-0$/"$%68" 5

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b+%,-.2$%&$'(4,%,,&)"4-B)*'&$-.$%&$'(02++ 8,%.)9++%$-.(5&&4,%&&*'&4,?0%($-.<5::',)/$'& T 6 Y.(/30',$4&&(2(:&2++,5$1%%0#%$$20%$%&$',:3,$.'*%1&208-,.202$$%8%++I02+1%%1&20%1-($&,/1&2-; (',2,5$1%(1%(*90%,%&4(1<%,%X`9:,%.3>+2:)'&',%&&30',$4&&%&2++%1&208-,.2,5$1%,'*-02$%$283+; >%(*''='.#'+R Svensk passiv sats Rysk vers ttning O6=+%5%,&42+%54&35&F53# Q%$$20 &&&&& L6=+%5%,&42+%54&35&F53# J1&20I-.04(* -,*83+>* OM &&&& C'(021&2:%2(8-,.%&2-('(2$%&$'(K,'.%&PI4,F53#$-.$1,'0<,'0'&I-B)$%&$'(1%(/&,5B1%$#9,5$1%2 <9*'#%$$20-B)%1&208-,./&%(%&&83,)9++%(*'&.'++%(&'.%-B),'.%83,4(*,%$6J&&*'&&%4,.3>+2:&2 %1&208-,.)4(:',$%..%(.'*%&&,5$1%(1%(%(04(*%-.04(*-,*83+>*2)/0/*$%&$',6C4,.'*1%($/<; >'1&'&F53#I$-.4,*'($-.$1,'0<,'0'&I#+%B',%$$2$&-B)$%&$'($,'.%)%.(%,*9#9$2(,4&&%#+%&$2$+/; &'&%0$%&$'(6c0',$4&&(2(:'(.'*%1&208-,.-B)-.04(*-,*83+>*83,4(*,%*'%++&$92(&'83,)9++%(*'&.'+; +%(&'.%-B),'.%>4.83,&.'*#%$$208-,.2$0'($1%(6^&&$4&&%&&/&,5B1%$%&$'(2%1&208-,.#9$0'($1% 4,-.$1,20(2(:%0&5#'(C%,&53+&F53#&4'0&42+%5&;+%5%,6d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

#9$616%1&/%+2$',%*'5&&,%(*'(I*0$65&&,%(*'($-.%(#%$$%&$&2++*'(%1&/'++%1-(&'=&'( OO 6J1&/%+2$',2(:.'*83,-8&%83,4(*,2(:%,%0-,*83+>*'(283,)9++%(*'&2++*'2B1';%1&/%+2$',%*'0%,2%(&',(%K`2+$$-(OTNOI \UP6 J(*,%.3>+2:)'&',%&&30',$4&&%$0'($1#%$$208-,.&2++%1&208-,.2,5$1%(1%(0%,%1-($&,/1&2-(',$-..-&$0%,%,$0'($1%$%&$',.'**'&2(*'82(2&%#,-(-.'('&03#I$616.%(;$%&$',I'8&',$-.*'$$%)%,/(:'84, $%..%<'&5*'+$'$-.#%$$20%1-($&,/1&2-(',.'*-#',$-(+2:&*%,&$-.$/<>'1&-B)0',<2$;8-,.K7/+&;.%(LMMNIO[[P6?.%(;$%&$',(%/##&,4*',%:'(&'(2%(-(5.2$',%*8-,.6 e5$1%.-&$0%,2:)'&',&2++$0'($1%.%(;$%&$',4,$%&$<5::(%*',.'*%(*,%#',$-($2(:/+%,/&%(*'&#',; $-(+2:%#,-(-.'('&'++',2&,'*>'#',$-(#+/,%+/&%($%.&-#',$-(+2:%$%&$',,'$#'1&20'2(82(2&20; $%&$',KS21+%(*OTTUITVP6F3+>%(*''='.#'+1%(89<'+5$%*'&&%K*'(#%$$20%8-,.'()%,1-($&,/',%&$.'*.%(;$%&$',(%2S21+%(*OTTUITV$-./&:9(:$#/(1&P6 Svensk passiv sats/(man-sats) Rysk aktiv vers ttning 74,1%(2(:'(&2(::3,%$fK74,1%(.%(2(:'(&2(::3,%P C'&$4:$%&&)%()%*':9&&fK@%( $4:',%&&)%()%*':9&&P?<+%(*$-0$*'&$9:-&&#983,'+4$; (2(:%,f?<+%(*$-0',.%($9:-&&#9 83,'+4$(2(:%,6 J(*,%#',$-($2(:/; +%,/&%( g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d2+1'(4,*'((5%-B) 021&2:%2(8-,.%&2-('(2*'($%&$'(XC'((5%2(8-,.%&2-('($1/++'1/((%0%,%./+%6?4#-#$3+I'8&',$-.*'( "I"4$%%-"&-,,"0)',,$")+(%$?%$(")'((-"1-/-"$(".@5@$(4$"4*0)'00*+("4</"&/@5-("0%<,,0"1$2"4$%"1-/"0+2"0)/$1"$%%" 1*00%"3/$18"Z1-/$%"</"-%%"3/$1$%"0)/$10"-1"I1-("N.-00*1R"-,%8"4$%"1-/"I1-("0+2"0)/$1"3/$1$%"N-)%*1R88" 7

/&&,5B1$2-<',-'(*'8-,.$-.1%(&5*%#9%&&*'(2(&'4,14(*8,9(&2*2:%,'1-(&'=&6C'&&,-+2:%4,*-B1 4(*9%&&4'54&*%,&$',,4,(52(8-,.%&2-(-B)$%&$'($,'.%6@'**'((%83,/&$4&&(2(:1%(*'(,5$1%30',; $4&&(2(:'(%($'$<'0%,%&'.%;,'.%;83,)9++%(*'&8,9(*'($0'($1%$%&$'(I'8&',$-.,'.%&2*'(,5$1%<3, 0%,%0',<'&$-.$&9,$2$&2$%&$'(6 5. Syfte och avgr nsning H-.$%:&$&2*2:%,'1%(#%$$20%1-($&,/1&2-(',)%-+21%8/(1&2-(',2'(&'=& OL 6Q%$$204,%(04(*<%,83,%&& *3+>%0'.$-./&83,'()%(*+2(:'++',83,%&&+58&%8,%.*'&$%.&%+$4.('.%(8%1&2$1&&%+%,-.6h'(-. &'.%+3$%-#',$-(+2:%#%$$20', OU :'$-B1$9.3>+2:)'&%&&#,'$'(&',%2(8-,.%&2-(/&%(&'.%I$-.2&6'=6C%,&,363*%4&0A(2%,&'0&,-665?J,@&0%#&*%,&$1'+*%4&-#,%&4?+42-6,&0A(2%,KE-+%(*',LMMNILOOP6Q%$$201%(*'$$/&; -.%(04(*%$83,%&&+58&%8,%.-<>'1&'&$-.&'.%(4,*'&4,-1+%,&I-2(&,'$$%(&'++',*'&1+%,&8,%.:9,%0 $%..%()%(:'&0'.$-./&83,'(02$$)%(*+2(:6h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d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gKJPfeKEP6 ^(,5$130',$4&&(2(:%0$%&$'($-.<'0%,%,&'.%;,'.%;$&,/1&/,'(4,&6Y..%((/$1/++' 02+>%8,%.)9++%%&&*'&4,>/$&)%,'($-.$#,2(:',-B)2(:'&%((%(1%($%&$'(-.<2+*%$&2++&6 C'(,5$1%$%&$'()%,(/89&&-.04(*-,*83+>*$%.&2*2:&$-.&'.%;,'.%;$&,/1&/,'(83,4(*,%&$&2++ gkepfekjpr-,*(2(:$83+>*'(.'++%(&'.%-b),'.%4,-83,4(*,%*i.'($%&$2((')9++'&2&'.%-b),'.%)%, <5&&#+%&$6Y+21%$4&&#9)/,&'.%;,'.%;$&,/1&/,'(1%(83,4(*,%$$%..%(8%&&%$283+>%(*'85,%8%++ O[ R Svensk sats Rysk vers ttning F rklaring gkjpfekep gkjpfekep E'0%,%*&'.%;,'.%;83+>*-B)-83,4(*,%&$%&$2((')9++ gkjpfekep ekepfgkjp F3,4(*,%*&'.%;,'.%;83+>*.'(-83,4(*,%&$%&$2((')9++ gkjpfekep gkepfekjp E'0%,%*&'.%;,'.%;83+>*.'(83,4(*,%&$%&$2((')9++ gkjpfekep ekjpfgkep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

Svensk aktiv sats F+-,2($-B)^+'($15$83,8%&&%,$1%#/&&,5B1',2(&' <%,%14,+'1'(&2++*'&1-,&%8-,.%&'& i2($2*%(%083($&,'($+/&+2:'(2(&-:$&3,,'+',; 1,/1-,I Rysk vers ttning till passiv sats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assiv form i svenska och ryska 6.1 Passiv form i svenskan?$0'($1%(83,'1-..',$616$;#%$$20/.i'(<3>(2(:$8-,.%00',<$-.4,/(21<+%(**'(-,*2$1%$#,91'( K7/+&.%(LMMNIO[ZP6H;8-,.',%0&,%($2&20%0',<%(04(*$(4,-<>'1&'&2'(%1&20$%&$:3,$&2++$/<>'1&2'( #%$$20$%&$6F3,%&&%(:'0'.$-./&83,)%(*+2(:'(2*'(#%$$20%$%&$'(+4::$#,'#-$2&2-('(35&2++83,' *'(%1&20%$%&$'($$/<>'1&I$-.*9<+2,%:'(&2*'(#%$$20%$%&$'(RI+;3#&42+%5&"9943,4%#K%1&20P-B) I9943,4%#&42+%54&35&I+;3#K#%$$20P6 g2++*'&,%($2&20%0',<'()3,-<>'1&$-.&6'=61%(0%,%83,'.9+83,'()%(*+2(:k263993&)"#*%#p'++','&&,'$/+&%&%0'()%(*+2(:k;a$$3&%#&5?$p.'(-b1$9$&983,'()%(*+2(:$2((')9++k6%53&%,,&$',,&6-5p'++',(9; :-&%((%&$-.8/++<-,*%,'&&0',<'&$<'&5*'+$'KE-+%(*',LMMNIOZUP6 Q%$$20%0',</&&,5B11%(40'(<2+*%$:'(-.-.$1,20(2(:.'*0',<'(;6-'++',53+36^='.#'+4,I9943,4%#& ;6%5&42+-5%#&35&L#*%+4,'$#'1&20'I9943,4%#&53+&42+-5%#&35&L#*%+4Md',<2$;8-,./&&,5B1',$>4+0%#,-B'$; 10

$'(I.'*%(-.$1,20(2(:%,(%.',+58&',8,%.*'&/##(9**%&2++$&9(*'&'++','(':'($1%#KE-+%(*',LMMNI OZZP6 Q%$$20%$%&$',/&%(*'(%1&20%$%&$'($$/<>'1&4,0%(+2:%I$-.2&6'=6I9943,4%#&42+-54&#"6^='.#'+#9 +21(%(*'1-($&,/1&2-(',4,*'&2*2:%,'(4.(*%&'.%+3$%-#',$-(+2:%#%$$20',(%$-.'='.#'+02$*%,&,3637 *%4&0A(2%,&'0&,-665?J,KE-+%(*',LMMNILOOP$-.:,4($%,&2++%1&20%.%(;$%&$',I03#&,363*%&0A(2%,&'0&,-665?J,6 6.2 Passiv form i ryskan 16?,5$1%(1%(#%$$208-,./&&,5B1%$#9&09$4&&I%(&2(:'(.'*,'8+'=20&0',<'++',.'*)>4+#0',<'& K#,'&',2&/.'++',8/&/,/.P#+/$#%$$20&#%,&2B2#1-,&8-,.2#,'$'($ OV '++',#,'&',2&/.6C'(,'8+'=20%8-,.'( %(04(*$02*2.#',8'1&20%$#'1&I.'*%(#,'&',2&/.#%,&2B2##%$$20.'*'++',/&%()>4+#0',</&&,5B1',#',; 8'1&20%$#'1&6J++%#,'&',2&/.#%$$20%#%,&2B2#1%()%1-,&8-,.I'='.#'+02$$-.28%++'&.'*+9(:8-,.'( ON 0%,$1-,&8-,.4,Ke/$$1%>%h,%..%&21%LMM[g-.?I\VMP6C'(#%$$20%$%&$'($ %:'(&$&9,2,5$1%(22($&,/.'(&%+2$6`9:,%'='.#'+#9,5$1%#%$$20%$%&$',:'$2&%<'++'(('*%(6 Rysk sats Tempus Aspekt Svensk vers ttning &&&& Q,'$'($?.#',8'1&20?*'()4,12-$1'($4+>$ B2:%,'&&', && Q,'&',2&/. Q',8'1&20 F,9:%(%0:>-,*'$ K)%*'%0:>-,&$P &&&& &" F/&/,/. Q',8'1&20 E'$+/&$1%++8%&&%$#9 (4$&%.3&' W-,&8-,.2('/&,/.%0*'&#%$$20%#,'&',2&/.#%,&2B2#'&%(04(*$2,5$1%(#9'&&$4&&$-..-&$0%,%,1-(; $&,/1&2-(',.'**%,$-.$/<>'1&2$0'($1%#%$$20%$%&$',R&&&&AC%,&4,<+&-#$%,& 42+-5%,&'0&*%,,3&#<$'#4,3#46 K "`10(*%%$%"3-0$/-0"*"7'1'40-)".@"a*),-(4"PP=J"PGLP9"+67"b',)*(-"PPDJ"DUH";"DUU8" U "b-00*1"0+2"3*,4-0"2$4"./$0$(0".-/%*6*.".-00*1")+/%&+/2"</"*(%$"1-(,*5-"*"/m0)-(j"2$(")-("&w/$)+22-"0+2" 0%*,*0%*0)-"'%02M6)(*(5-/"NE'00)-B-"F/-22-%*)-"9GGH":+2"IJ"KHR" Q "c@(5&+/2$/"-1"./$%$/*%'2".-00*1-".-/%*6*."&w/$)+22$/"*3,-(4"0+2"$/0<%%(*(5"&w/"/$,-%*1-"3*0-%0$/"na*),-(4j" QURJ"$?$2.$,1*0"J""J888NC/$1$%J"0+2"7-/"0)/*1*%0"-1"2*5J888R8" 11

Q',8'1&20%0',<$-.$+/&%,#9N1%(%(04(*%$2#%$$20%1-($&,/1&2-(',<%,%202$$%8%++6H-.,':'+<'; $1,20',$9*%(%$%&$',%(&2(:'(0',1$%.)'&'++',8'(-.'($-.2(&'<',-,%0.4($1+2:02+>%'++',30',:9(: 8,9('&&&2++$&9(*&2++'&&%((%&6^&&'='.#'+4,&&$-.1%(30',$4&&%$.'*8?6,%#&,?(2,%4&35&4#/6H%&$'(1%(>4.83,%$.'*&&$-.30',$%&&&2++$0'($1%<+2,8?6,%#&)3+&,?(2,4&35&4#/6 Q%$$20%$%&$',2,5$1%(1%(+21$-.$0'($1%#%$$20%$%&$',$%1(%%:'(&$-.%(:',*'($-./&83,-B)4, 2($&,/.'(&'&83,'()%(*+2(:6^&&'='.#'+4,&$-.1%(30',$4&&%$.'*O"00%,&?+&4,?7 *3,6`4,'($9*%($%&$',$4&&$.'*'(%1&201-($&,/1&2-(<+2,,'$/+&%&'&'(+2:&Q/+12(%IZVV'($%&$.'* 0',<'&2&,'*>'#',$-(#+/,%+R&I#9$0'($1%D3#&4,?*3*%&+"00%,6 F3,%&&2*'('.#2,2$1%$&/*2'(2(&'30',$1%&&%%(*'+'(30',$4&&(2(:%,.'*,5$1%1&208-,.)%,*'82(2&2-; ('(%0,5$1%#%$$20%$%&$',02*:%&$(9:-&>4.83,&.'*0%*$-.,'*-02$%$-0%(6g2++$9*%(%$%&$',,41(%$ *4,83,40'(+9(:8-,.',%0#%$$20%#%,&2B2#-B)$%&$',$-.2((')9++',%1&20%#%,&2B2#I<2+*%*'%0,'8+'=20% 0',<.'*#%$$20<'&5*'+$'6^&&'='.#'+#9*'&$'(%,'4,*'&%1&20%#,'$'($#%,&2B2#'&I$-. 1%(30',$4&&%$.'*j$-.)9++',#9%&&<5::%$j6 Q%,&2B2#'(4,'(0',<8-,.$-.83,'(%,<'&5*'+$'()-$0',<-B)%*>'1&20Ke/$$1%>%h,%..%&21%LMM[g-.?I\\ZP6h'(-.%&&%*>'1&20<'&'B1(%,':'($1%#1%(#%,&2B2#$%&$',$-.&6'=6&&AB,,& ;+%5&?+&42+-5%,&35&0-$/##8%&&%$$-.B,,&35&0-$&42+-5%,&;+%5I*4,0',<'&,'*/B',%$8,9()%(*+2(:&2++':'(; $1%#6?8,9(0%,-%0)%(*+2(:8,%.&,4*',&5*+2:%,'$%&$'($2B1';%1&20%1%,%1&4,6D0'($%&$',%0&5#'(& &1%(%($'$0%,%'(#%$$201-($&,/1&2-(KE2+5OTN\IOL[P6 6.3 Rysk aktiv form vid vers ttning av passiva satser H-.<'$1,202&$&2*2:%,'4,)%(*+2(:'($/&:9(:$#/(1&2%1&208-,.*'($-./&83,)%(*+2(:'(K%:'(&'(PI.'*%(/&:9(:$#/(1&'(2#%$$208-,.4,*'($-./&$4&&$83,'++',/##+'0',)%(*+2(:'(K#%&2'(&'(P6?%1&20 8-,.4,)%(*+2(:'(,21&%*8,9(%:'(&'(&2++#%&2'(&'(I.'*%(*'(2#%$$208-,.:9,2.-&$%&&,21&(2(:6?*'& 83+>%(*'$%..%(8%&&%$*'-+21%$4&&%&&30',$4&&%8,9($0'($1#%$$20&2++,5$1%1&208-,.$-.%(04(&$02* %(%+5$'(2*'('.#2,2$1%$&/*2'(6 12

6.3.1 Rak ordf ljd?(('<3,*'(%0%1&208-,.-b),%1-,*83+>*1%('='.#+282',%$:'(-.30',$4&&(2(:%0*'(#%$$20%$%&$'( 6'(23#&536*%4&35&F53#$-.30',$%&&&2++,5$1#%$$208-,.<+2,&&&6H%..% /&&,5B1.'(2%1&208-,..'*,%1-,*83+>*4,&&AF53#&536*%&26'(23#M& e%1-,*83+>*4,(-,.%+&2,5$1%(ks21+%(*ottuil\lp-b)0%(+2:%4,>/$&$%&$',$-.2'='.#+'&-0%(.'* 8-,.'(HAdAkI*4,H4,$/<>'1&Id4,0',<-B)k-<>'1&KJ*%.'BOT\\I[VP6J0'='.#+'&8,%.:9,%&& <5&'&&2++%1&208-,.-B),%1-,*83+>*83,4(*,%,$%&$'($2(8-,.%&2-($2((')9++6g'.%;,'.%;$&,/1&/,'(4,2(&' *'($%..%$-.2*'(#%$$20%$%&$'('8&',$-.&'.%-B),'.%)%,<5&&$%&$2((')9++R8-1/$'&4,2(&'+4(:,' #',$-('($-.0%+*'1+-B1%(/&%($>4+0%1+-B1%(6g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mv nd ordf ljd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

6.3.3 Opersonliga konstruktioner ^($%&$.'*,'8+'=20%#,'*21%&$0',<%0&5#'(&&&&I30',$%&&&2++ $0'($1%.'*F;63#*&4'5%+&03#&4<&$',,&9<&./+%6?4#-#$3+&'++',F;63#*&4'54&*%,&4<&$',,&9<&./+%6?4#-#$3+@&4, $-.,'*%((4.(&$'(.3>+2:)'&%&&9&',:'$0'($1%$616.%(;$%&$',%+&',(%&20&&'.%+3$%-#',$-(+2:% #%$$20',6^($12++(%*.'++%(*'$0'($1%$%&$',(%4,%&&*'(%1&20%)%,%(-(5.%:'(&K.%(PI.'*%(*'( #%$$20%)'+&$%1(%,%:'(&6 H-.02$%&$&2*2:%,'1%(*'($0'($1%$%&$'(-0%(&-+1%$#9-+21%$4&&(4,*'&:4++',&'.%;,'.%;$&,/1&/,'( LM 6 h'(-.%&&*'(,5$1%$%&$'(4,8+'=2<'+-b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ndra person singular e5$1%$%&$',.'*%(*,%#',$-($2(:/+%,%0#,'*21%&$0',<'&-b)/&%(4,'(%((%(.3>+2:)'&%&&30',$4&; &%$0'($1%.%(;$%&$',6H9*%(%,5$1%$%&$1-($&,/1&2-(',<-,*'*4,83,-B1$90%,%'(.3>+2:)'&83,30',$4&&; (2(:%0$0'($1#%$$208-,.6^&&'='.#'+4,&&&@$-.1%(/&&,5B1%$.'**'( $0'($1%%1&20%.%(;$%&$'(K?+&23#&03#&-#$%#,-#$&$/+3&'++',.'*1-($&,/1&2-(',(%K?+&.-##4&*%,&-#$%#7,-#$&3,,&$/+3&%+&',(%&20&K?+&.-##4&-#$%#,-#$&3,,&$/+36 9G "Z$"4*0)'00*+($("*")-.*%$,"D"+2"%$2-"+67"/$2-"*"4$("01$(0)-"0-%0$("B<2&W/%"2$4"4$("/M0)-" 14

^='.#+'(02$%,%&&$%&$',2%(*,%#',$-($2(:/+%,1%(1-($&,/',%$.'*$%..%&'.%;,'.%;$&,/1&/,$-. $0'($1%#%$$20%$%&$',6e5$1%$%&$',%0*'&&%$+%:<-,*'*4,83,1/((%83,'1-..%$-.30',$4&&(2(:%0 $0'($1%#%$$20%$%&$',6 6.3.5 Tredje person plural @%(;$%&$',1%(-B1$930',$4&&%$.'*&,'*>'#',$-(#+/,%+%0#,'*21%&$0',<'&6^&&'='.#'+4,@& &&I$-.#9$0'($1%<+2,D3#&4?$%+@&3,,&)3#&)3+&$-.,&4-$'++',C%,&4?$4&3,,&)3#&)3+&$-.,&4-$M C'(%++,%83,$&%.'(2(:'(2C30%#&0%*&)"#*%#%0J(&-(g>'B)-01%(89&>4(%$-.5&&',+2:%,''='.#'+R @&&&&&&P&&&6?'($0'($130',$4&&(2(: LO %(04(*$1-($&,/1&2-('(C%,&,363*%4&'0&3,,&%,,&#A,,&3#4-2,%&)3*%&5-43,&4-$&9<&4,+3#*9+'0%#3*%#P&%#&*30& 0%*&%#&6-,%#&)"#*6"##+5$(2(:$02$:9,*'&%&&82((%'(30',$4&&(2(:#9(4&'&*4,.'(2(:'(2(+'*$2%1&20 8-,..'*D3#&,363*%&'0lH940'(%1&20.%(;$%&$4,.3>+2:2*'&&%8%++6?+21)'&.'*%0$(2&&\6U6Z<-,*'&'.%;,'.%;$&,/1&/,'(2#%$$20%$%&$',1/((%<'0%,%$40'(02*30',$4&&(2(:.'*&,'*>'#',$-(#+/,%+6e5$1%30',$4&&(2(:%,.'*)>4+#%0&,'*>'#',$-(#+/,%+<-,*'*4,83,0%,%'( 1-($&,/1&2-($-.4,+4.#+2:83,30',$4&&(2(:%0#%$$20%$%&$',6 6.3.6 Infinitivsatser m&&',+2:%,''(1-($&,/1&2-(83,%&&/&&,5b1%$0'($1%.%(;$%&$',#9,5$1%4,2(82(2&20$%&$',6h9*%(%$%&$', 1%(83,'1-..%2-,*$#,91I'8&',-B).'*83,%&&/&&,5B1%8%,)9:%KS21+%(*OTTUITVP6?(82(2&20$%&$',2(:9,<+%(*%((%&2.-*%+%1-($&,/1&2-(',%0&5#'($%&$',.'*2(82(2&20$-.#,'*21%&KS21; +%(*OTTUIONOP$-./&&,5B1',.3>+2:)'&'++',(3*04(*2:)'&6^&&'='.#'+4,&@&& &AQ0&03#&493+3+@&+?(2%+&0%*6%#&R9%#$3+#3>M^(#%$$20.-&$0%,2:)'&&2++*'($0'($1%.%(;$%&$'(4,Q0&*%,&493+34@&+?(2%+&0%*6%#6g'.%;,'.%;$&,/1&/,'(4,*'($%..%2*'(,5$1%-B)*' $0'($1%1-($&,/1&2-(',(%I$940'(2(82(2&20$%&$',1%(0%,%'(0%,2%(&83,30',$4&&(2(:%0$0'($1%#%$$20% $%&$',6 9 "Z+,3$/5$/"PQ9" 15

7. Metod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f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d2$$%$+/&$%&$',/&&,5B1',$(%,%,''(83,.-*%(I$-.$1/++'1/((%/##./(&,%&2++8-,&$%&&%$&/*2', 2(-.-.,9*'&I4($41',$&4++*%$+/&+'*(2(:%,6 99 "I"4$("$2.*/*0)-"0%'4*$("-(%-0"-%%"<1$("*6)$L,$1-(4$"%*(5")-("1-/-"-5$(%8"]<2&W/"O*,,2+/$"PKQJ"9D" 9= "`(+(M2*0$/-4"-5$(%"*"/M0)"0-%0"2+%01-/-/"X2-(X"*"01$(0)"2-(L0-%0" 16

8. Empirisk studie 8.1 Urval av text och passiva satser H&/*2'($'.#2,2$1%.%&',2%+4,)4.&%&8,9(*'$13(+2&&',4,%&'=&',(%:2-00%+&R>%0h3,%(g/(; $&,3.-B)=3+3;;34&R>%0Q4,_%:',102$&I8,9(8%B1&'=&',(%SA&45%#42&9+'43%0?(:,2*^+%.IT3+6& 5'#&U-##V%0h/((%,E,-<',:-B)8,9(*'($0'($1%%.<%$$%*'($2@-$10%)'.$2*%6",0%+'&-.8%&&%,OOU $0'($1%#%$$20%$%&$',I0%,%0[V8,9($13(&'=&',(%-B)[\8,9(8%B1&'=&',(%6C'$0'($1%&'=&',(%)%,:9&&$ 2:'(-.$2*%83,$2*%.'*.9+'&%&&$%.+%2([MA\M#%$$20%$%&$',8,9($13(&'=&,'$#'1&20'8,9(8%B1&'=&6 C-1/.'(&',2(:'(%0*',5$1%30',$4&&(2(:%,(%)%,$1'&&#%,%++'++&6 8.2 Analys J0$(2&&'&2(+'*$.'*<'$1,20%(*'$&%&2$&21$-.02$%,83,*'+(2(:'(%0*',5$1%$%&$',(%.'++%(#%$$20%-B) %1&20%+21$-.1+%$$282B',2(:'(%0*'%1&20%$%&$',(%6C4,'8&',,'*-02$%$%(%+5$'(.'*'(:'(-.:9(:%0 8,9:'$&4++(2(:%,$-.4,,'+%&',%*'&2++/##$%&$'($)5#-&'$6 8.2.1 Beskrivande statistik H0'($1% #%$$20% c0',$%&&%&2++,5$1%.'* c0',$%&&%&2++,5$1%.'* @3>+2:)'&',83,30',$4&&(2(:&2++%1&20,5$1$%&$ $%&$', #%$$20$%&$ %1&20$%&$ e%1 -,*83+>* Y.04(* -,*83+>* Y#',; $-(+2: $%&$ J(*,% #',$-( $2(:/+%, g,'*>' #',$-( #+/,%+?(82; (2&20; $%&$ OOU [U \M J(&%+ OV T M O LL OO Q,-B'(& LN O[ M L UV ON J0*'OOU$0'($1%#%$$20%$%&$',(%)%,[U30',$%&&$.'*'(#%$$20$%&$-B)\M.'*'(%1&20$%&$6H-. *'(83+>%(*'&%<'++'(02$%,82(($*'&'(*'+$12++(%*',.'++%($13(;-B)8%B1&'=&',(%6 17

g'=&&5# H0'($1% c0',$%&&%&2++ c0',$%&&% @3>+2:)'&',83,30',$4&&(2(:&2++%1&20,5$1$%&$ #%$$20%,5$1%.'* &2++,5$1% $%&$', #%$$20$%&$.'*%1&20 $%&$ e%1 -,*83+>* Y.04(* -,*83+>* Y#',$-(; +2:$%&$ J(*,% #',$-( g,'*>' #',$-(?(82(2; &20$%&$ $2(:/+%, #+/,%+ H13(&'=& [V OTKUUnP UNK\VnP V U M O ON T F%B1&'=& [\ UZK\OnP LLKUTnP OM \ M M Z L H/..% OOU [UKZVnP \MK[UnP OV T M O LL OO c0',$4&&(2(:.'*#%$$208-,.4,0%(+2:%,'<+%(*8%b1&'=&',(%-b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c0',$4&&(2(:%,.'*,%1-,*83+>*4,(4$&%(+21%0%(+2:%$-..'*&,'*>'#',$-(#+/;,%+-B)83,'1-..',.',8,'10'(&4($%&$',.'*-.04(*-,*83+>*-B)2(82(2&20$%&$',6Y#',$-(+2:%$%&$', -B)$%&$',2%(*,%#',$-($2(:/+%,$%1(%$)'+&'++',(4$&%()'+&K'(-<$',0%&2-(%0%(*,%#',$-($2(:/+%,P6 h'(-.:9(:'(%0.%&',2%+'&02$%,%&&&'.%;,'.%;$&,/1&/,'(<'0%,%&$21(%##&tm#,-b'(&%08%++'(i.'* +21%/&8%++83,30',$4&&(2(:%,.'*#%$$20-B)%1&208-,.6E'0%,%*&'.%;,'.%;$&,/1&/,4,(9:-&0%(+2:%,'2 $13(;4(28%B1&'=&',(%6 C'&$0'($1%.%&',2%+'&%0$%&$',2((')9++',(9:-&8+',)/0/*$%&$',4(<2$%&$',67/0/*$%&$',(%)%,30',$%&&$ +21%-8&%.'*#%$$208-,.$-..'*%1&20R%1&208-,.)%,-8&%$&,%1'++',-.04(*-,*83+>*K\MAVM#,-; B'(&P6`4,*'&:4++',<2$%&$',(%4,*'$$%-8&%,'30',$%&&%.'*%1&204(.'*#%$$208-,.KB%[M.-&ZM#,-; B'(&PI02+1'&)4(:',$%..%(.'*%&&.9(:%%030',$4&&(2(:%,(%4,:>-,*%.'*&,'*>'#',$-(#+/,%+-B) 18

2(82(2&20$%&$',6C'($0'($1%&'.%;,'.%;$&,/1&/,'(4,-8&%,'<'0%,%*2*',5$1%<2$%&$',(%4(2)/0/*$%&; $',(%6 "(:'84,'(8>4,*'*'+%0*'$0'($1%$%&$',(%)%,%:'(&-B)*'$$%$%&$',)%,30',$%&&$+21%-8&%.'*#%$$20 $-..'*%1&208-,.6c0',$4&&(2(:%,.'*%1&208-,.%0$%&$',(%.'*%:'(&)%,2&,'%085,%8%++$1'&&.'*,%1'++',-.04(*-,*83+>*6C'$0'($1%$%&$',$-.$%1(%,%:'(&)%,2\\#,-B'(&%08%++'(2%1&208-,. 30',$%&&$.'*$%&$',2%(*,%#',$-($2(:/+%,I&,'*>'#',$-(#+/,%+,'$#'1&20'.'*2(82(2&20$%&$',6J(*'+'( )%(*+2(:$0',<4,/(:'84,*'($%..%2#%$$20-B)%1&208-,.INMATM#,-B'(&I.'*'(02$$30',021&83, #%$$208-,.6 8.2.2 vers ttning med passiv form?*'$0'($1%$%&$',$-.<'0%,%&*'(#%$$20%8-,.'(02*30',$4&&(2(:'()%,0',<'(2<+%(*30',$%&&$.'*,5$1%,'8+'=20%0',<i$-.'(+2:&*'82(2&2-('(1%(/&&,5b1%#%$$208-,.22.#',8'1&20%$#'1&6c','8+'=20% 0',<'(2*'&,5$1%&'=&/,0%+'&)%,-8&%$0%:)%(*+2(:$1%,%1&4,6H&/*2'(1%(*4,.'*$4:%$$&3*>%#9$&9'(*'& Ke/$$1%>%h,%..%&21%LMM[g-.?I\O\P%&&,5$1%,'8+'=20%?.#',8'1&20%0',<.'*#%$$20<'&5*'+$'2(&' /&&,5B1',&2++$&9(*$-.8,%.1%++%&$%0'(83,':9'(*')%(*+2(:6C'&&%9$19*+2::3,$('*%(%0(9:,%'='.#'+ 8,9(&'=&.%&',2%+'&6 Verb i svensk sats )%,$#':+%&$ 2(,21&%$ :+3.$<-,& Verb i rysk vers ttning %0$9:$ 1%++%$ D0'(#%$$20%1-($&,/1&2-(',.'*,5$1%#',8'1&20%0',<)%,9&',8/((2&$2.%&',2%+'&6C'#',8'1&20%0',<'( 14(('&'B1(%$.',%0)%(*+2(:4(*'?.#',8'1&20%6",0%+'&4,*-B1+2&'&-B)'(:'(','++$+/&$%&$4,$09,%&& *,%6`9:,%'='.#'+#9#',8'1&20%0',<.'*)%(*+2(:$1%,%1&4,4,R :%0$ &,5B1&'$ *-1/.'(&',%*'$ $+/(:%$/& 19

@%&',2%+'&2((')9++',-B1$902$$%,'8+'=20%#',8'1&20%0',<6C'$$% 1%(<%,%%(04(*%$$-.#%$$202'&&89&%+ 8%++I*'+$02*0',1$%.)'&'++',8'(-.'($-.2(&'<',-,%0.4($1+2:02+>%I*'+$02*30',:9(:8,9('&&&2++; $&9(*&2++'&&%((%&KQ/+12(%OTTZIZV\P6`9:,%'='.#'+#9$9*%(%0',<4,R -.0%(*+%&$ )%,$.2&&%&$ 83,'(%*'$ )%*'83,0%(*+%&$ E+%(**'#',8'1&20%0',<'()%,-B1$9#9&,488%$+9(:8-,.',%0#,'&',2&/.#%,&2B2##%$$20$-.&6'=6 J-B)$-.30',$4&&(2(:%,%0536,4&",,'$#'1&20'?+&"9923663*6D0'('&&#,'$'($ #%,&2B2##%$$20AA)%,)2&&%&$2.%&',2%+'&$-.30',$4&&(2(:%0"99)?#$*+21$-.(9:,%89 %*>'1&2021-,&8-,.%(04(*%$-.#,'*21%&20<+6%6A?+&2?#*A-B)A?+&42+-5#36?30',$4&&(2(:%,(%.'*#%$$208-,.)%,#',8'1&20%0',<%(04(&$-8&%,'4(2.#',8'1&206`9:-(:'(','++ 1-##+2(:.'++%(0',<'($%$#'1&-B)83,'1-.$&'(%0%:'(&:',$&/*2'(2(:'&$&3*83,6 8.2.3 vers ttning med aktiv form och rak ordf ljd H+/&$%&$'(%0,'$-('.%(:'&2%0$(2&&'&\6U6O0%,%&&,%1-,*83+>*2(&'<-,*'83,'1-..%$4,$12+&-8&%230',; $4&&(2(:%,%0#%$$20%$%&$',6e'$/+&%&'&%0*'('.#2,2$1%$&/*2'(:',*-B12(:'&$&3*83,*'&&%#9$&9'(*'I '8&',$-./(:'84,'(&,'*>'*'+%0*',5$1%%1&20%$%&$',(%)%,,%1-,*83+>*6g04,&'.-&,'$-('.%(:'&2%0; $(2&&\6U6O0',1%,$&,40%()%0%,2&%&&<'0%,%&'.%;,'.%;$&,/1&/,'(02*30',$4&&(2(:'(.'*,%1-,*83+>*6 7%*'30',$4&&%,'(2$&4++'&0%+&-.04(*-,*83+>*)%*'$%&$'($2(8-,.%&2-($2((')9++#90',1%&$-B)$%&$'( 89&&'((9:-&%((%(2(('<3,*6`'*%($&9'(*''='.#'+<'+5$',*'&&%R Svensk sats Rysk vers ttning Omv nd ordf ljd Kommentar @&41?65&;6%5&)3#&6?23+%@& 40<#-#$'0&9+'.%44'+& '()&3*63*M& @&&& @&& && $$ && & H0'($1%&'.%;,'.%; $&,/1&/,'(83,4(*,%$02* -.04(*-,*83+>*?*'($0'($1%$%&$'(-B)*'$$,5$1%30',$4&&(2(:4,_2((o14(&%0$%..%()%(:'&-B)*4,.'*&'.%6J&& )%(<+'0#,-8'$$-,-B)%*+%*4,(52(8-,.%&2-(-B),'.%6`4,*'(,5$1%$%&$'($1,20$-..'*-.04(* -,*83+>*83,4(*,%$<'&5*'+$'(&2++%&&*'&4,>/$&_2((o-B)2(:'(%((%($-.<+'0#,-8'$$-,-B)%*+%*6Y.; 20

04(*-,*83+>*.-&$0%,%,2*'&&%8%++(4,.%$&'($0'($1'.8%&2$11-($&,/1&2-(*4,_2((o4,,'.%R*'&0%, _2((oK-B)>/$&)%(P$-.<+'0#,-8'$$-,-B)%*+%*6 D0'(-.<'0%,%*&'.%;,'.%;$&,/1&/,*-.2(',%,)%,30',$4&&%,'(0%+&%&&4(*,%#9*'((%2(9:,%8%++6? ('*%($&9'(*''='.#'+)%,*'($0'($1%-B),5$1%$%&$'($%..%$%&$2((')9++.'(-+21%$%&$83+>*6Y. 30',$4&&%,'()%*'0%+&-.04(*-,*83+>*)%*'30',$4&&(2(:'(<'0%,%&&'.%;,'.%;$&,/1&/,'(2*'($0'($1% $%&$'(6 Svensk sats Rysk vers ttning Omv nd ordf ljd Kommentar p^($2&/%&2-(4,%++&2* 1-.2$1p$&9,*'&,'*%(2 *'</&<-1'(och alla hans b cker pr glas av en mycket torr humor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

#%$$20%0',<'&2*'($0'($1%$%&$'(",6?$$34)%,$0%:)%(*+2(:$1%,%1&4,-B)1%($4:%$3##(%83,'((-;.2(%+2$',2(:$-.89,$%&$'(&,-&$*'$$%1&20%8-,.%&&14((%$.2(*,'%1&206d2*(-.2(%+2$',2(:89,%:'(&'( :'(2&201%$/$RU3+4&O;%+$4&.+304,?66#-#$A&&6 8.2.4 vers ttning med aktiv form och omv nd ordf ljd ^(+2:&%0$(2&&\6U6L1%(1-($&,/1&2-(',.'*-.04(*-,*83+>*/##8%&&%$)%02$$#%$$20<'&5*'+$'6F3,04(&; (2(:%,(%0%,*4,83,%&&$9*%(%1-($&,/1&2-(',<-,*'0%,%:%($1%0%(+2:%02*30',$4&&(2(:%0#%$$20%$%&; $',6Q9$&9'(*'&.-&$4:$2(&'%0*'('.#2,2$1%$&/*2'(I.'(4(*94,$%&$',.'*-.04(*-,*83+>*2(&'+21% 0%(+2:%$-.$%&$',.'*,%1-,*83+>*6"&&,5B1'(.'*-.04(*-,*83+>*1%(&4.+2:'(+4&&:3,%$-.&2++#%$; $208-,.I$-.'='.#+'(('*%(02$%,6D0'(02*30',$4&&(2(:.'*-.04(*-,*83+>*)%,*'$0'($1%$%&$',; (%$&'.%;,'.%;$&,/1&/,<'0%,%&$2*'8+'$&%8%++6 Nr Svensk sats vers ttning Omskriven i passiv form O @&*?+&*%,&4?$4&3,,&45%#42%#@&,-66& 42-66#3*&.+<#&*3#42%#@&-#,%&?+& -#,+%44%+3*&35&0?##-42'+@&& L F#2'00%#&-&)365*"#26%,&;6%5& )3#&0',,3$%#&0%*&)/$3&+'9&.+<#&,5<&0?#&'()&,+%&25-##'+& &&&& @&7&&@&7&& &@& &&& &&& && &&&& &&&& &&&& &&&& ^='.#'+L<3,:'$02$$/##.4,1$%.)'&I'8&',$-.4,'&&2.#',8'1&20&0',<6?.#',8'1&2; 0%0',<#9&,488%$$4++%(2#%$$20%1-($&,/1&2-(',.'*#,'&',2&/.1-,&8-,.Ke/$$1%>%h,%..%&21%LMM[ g-.?i\o[p6j1&208-,.1%(*4,83,0%,%*'&$>4+01+%,%0%+'&2*'&&%8%++6 H%&$'(&&&&&I$-.4,'(30',$4&&(2(:%0SA3&430)?66%#&;A$$*%4I 1%(0%,%'&&'='.#'+#9'(1-(&'=&/'++&-<',-'(*'-B)1-../(21%&20&-/##*'+%*$%&$$-.2(&')%,(9:-& &'.%/&%('(*%$&<'$&9,%0,'.%KW-0&/(-0%LMMLIZV;[MP6W%,%1&',2$&2$1&83,$9*%(%$%&$',4,%&&0',<'& )%,<'&5*'+$'%0'=2$&'($I<'82(&+2:)'&I/##1-.$&-B)j2(&,4*%(*'#9$B'('(j6H/<>'1&'&$&9,2$+/&'&$%&$'( -B))%,$%&$%BB'(&K`2+$$-(OTNOI\MP6g'.%+3$%-/##*'+%*'$%&$',#9.2((',$&%,1&-.$0'($1%$%&$',%0 &5#'(#%$$20%&'.%+3$%1-($&,/1&2-(',6C'(,5$1%$%&$'(&&&& $1/++'1/((%.-&$0%,%*'($0'($1%#%$$20%$%&$'(C%,&;A$$*%4&#A3&430)?66%#$-.2$2(&/,1%(>4.83,%$.'**'(%1&20%.%(;$%&$'(ID3#&;A$$*%&#A3&430)?66%#6C4,28,9(4,$&':'&&2++$%&$'(SA3&430)?66%#& ;A$$*%42&'=&/,0%+'&2(&'+9(:&M 22

H%&$'(O"00%,4&)/+#&"99,'$4&35&)/$3&,+?*$+%#3+)%,30',$%&&$.'*&&&& &6^(30',$4&&(2(:%0*'(,5$1%$%&$'(&2++<%1%&2++$0'($1%.'*$%..%-,*83+>*-B)<2<'; )9++'(%1&208-,.4,O"00%,4&)/+#&"99,'$&)/$3&,+?*$+%#3+6Y<>'1&'&1-..',)4,83,'$/<>'1&'&I-B) '(+2:&0%*$-.$%*'$2/##$%&$'($2(+'*(2(:4,*'((%&0'&5*2:%/&&,5B1$8-,..2(*,'+4.#+2:6C4,83,1%( *'&0%,%(%&/,+2:&%&&04+>%#%$$208-,.83,*'($0'($1%$%&$'(6?*'(,5$1%/##1-..',2(&'$%..%#,-; <+'.I'8&',$-.#+/,%+4(*'+$'(#90',<'&&5*+2:&%(:',j0'.$-.:3,0%*j2$%&$'(6 8.2.5 vers ttning med aktiv form och opersonlig konstruktion?(:%-<$',0%&2-(',%0-#',$-(+2:%$%&$',)%,#9&,488%&$2&'=&/,0%+'&6^(83,1+%,2(:4,%&&$%&$',.'*#,-; (-.'('&03#2(&'2(:9,2$&/*2'('8&',$-.*'&&2++)3,%1&20%-B)2(&'#%$$20%$%&$',6^&&%+&',(%&20&2++.%(; $%&$',4,$-.(4.(&$83,/&-#',$-(+2:%#%$$20%$%&$',.'*0',<'&2$;8-,.-B)*'&-#',$-(+2:%*%,&$-. $/<>'1&I$-.2&6'=6F;63#*&4'54&*%,&$',,&9<&./+%6?4#-#$3+6H9*%(%$%&$',)%,2(&'#9&,488%&$2*'&$0'($1% &'=&.%&',2%+'&%((%&4(2(9:,%'($&%1%8%++6@3>+2:'(1%(*'&0%,%'(-,$%1&2++%&&*'&$%1(%$-#',$-(+2:% 1-($&,/1&2-(',<+%(**',5$1%30',$4&&(2(:%,(%6^&&$&3,,'/,0%+%0$%&$',)%*'1%($1':'&&'&&%((%&/&8%++6 8.2.6 vers ttning med aktiv form med andra person singular ^(*%$&'(-<$',0%&2-(%030',$4&&(2(:.'*%(*,%#',$-($2(:/+%,)%,#9&,488%&$2*',5$1%&'=&',(%6C'& :4++',$%&$'(Z%#'0&*%,&%#2634,%&Q()@&D%#@&G<&[36&Q0@&./+.6A,,34&03#&$%#'0&%#&0?+26-$&)A9%++A0*$-. 30',$%&&$.'*&&&YY@&YY@&Y&Y&&&& 6 W-($&,/1&2-(',.'*%(*,%#',$-($2(:/+%,%(04(*$83,%&&83,.'*+%'&&*,%:%0.-*%+2&'&Ke/$$1%>% h,%..%&21%lmm[g-.?i\unpi-b)0',<'&)-$*'$$%$%&$',/&&,5b1','(%1&202&'&$-.1%(/&83,%$%002+; 1'(#',$-($-.)'+$&KQ/+12(%OTTZIZTNP6C'$$%83,)9++%(*'(1%(&5B1%$$&4..%#9*'(-<$',0',%*' $%&$'(6E+%(*%((%&1%(&MMMD%*&)1?69&35&\%($'$83,.'*+%'(02$$.-*%+2&'&K>8,D%*&)1?69&35& \&42"66%&03#&2"##3\P6C'&&%$1/++'2$98%++1/((%0%,%'&&$14+&2++0%+'&%030',$4&&(2(:$8-,.2*'&&%8%++6 8.2.7 vers ttning med aktiv form och tredje person plural c0',$4&&(2(:.'*&,'*>'#',$-(#+/,%+83,1-..',8,%.83,%++&2$%.<%(*.'*30',$4&&(2(:%0$0'($1% <2$%&$',$-.$%1(%,%:'(&6H%&$',(%$&'.%;,'.%;$&,/1&/,<'0%,%$02*30',$4&&(2(:'(6c0',$4&&(2(:%,.'* 0',<2#',8'1&20%$#'1&*-.2(',%,I02+1'&.3>+2:'(1%()4(:%$%..%(.'*%&&)4+8&'(%0*'$0'($1% 23

#%$$20',$-.30',$%&&$.'*&,'*>'#',$-(#+/,%+4,-.$1,20(2(:%,.'*;6-'++',53+36H9*%(%-.$1,20; (2(:%,8,%.)9++',*'&/##(9**%'++','(':'($1%#I02+1'&<4&&,'1-,,'$#-(*',%,.-&#',8'1&20%$#'1&4($; 8-,.'($-.+58&',8,%.$>4+0%#,-B'$$'( LZ 6C'&&%2++/$&,',%$%083+>%(*''='.#'+R Svensk sats ]-44,&2?#*%&)3#&,-66&3,,&)3#&)3*%&;6-5-,&2'+4.?4,@& 0%#&4'0&?#*<&-#,%&./+*%4&;'+,@& Rysk vers ttning &&&@&&& &&&@ Q',8'1&20%0',<)%,*-B1#9&,488%&$40'(02*30',$4&&(2(:%0$0'($1%$;0',<I'='.#'+02$02*",6?0#3*%4 -B)*/0,4&./+$-.30',$%&&$.'*-B)6h'(','++%$+/&$%&$',%0-0%($&9'(*'2%1&&%:'+$', 4,*4,83,$09,%%&&*,%6 g2++$2$&'(1-..'(&%,.'*/&:9(:$#/(1&8,9(&'.%-b),'.%-.0%+'&.'++%(%&&30',$4&&%.'*#%$$20 8-,.-B)%1&208-,.2&,'*>'#',$-(#+/,%+6^&&'='.#'+/,.%&',2%+'&4,$%&$'(&23#&*"&4%&,-663,,&13$&;6-+& 3542%*3*&*<$-.30',$%&&$.'*&&&@&&&&&MD0'(-.30',; $4&&(2(:'(%0<2$%&$'()%*':>-,&$2#%$$208-,.)%*'&'.%;,'.%;$&,/1&/,'(1/((%&<'0%,%$R&&& &&6D,1%($1'0%+'&%0%1&208-,..'*&,'*>'#',$-(#+/,%+2$&4++'&83,#%$$20<%,%'( $&2+8,9:%83,30',$4&&%,'(X 8.2.8 vers ttning med aktiv form och infinitivsats W-($&,/1&2-(',(%.'*2(82(2&20$%&$',83,'1-..',2*'8+'$&%8%++$-.30',$4&&(2(:%0<2$%&$',6?30','($; $&4..'+$'.'*$-.(4.(&$&2*2:%,'2(:9,2(82(2&20$%&$',(%-8&%2.-*%+%1-($&,/1&2-(',%0&5#'(jH%&$',.'*2(82(2&20$-.#,'*21%&j$-./&&,5B1',.3>+2:)'&'++',(3*04(*2:)'&KS21+%(*OTTUIONOP6^&&$9*%(& '='.#'+1%(0%,%0%#&%#&35&*%0&42"66%&1"&.+-2?##34$-.30',$%&&$.'*&&&& 6 9D "Z$"-10(*%%"K8" 24

8.3 Sammanfattning och tolkning av resultat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e/$$1%>%h,%..%&21%LMM[g-.?I\OVPR& &&&A&&&&6 J(*,%$14+83,0%+%0%1&208-,.1%(0%,%%&&30',$4&&%,'()%,0'+%&<'0%,%*'(#%$$20%$%&$'($&'.%;,'.%; $&,/1&/,'++',%&&%1&208-,.$#':+%,30',$4&&%,'($$&2+2$&2$1%#,'8','($',6F3,'1-.$&'(%030',$4&&(2(:%,.'*&,'*>'#',$-(#+/,%+4,<'&5*+2:&$&3,,'2/,0%+'&8,9(*'('(%%0$13(&'=&',(%KPI02+1'&1%( &%+%83,*'&$'(%,'#9$&9'(*'&6 `4,*'&:4++',$0'($1%$%&$',.'*%:'(&)%,30',$4&&(2(:%,(%2*'8+'$&%8%++:>-,&$.'*%1&208-,.-B),%1 '++',-.04(*-,*83+>*6d%+'&%0%1&208-,.4,2*'$$%8%++2(&')'+&-04(&%&I9&.2($&-('2(&'(4,*'&:4++', 1-($&,/1&2-(',.'*-.04(*-,*83+>*$-.)%,02$$#%$$201%,%1&4,6J&&,%1-,*83+>*-B1$9%(04(*$1%( *'+02$)4(:%$%..%(.'*%&&,5$1%()%,%1&20%/&&,5B1$-.#%$$%,$%&$',$-.)%,%:'(&6 Y+21%&'.%;,'.%;$&,/1&/,202$$%%0*'$0'($1%-B)*'.-&$0%,%(*',5$1%$%&$',(%1%(<',-#9%&&*'&2 *'$$%8%++82(($'&&0%+.'++%(-+21%.3>+2:%$&,/1&/,',-B)%&&83,8%&&%,'(,'$#'1&20'30',$4&&%,'(:>-,& 25

-+21%0%+6^&&'='.#'+4,30',$4&&(2(:'(%0K"+&*%##3&%..%2,-5-,%,&23#&./+263+34&?+&-#,%&6?,,&3,,&4?$36 g'.%;,'.%;$&,/1&/,'(2*'($0'($1%gkjpfekep)%,2*'(,5$1%30',$4&&(2(:'(4(*,%&$&2++ekepfgkjp; &@&&&&&6Y.*'($0'($1'83,8%&&%,'(2$&4++'& )%*'0%+&%&&%(04(*%C%,&?+&-#,%&6?,,&3,,&4?$3&)"+&*%##3&%..%2,-5-,%,&23#&./+263+34@&$9)%*'&'.%;,'.%; $&,/1&/,'(2*'(,5$1%30',$4&&(2(:'(30','($$&4.&.'**'($0'($1%6^&&%((%&'='.#'+4,'()&3663&)3#4& ;/(2%+&9+?$634&35&%#&0A(2%,&,'++&)"0'+$-.30',$%&&$.'*&&&& &&&&&6C'(,5$1'30',$4&&%,'(1/(*'2$&4++'&)%%(04(&&& &&&&&&&&$-.$&4..',<4&&;,'.'*&'.%;,'.%;$&,/1&/,'($&,/1&/,'(2*'($0'($1%$%&$'(6d%+'&%0&'.%;,'.%;$&,/1&/,230',$4&&(2(:; '(1%()4(:%$%..%(.'*%&&0',<'&4,'&&$616#',B'#&2-($0',<$-.)%,&09-+21%&-+1; (2(:$.3>+2:)'&',6H9*%(%0',<1%(/&,5B1%)%(*+2(:.'(-B1$9'=2$&'($6`4,*'%(04(*$$-.)%(*+2(:$; 0',</&:3,*','.%$-.'='.#'+02$2$%&$',%0&5#'(A7/(*%,(%$14++',6H-./&&,5B183, '=2$&'($4,2$&4++'&$/<>'1&'&,'.%R6 Y#',$-(+2:%#%$$20%$%&$',.'**%,$-.$/<>'1&-B)0',<2$;8-,.83,'1-..',$4++%(2*'&$0'($1%&'=&;.%&',2%+'&6c0',$4&&(2(:%,(%%0*'$$%$%&$',)%,$1'&&.'*%1&208-,.I0%,%02'&&8%++.'*&,'*>'#',$-( #+/,%+RS?+&*%,&.+<$34A&6J&&&6'=6-#',$-(+2:%1-($&,/1&2-(',2(&'*51&/##2.%&',2%; +'&-B)%&&$%&$',2%(*,%#',$-($2(:/+%,)%,<%,%'(-<$',0%&2-(1%(I$-.1-($&%&',%&$&2*2:%,'I<',-#9 *'&<':,4($%*'/,0%+'&%0$%&$',6^(83,1+%,2(:4,-B1$9%&&.%&',2%+'&2(&'-.8%&&%,$0'($1%%1&20%.%(; $%&$',I'8&',$-.$&/*2'(2(&'-.8%&&%,%1&208-,.2$0'($1%(6 9. Slutsatser C'('.#2,2$1%$&/*2'(<'1,48&%,/##$%&$'($)5#-&'$%&&,5$1%(1%(9$&%*1-..%$%..%&'.%;,'.%; $&,/1&/,$-.$0'($1%#%$$20%$%&$',/&%(%&&%(04(*%#%$$208-,.6C'&82(($$14+%&&2:'(#9#'1%*'&1(%#; #%/,0%+'&%0$%&$',2$&/*2'($-.<':,4($%,.3>+2:)'&',(%%&&*,%$41,%$+/&$%&$',%0$&/*2'(6J(%+5$'( #'1%,*-B12'(&5*+2:,21&(2(:-B),'$/+&%&'&<3,1/((%%($'$:4++%.',:'(','++&6 26

d2*30',$4&&(2(:%0$0'($1#%$$208-,.&2++,5$1%82(($*'&8+',%.3>+2:)'&',%&&%(04(*%%1&208-,.-b) $%.&2*2:&<'0%,%$%&$',(%$&'.%;,'.%;$&,/1&/,-B)#%$$20%1%,%1&4,6e5$1%($,'+%&20&8,2%-,*83+>*4,'&&.'*'+83,%&&30',$4&&%#%$$20%$%&$',.'*%:'(&/&%(%&&%(04(*%#%$$208-,.6J1&208-,..'*%(-(5.2; $',%*%:'(&4,'&&%+&',(%&20&2++#%$$208-,.83,$%&$',/&%(%:'(&6 D,2(&'$%&$'($0',<'&&&5#2$1&)%(*+2(:$0',<4,:,4($'(.'++%(%1&20-B)#%$$208-,.)9,82(6d%+'&%0 %1&20'++',#%$$208-,.4,*91%($1'(4,.%$&'(8,9:%-.30',$4&&%,'($#',$-(+2:%$&2+0%+6 C'($%..%(8%&&%(*'$+/&$%&$'(%0$&/*2'(4,%&&.%(02*30',$4&&(2(:%0$0'($1%#%$$20%$%&$',&2++,5$1% 1%(04+>%.'++%(#%$$20-B)%1&208-,.6d%+'&%08-,.<',-,#9-.$%&$'($-.$1%++30',$4&&%$4,)/0/*; '++',<2$%&$$%.&#9-.:20%(*'1-(&'=&-B)%(*,%8%1&-,',I$-.&6'=6-.$%&$'()%,%:'(&'++','>-B)-. *'()%,.-*%+%2($+%:6^(1-.#+21%&2-(4,%&&*'&2(&'82(($'(1+%,%0:,4($(2(:.'++%(%1&20%-B)#%$$20% 1-($&,/1&2-(',I02+1'&1%($'$$-.'(*'+%0#,-<+'.'&.'*4.('&6H-.1-..'(&',%&$&2*2:%,'&2++:-*-; $',#%$$208-,.*'$$/&-.-+21%$58&'(<',-'(*'#902+1'(2(8-,.%&2-($-.$1%83,.'*+%$6 m&&',+2:%,'$&/*2',%02(-.4.('$-.,9*'&0-,'2(&,'$$%(&%6h9*%(%$&/*2',<-,*'8,%.83,%++&-.8%&&%'&& <'&5*+2:&$&3,,'-B)<,'*%,'/,0%+%0&'=&',-B)$%&$',I02+1'&83,/&$4&&',%/&-.%&2$1*%&%<')%(*+2(:83,%&& 0%,%:'(-.83,<%,%6@3>+2:'($1/++'*9-B1$98,9:%(-.#%$$208-,.4,0%(+2:%,'2$0'($1%(4(,5$1%( 1/((%$&/*',%$6D0'('($'.%(&2$1%(%+5$0-,'2(&,'$$%(&83,%&&:''&&%((%&#',$#'1&20#94.('$-.,9*'&6?30,2:&$1/++'83,*>/#(2(:%,1/((%$1'(4,*'&:4++',&6'=602+1'(<'&5*'+$'%:'(&'(-B)0',<'&)%,83, 0%+'&.'++%(#%$$20-B)%1&208-,.83,'($%&$6 27