!"# $%! & &'( $% )* $( &'( +6,# , :3;< ) * + & ) *, ) % -. +/0 $

Transkript

1 $%&!"# $%! & &'( $% )* ٣ *2 ١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ayoubi@cc.iut.ac.ir :G :+%2 `R4_ :4=

2 532 $%& /c0 $c23 == E= d3-8c c= \c0 ) ):? )::* -.. $f 8 Rg +/0 $23.:6 >e Duong ) :=4 E 0 [K :=@ - c0 c2j 8c $c23 +c.(and Lee, 20 ):c? )I:j6 M < ):k.(pekey, 2006) :ci c c +/c0 $23 8?4 G@ $ X G5 8 F )I 8c ) ce 8c?4 Pc04O c= \c0 ).0 : -. +/0 $ :c=4 > 0 PO l490 m Rn = : 4F :54 o =6 P0 ) c0 +cm 6 )j l490 : 8 Q X.Sc/ cx p4i 8<= 4F > 0 U90 ) :c=4 > 0 m =j4 $: 8 : dio If := qkj O4O :54 Re.(Wei et al., 200) :I d3 O4O )o +/c0 $c23 )IdIrk P7J dh c/ ) ;4cO> c0 $c23 8c -. 8c 8cO 0 : sgf ; O 5O N c c c c XY ci6 I G5.(Sezgin et al., 2004) : = =j4c cj c :c= $4c?4 4J 8 F 4cI LF )I.456 < $ X.(Madejo n et al., 2004) :cic ce= > c0 c72- c J mc *c )859 +VI GH= )I4 ) -. PO )j K 4Qe W=.:. 0 I4 3 c72-. ce= dh + PO > 0 c dc3 c I > 0 PcI c F )ci4 +.3 d3 == co %c0.4c56 TF D 4J 8 4.(Fayadh and Al-showiman, 990) Dc 8c ) %c )I-. F R0 :t G:c *c4 c0 Pc* = /= 8c c= )c $cf ::k + ]4@.0 : $ cx 8c 8?4.0 O u2h )IdH 4c? ;:cj ; c \0 ) ::k + +/c0 $ U90 4,@ $59 )8c59 +ct ;c<= ) % -. c c3.:c0c c7= 8 ) v *4 0 8c *c4 0 & ?4 [k r 8K9 p. 842J 8K9 r )ci.4c56 ci/cejk k )I< :c:* :c=4 c c0 83 d3 6 G-c coo O0 \0 ) ):? %c0 c dirck +c +.: 8K9. +/0 $23 F 72- := I.r c 8cK GcH= )IC ) 8E= 3 - )citfc 8c0 8cK9 9c0 )ILF.4c56 c.456 8? :- :=.456 $c23 8c *c4 c0 c :. 0 +/0 /8B-

3 533 $%&...+, -./ 023,)' c&3 8cO c0 *4 0 O *4 * m J 8K@ 8 8? 29 8K@ 48 8? 28 5 c 8cK@ 3 8c? 50 5c c3 o?. c 3 o? R4 8K@ 8 8? + c c )w c= chk 4J 8 842J 8c? 27 82&3 8O : *4 0 dh m ccj 8ccK@ 55 8cc? 27 cc 8ccK@ 8 52 c 8cK@ 59 8c? 5 5c c3 o? c c3 o? R4c 8cK@ 57 8c? 4 M= :..0 : E= GM 859 ED -2 :/'C /BC '--2 ci-. +/0 &J U90 *? -TFc 8c0 * )ILF +/=c *4 * M= D.456 )I c U90 8 ]% := cc2 7.:c= +/= =c 842J 8K9 8 ]c% (9 c 85 )cir0.:= +/=) *c4 )I *c.: 83. 7= U90.:cI & ) *, q 8 842J 30º 7 00 N 50º E N *4 * 842J * $'( ) $*( :) / ;) ( 78 27º 7 00 N 50º E ) 8cE= :.: %0 c@ ) 2 /5 ]% 8O F IC!/,, D -2-2.:c. )6c? DcEF $4c& 8c :c c-..8=4= D 4J 8 GH= 8c Mc= R4c 842cJ *c4 )I *c *c +c +c c 842J *4 )I *

4 534 $%& :. %0? gj 4J 8 (al., 997 : 8z :- 4O3 u2h )I. R:? + *? = %0 +/ ? TF &J )I4O3 ]4<.456 8?... +/ ?.: 80 85, K9 - (2) 85.(Hakanson, 980) :!" c. cgj 72- =).456 4O3 2 CF c..c0 (4c56 c- 0 D $:c@ :c 4c E ? :K +/c0 $c23 c< c dico *? )43 Duong and ) c. $4c& 8c59 4c 8cK9.(Lee, 20 +/c0 $c K9 I 3.:c6 c0 8c =.456 TF %0 (980) cmi Thomilson 04 TF +.0 :. 8z $4& 8 (3) 85 #$% =& ' ) + - $23 : n.456 4O3 CF O dc.4c56 c TFc c56 8cK9 8cO c0 +c :IE= : D 8c.4c56 c.4c56 8c? )ITF.0 Degree of contamination 2 Contamination factor 3 Pollution Load Index 8c=4= 50 ]4c< 8c=4= qc Gc Dc= +cvi.:c 8c c- c. ) c=c0 0 c 0,J -. )I8=4= Rc0 ) c8c=4=.:c 8c3. LF 8=4= $4& 39 E6"# 'C-3-2 c. LcF )ci8=4= +/0 &J GO 72- ) c/ c5o ; O N > 0 G - c Rc = 6 Dc = :c0 04 PQI Nk GM= c5 +O ck R:c c >Sc? /c0 %0 8c0y :=c0 8c=4= Dc.:c +c 3030 San ;c= 8c (NST) cm 6 )c3 2 $KK c& c@ R co 47 8 Joaquin # 2709 c. LF )I8=4= +/0 $23 8< %0 4 - co THcE ) c 4c c :- 4O3 4Oc3. co %0 == )I53 XY 8c5, -. 8=4= gj :- Reimann and de Caritat, ) :c 8c0 c :(2005 = () 85 [ ] [ ] -. 8=4= gj 72- B n.: -.? C n 85 + gj 72-? 7= 4 gj K q 8 C ref B ref :I E= 0 )j.: -.: 804k Yongming ) 0 83 /= YE 804k gj 8O Loska et ) / (et al., 2006

5 535 $%&...+, -./ 023,)' qc 8c c- 2 R:c? [c0 c.:c ;.42O ;.2 :c N 23 8 Z4 $ o q v + E.0 8K $ o :I E= 8O -{.4cc54O 4cc6 Ncc ) cc /93 /54cct * +/0 $23 + 8O E= u= 0.:=:= R = 4 N 8 Z4 )I J /JBC / -2-3 /'C ) > c0 72- > u5-2 GM, c= *4 ) * 8K9 842J & 8K9 c dc3 (Mc= ) ) *c - 8K9 8 ) > no:e.:i E= (p<0/05) 8cK9 *c4 ) *c 8cK9 8 Z4 q J & ) *c 8cK9 842cJ & 8K9 -. ) d3 ) * - 8K9 8 = *4 +cvi. ce= N 72- ^5 (p<0/05) *c4 ) *c 8cK9 c- c. Nc 72- )cc 4cc 8cc cc& 8ccK9 8cc cc=.(~-2 GM) 0 83 d3 (p<0/05).0 *4 ) * 8K9 5O E 4c9 Mc= 8K9 + GM= 5O :K cc& 8 ck9 8cc c= (p<0/05) ) c.(> u5-3 GM) :I E= d3 842J 6 c72- + ce c5o 8E = ; O 4 ) *c c- 8cK9 +c c.: :IE *4 ) c.:= 4 $23 ]4<.456 8O + G5 +c ) c ) c? )I :I E= ci )c6 uc&4.:i 456, GH /"=-4-2 8c2? )c6 )IG2 +/= + {\F I o + /I c3; c= %c0 c +/c0 $ cc Ncck.cc3. $4cc& SPSS 6 {.4c54O 4c6 )c6 8c5 $J\ c4 4c c c0 ) u= 0 +c /ci + ).: ;<= I 4c c- c. +/c0 $c q ccv cc cc4 ) )cci o 2 4 )I o ) 40 k /I 3 + c0 /ci q cv c -.: %0 I"&, -3 J J 'K --3 :$%! & + j 4 :IE 2 R:? 8O 8=4. I Z4 q 8 -. $ /= <; co < Nc < > 0 <GM= <) </ 8 c. ci6 c72- +/=c 8O : 5O Kolmogorov- Smirnov 2 Pearson 3 Spearman

6 536 $%& ; O 72-7= ) {\F & 8K9 c- 8cK9 c/ c72-.(~-3 GMc) = 8c 8cO :ck + ce (Mc= ) ) *c 842J & 8K9 *4 * 6 : q (Yongming et al., 2006) >+ )@3 0 A > B2C DE, ( =>?.(-3 GM) PO 04 2F :: K 2 > 2 EF< 5 5 EF< EF< :) / +, (H,)2@ H,2) -./ D4 G (2 =>? GM= ) / ; O 5O N > 0 03 /8 437 / /5 47 /5 23 /8 96 /3 04 /2 no:e 47 /5 42 /50 53 /8 23 /8 /3 3 /8 38 /5 G@:e 79 /0 70 /0 365 / 35 /7 /7 54 /0 68 / +/= 80 /6 42 /5 37 /9 35 /0 2 /5 4 /3 68 /8 8= 2 /7 90 /7 69 /8 5 /3 5 / 35 /7 4 /4 { = 6 /0 53 /3 9 / 4 /9 43 / 66 /0 2 /2 $ o q v (:&) - 0/5 /0-0/6-0/002 0 / /9 0 /6 /54t 0 /5 0 /5 0 /5-0/4-0/ 4 /6 0 /4.:EO

7 537 $%&...+, -./ 023,)'4 52+ J B' K 5 P(/ Q R N O D DE-.L) $'( ) $*( 7@ (K) M (J) D (B') J / D$? )L (2 78 *4 * > 0? 8 +/0 $23 8I 72-8cK9 8c0 c-. 842J * 5O.(4 R:c?) :cc LcF I6 72- j c- c. N 72- : 4/3.: LcF c 4/3 c 2/2 c- c. N 72- c72-.c0 *c4 * 8 Z4 LF 8 = c72- /7 842J & 8K9 = > 0 4/5 c 2/6 ) c72- +VI.0 LF 6 ce= dc3 LcF 8c c= -. c= c-. ) d3 + E.:I 842J & 8K9 ( 4/5) LF 8 (.>L>L D4 NST >& > c0 -. : ).:= $23 + U90 /:M /I ) N j /I.(3 R:?) :I E= )6 :& jce $23 + 8O 0 + :I E= n 5O ; O /.:=: < *E c :c& Dc U9c0 j /I = GM= R:c? /I q v.:i E= /:M.0 : E= 3 J J J J /"B-3-3 )* " 'C /BC :3

8 538 $%& J B' K )I+/=) K9 GO () / (~) ; O (>) GM= (u5) 5O )8? 4= (3 GM (.:=:= )6 {\F :& 5 U90 L E { e ) +, -./ (s) - X/ (p) )/ V.E W G (3 =>? GM= ) / ; O 5O N > 0 > 0 0/52 **s N s - 0/09 *p - 0/32 5O ** p 0 /53 s 0 /08 p 0/08 ; O ** p 0 /49 ** p 0 /60 *s - 0/34 p - 0/02 / **p - 0/50 p - 0/05 p - 0/27 0/78 **s ** p 0 /57 ) **p - 0/4 ** p 0 /84 ** p 0 /72 ** p 0 /70 s - 0/02 p - 0/02 GM= **.0 )6 :& 5 U90 /I :IE= q 8 *

9 539 $%&...+, -./ 023,)'4 52+ *c4 * N 72-.: *4 0 Mahmoudi and Khademi, ) *%& )I *.cc0 cce (Jaafari, 203) cc O (203 ce (Rasmussen et al., 200) c *c 8 8I = M= *4 -. 5O 72- * ; O E I * ) co )I * c 8c c= Mc= *c4 de ) :c (Tokalıo glu and Kartal, 2006) (Jaafari, 203) c O (Miguel et al., 997 *c =cf c- c. 8 =.0 E *%c& (Salmanzadeh et al., 202) c* *c -. / c72- (Mahmoudi and Khademi, 203) 8c0 ci ) c72-.(5 R:c?) : O c.:cic ce= dc3 804k 8 = 8K9 c c? 8c I *c c 8c c= Mc= *c4 *c )ci- c. gj c72-.c0 co (Rasmussen et al., 200) *c4 ) *c 8cK9 )ci- c. GcM= 8c c= ;.4c2O c ;. 2 3 :e M= cgj VI.0 E + 804k : 8 )I * 8 = 8K9 + 8cK9 GcM= c72-.c0 ce 5 R:c? c? 8c I *c c 8c c= 842cJ c& (Mahmoudi and Khademi, 203) *%cc&.0 E c /8 c /4 c= -. /.: :IE c. GcM= $ co + \J.: LF.: /8 /5 + LF 8 = - c0 c- c. +/0 &J 72-8K > c0 c72-8o :I E= + 804k *4 +c 8c04k ce 8K9 80 I -. c? 8c = N 72- +VI.(5 R:?) 0 8c04k 6 c72- jc * + M= c0 c- c. c&j 8cK 72-.: $cj\ [ k O *4 8c59 4 8K9 80 I > R:? (c=o) c Gcn I *c *c4 c0 (N2/=) ;*/ (Rasmussen et al., 200) c.c0 jc (Charlesworth et al., 2003) Lu et al., ) (+t)? := I * 8 = de Miguel et al., ) (= c0) :c (200 cgj +c c72-.:c O 2F (997 c72- + ce 8cO *c4 *c -. cc* )I *cc 8cc cc= *cc4 cc0 *%ccc& (Salmanzadeh et al., 202) c2f c= (Mahmoudi and Khademi, 203) 8c0 ci c- c. > O = * K9 ce (Jaafari, 203) c O * -. *4 ) * 8K9 -. N ) co *c 8c c= 842cJ & 8K9 E (Tokalıo glu and Kartel, 2006) (8O ) +c c72-.:cc O I * 8K 8 = :c 8c59, j * * gj

10 540 $%& (H,)2@ H,2) -./ Z' $'( ) [ QT +, $* (4 =>? GM= ) / ; O 5O N > 0. LF LF -. LF -. LF -. LF -. LF -. LF - 8K /8 a 83 / 2 a 70 / 4 a 94 / 3 a 276 / 8 a 374 / a 27 / 0 b 37 / 9 a 2 / 0 a 3 / 7 a 9 / 0 a 82 / a 84 / 8 a 79 / 3 a* *4 54 /5 a 82 / 9 a 44 / 9 b 4 / 8 b 270 / 9 a 400 / 8 a 3 / 6 a 35 / 5 ab / 0 a 2 / 9 a 5 / ab 33 / 6 c 58 / 5 b 59 / 2 b M= 44 /0 a 66/ 25 b 54 / ab 245 / 4 a 54 / 9 b 285 / 3 b 24 / 5 b 33 / 2 b 0 / 3 a 7 / b 4 / 3 b 57 / 5 b 67 / 4 a 72 / a 842J.(0 : )6 0 8=.:? $4g -. LF 23 I 72- )I+/=) :=:= )6 {\F :& 5 U90 L E { e ) )I+/= *

11 54 $%&...+, -./ 023,)'4 52+ :? ]*L T +, - $/)V (H,)2@ H,2) -./ L (5 =>? GM= ) / ; O 5O N > 0 8K9 (Salmanzadeh et al., 202) (Mahmoudi and Khademi, 203) 34 /5 863 / 6 22 / 2 33 / / / 4 * 82 /0 470 / / 3 24 / 4 26 / 5 7 / / 5 *%& (Jaafari, 203) 35 / 0 24 / 0 34 / / 45 / 3 O (Rasmussen et al., 200) (Charlesworth et al., 2003) (Tokalıo glu and Kartal, 2006) 5 /2 2 / 5 43 / 5 43 / 3 8 / 3 65 / 8 39 / ( =O) 4 / 534 / / 9 48 / 0 57 /0-274 / 0-26 / 66 / 7 65 / 5 ;*/ ( N2/=) ) O (Lu et al., 200) 48 / 8 75 / / 2 26 / 7 5 / 9 23 / / 2 ( +t)? (de Miguel et al., 997) (Wang et al., 2005; Niencheski et al., 2002 ) 44 /0 476 / / 0 6 / 0-88 / / 0 80 /0 75 / / 0 00 / 0 20 / 0 50 / 0 4 / 0 ( ( 8O : ) = 0) 804k +/= +

12 542 $%& c- ^c5 842J & 8K9 ) gj 4cc ):c8ck c 2F [\O : :cic ce= Mc= c )6 $% c7= +c Mc= *c4 *c.(4 GM) Nc :cc- :K.:I :- [\O 842J *4 )I * c@ :- [\O 8K9 80 I GM= 8K9 80 I ; O 5O :- :K. *c / 04 [\O [\co ; co c5o 8cE 842cJ *c4 842cJ *c c.c0 8c3. c@ 04 Nc :- :K.4 ):8K PO [\O 8c )ci- c/ ) > c0 GcM= ; O PcO c qc 8c * * =F :+E= :c pc. c04 2F :: PO.(Salmanzadeh et al., 202) 0 8% &7-4-3 O ~ H :- 4O cz ;:cj G5 8.4 %0 8 K ce K9 &J 8 :K :c %c0 +c 8c04k 04 K 4EO 8c 8c?4 c.(reimann and de Caritat, 2005) c= c c23 4cJ 8c = gj D 8 85 Loska et al., ) c/ 4c7 + ) 8O 0 4 GMc Wc= 8c 8c?4 c.:. %0 (997 c0 > c0 cgj 8c Z4c :c- + E :cc- [\co 8K9 80 I 8O (34/97) 8cK9 cgj + 2F 8c c= 842cJ c& 8cK9 *4 ) * E= d3 (p<0/05) ) 4 8 M=.:I 40 a a.: - 4O a a a a b b aabb b a b c a a b a a b *4 M= 842J 0 NST >& 5 P(/ Q R N O D DE-.L) $'( ) [ -./ 023 >+ )@3 (4 78 (.>L>L D4

13 543 $%&...+, -./ 023,)'4 52+ q 8 8O E= GO.456 8? 8 23 I ]4< :& J *4 )I * > 0 23.: N 8 Z q 8 842J *4 )I * = :& + E.:O < GO.456 :& gj 8 Z4 842J & 8K Z4 GO.456 8? :& 26 8O 0 ) 6 *4 ) * 8K9.: gj +.:O < ) gj GO.456 :& /M K ? 5 GM.456 8? [\O 4 +/0 $23 + E.4 :IE (Hakanson, 980) &J 8 * ? Z4 GM= ) / ; O 5O N > [\O 8O 0 *4 ) * 8K9 8 8K9 (28/8) 2F &J + ]4< = = /.456 8? + =.: 2F [\O "#$% &$ ! 2F 8?4 G@ 04 PO $'( ) [ -./ 023,)'4 $? (5 78 c& 8cK9.c0 M= < 842J < *4 ^c5 *c4 *c 8cE = M= 842J 8c5.:c= c@ 456 [\O.456 TF )c 4c 8c ^5 + *4 *.456! O3%-6-3 &J ]4< v.456 TF GM [0.:I E= 8K9 I +/0.I / 8K9 E (p<0/05) $4c& 8c.4c56 c TFc dico qc 6

14 544 $%& "#$% '( a b b ! NST >& 5 P(/ Q R N O D DE-.L) $'( ) [ -./ 023,)'4 ^T (6 78 $cc23 ccf )jcc cck (202) ccmi 24cJ 8 * * =F )I- +/0 uc2h )c23 l49c0 I4F 8=:.4F := ci4f c c5 Dc0j c $f *.:= = c/ c72- Nc ) > c0 &J {\F 8cK9 8c c= M= ; O GM= 5O / 72- +VI.0 j 842J & *4 ) * 8K = M= 8E gj *t + je.0 E = c XYc c E :=:= > 0 ) N (2002) cmi Zhang 8c59.:I P20 / +I6 P456 &J 8O E= c? c- c. ; co GcM= P= P:0 8c04k) c YcE +ct )I * : )6 Nc PcO ) > 0 8O5e := (+ = c= Y ce ) 4 c=6 P2 c0 D c06 (.>L>L D4.:I 80 I > 0 *4 * N :- :K * c 842 cj c& 8 ck9 ) 8cK9 XY c c jce c0 0 ce *c4 /=&, PH! -4 Nc > c0 72-8O E= dirk + W= ) *c 8cK9 842cJ c& 8cK9 ) 4 8 (M= ) ) * - 8K9 8 = *4 Nc 72-8M 8 8?4.0 E ) c& 8cK9 8c = *4 * -. 8c.0 E )6 {\F = 842J c- c. 8c Nc 2c& GJ :0 +c- ck dc0 N.: ) * D3 +c- c [c )23 $9@.4F 4F de ) 4c ) *c 6 :=4 c= ci+c P0 85.(Miguel, 997 *c4 *c N )j :K / G5 :=4 c72- +c c )6 $% 4= G5:.: *c4 c0 c& ) *c,c > c0 dck= ) *c Dc3 & )I53 je cc- cc. > cc0 cc72- dcc3 )cc +/c0 $c23 +.:= 8K9 ) % ) *, = P* GK= Ge Salmanzadeh.(Sawidis et al., 20) c0

15 545 $%&...+, -./ 023,)' c 8c?4 c ]4<.:I E= ) d3.4c56 c TFc.4c56 8? TF W= c0 ) %c c- c. 8cO O /0 $23 + ]4< ^5 *4 )ci>6 8 6 :0 % -. RK= 8c )c c0 +/0 $23 J >6 8c +/c0 $23.4 I >6 c c 0 o < J I :c=c H 8 :.c :ci4f ck :c6 cf q@4j 8O )ci>6 > c0 c/ P4c56 )jc K c= )4c? )cie= 8 8 q2-90 :c= >co $c23 ) %c E=8.:I : 8 0 X I4M=\k43 :=4 N Srinivas and Sarin, ) 4c ci6 :c = Wc2F c c6 c + ce *4 0.(203.4c56 XY PI [3 W2F + [3 +c :cc c- c. = +/0 $23 8cK9 ; c \0 ) ):? $ 9F :=4 8cM 8c 8c?4.: 8 *4 0 ; S- :0 * dk= 6 :c=4 c c-. = )I.456 :=.:c= 9F 8 ; \0 S- <=, c< *? ):? $:@ : j4_ + :=c0 :ce 8c I:j6 + dio Lk )4I.:I ;<= jc c9f q cv 8cO :I == )I53.:= I-. + m 3 \0 ) 8c? :c=.4c56 )ITF 80 +VI 8c0 ci 8cO ce=.456 TF.456.:cI 4c56 $23 + 7= K9 c0 )ci- c. 20 )jc.456 8? dico c*? )4c3 $:@ ;<= ;5 *4 c0 Of 8 ;j.:i E= +/0 $23 + c > v 8O.456 )ITF :K 80 : ]4= : /0 $23 72-? +c co c +.0 S. X 23 :K XYc c ce 8O 23 O GJ 80 8c Z4c $c0 8 :I == )I53 ZK= ITF + $% W= ITF + c + c.:c :ci4f E & ) * %c0 4c $c23 3 ITF + p..0 ) v Nc > c0 $23 :I E=.456 8? W=.4c56 8? GO :& J4< ) c& 8cK9 *c4 ) * 8K9 q 8 Doung c0 Wc=.:=4cc cj 842cJ ce= 4c? O 5 * (20) MI $c23 8c )c? c ? 8O c2f I. GM= PO N ) > 0.c0 8c?4 Gc@ *c 8c4e,c c *4 * 8 Z ? TF + E :c 8O 6 < :e 8 = 8O 0 (3/)

16 546 $%& REFERENCES Charlesworth, S., Everett, M., McCarthy, R., Ordonez, A. de Miguel, E., A comparative study of heavy metal concentration and distribution in deposited street dusts in a large and a small urban area: Birmingham and Coventry. West Midlands, UK. Environment International 29, de Miguel, E., Llamas, J.F., Chacón, E., Berg, T., Larssen, S., Røyset, O., Vadset, M., 997. Origin and patterns of distribution of trace elements in street dust: unleaded petrol and urban lead. Atmospheric Environment 3, Duong, T.T.T., Lee, B.K., 20. Determining contamination level of heavy metals in road dust from busy traffic areas with different characteristics. Journal of Environmental Management 92, Fayadh, J.M., Al-Showiman, S.S., 990. Chemical composition of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Journal of the Chemical Society of Pakistan 2, Hakanson, L., 980. An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentalogical approach. Water Research. 4, Jaafari, F., 203. Deposition rate and selected physical, chemical and clay mineralogical characteristics of atmospheric dust in Kerman city. M.Sc. thesis. Agriculture College. Isfahan University of Technology, 04 p. (In Persian). Loska, K., Cebula, J., Pelczar J., Wiechula, D., Kwapilinski, J., 997. Use of enrichment and contamination factors together with geoaccumulation indexes to evaluate the content of Cd, Cu, and Ni in the Rybnik water reservoir in Poland. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 93, Lu, X., Wang, L., Li, L.Y., Lei, K. Huang, L., Kang, D., 200. Multivariate statistical analysis of heavy metals in street dust of Baoji, NW China. Journal of Hazardous Materials 73, Madejo n, P., Marano na, T., Murilloa, J.M., Robinson, B., White poplar (Populus alba) as a biomonitor of trace elements in contaminated riparian forests. Environmental Pollution 32, Mahmoudi. Z., Khademi, H., 203. The use of magnetic susceptibility in prediction pollution of heavy metals in atmospheric dust from Isfahan and its surrounding cities. Ecology 2, (In Persian). Niencheski, L.F.H., Baraj, B., Franca, R.G. Mirlean, N., Lithium as a normalizer for the assessment of anthropogenic metal contamination of sediments of the southern area of Patos Lagoon. Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 5, Pekey, H., Heavy metal pollution assessment in sediments of Izmit Bay, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 23, Rasmussen, P.E., Subramanian, K.S. Jessiman, B.J., 200. A multi-element profile of housedust in relation to exterior dust and soils in the city of Ottawa Canada. The Science of the Total Environment 267, Reimann, C., de Caritat, P., Distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic sources for elements in the environment: regional geochemical surveys versus enrichment factors. Science of the Total Environment 337, Salmanzadeh, M., Saidi, M., Nabi bidhendi, G., 202. Pollution of heavy metals in street dust settled in Tehran and their ecological risk assessment. Ecology 6, 9-8. (In Persian). Sawidis, T., Breuste, J., Mitrovic, M., Pavlovic, P., Tsigaridas, K., 20. Trees as bioindicator of heavy metal pollution in three European cities. Environmental Pollution 59, Sezgin, N., Ozcan, H.K., Demir, G., Nemlioglu, S., Bayat, C., Determination of heavy metal

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18 548 $%& Assessment of concentration and heavy metals contamination in atmospheric dust from urban and industrial areas of Bushehr Province Zeinab Naderizadeh, Shamsollah Ayoubi 2*, Hossein Khademi 3 -PhD student, Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 2, 3 - Professor, Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan Abstract: This study was conducted to assess the concentration of some heavy metals and to examine their contamination hazard in atmospheric dust of urban, industrial and non-urban areas in Bushehr province, southwestern Iran. Fifty dust samples from the leaves of the palm trees and fifty surface soil samples from Bushehr and Assaluyeh cities as urban and industrial areas, respectively, and also from the transect between the two cities as a nonurban area were collected. The total concentrations of Pb, Cu, Co, Cr, Mn, Zn and Ni in dust and soil samples were determined by an atomic absorption spectrometer following the digestion with 6 N nitric acid solution. The degree of contamination of atmospheric dust samples with heavy metals was assessed using indices including enrichment factor, degree of contamination and pollution load index. The results showed that the concentration of Pb, Cu and Zn in dust was affected by traffic and industrial activities. Pollution indices indicated that Pb had the highest enrichment factor among the heavy metals falling in the Very High class of enrichment in all the three areas. The highest degree of contamination in dust of Bushehr Province was found for the urban area of Bushehr categorized in the very high pollution class. Results of the degree of contamination and pollution load index showed that atmospheric dust of Bushehr Province is contaminated with heavy metals. Keys words: Heavy metals, enrichment factor, degree of contamination, pollution load index * Corresponding Author: Phone: ayoubi@cc.iut.ac.ir