Nordic. Statistical Yearbook. Nordisk. statistisk årsbok. CD-ROM with database included

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1 Nordic Statistical Yearbook 2007 Nordisk statistisk årsbok CD-ROM with database included

2 Nordic Statistical Yearbook 2007 Nordisk statistisk årsbok 2007 Volume 45 Edited by Ulla Agerskov Statistics Denmark Nord 2007:1

3 Nordic Statistical Yearbook 2007 Nordisk statistisk årsbok 2007 ISBN ISSN Nord 2007:001 ISSN Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen 2007 Design: sisterbrandt designstue, Copenhagen Print: Arco Grafisk A/S, Skive, Denmark Copies: Printed on paper approved by Nordic Environmental Labelling. This publication can be ordered on Other Nordic publications are available at Main suppliers of data: The Nordic national statistical institutes. Editor: Ulla Agerskov, Statistics Denmark. Secretariat: Leila Chéhadé, Statistics Denmark. Layout: Ulla Agerskov, Leila Chéhadé, Jan Folvig and Jan Vibe, Statistics Denmark. Maps: LIBER KARTOR, Stockholm. Printed in Denmark Nordic Council of Ministers Nordic Council Store Strandstræde 18 Store Strandstræde 18 DK-1255 Copenhagen K DK-1255 Copenhagen K Phone (+45) Phone (+45) Fax (+45) Fax (+45) Nordic co-operation Nordic cooperation is one of the world s most extensive forms of regional collaboration, involving Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and three autonomous areas: the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Åland. Nordic cooperation has firm traditions in politics, the economy, and culture. It plays an important role in European and international collaboration, and aims at creating a strong Nordic community in a strong Europe. Nordic cooperation seeks to safeguard Nordic and regional interests and principles in the global community. Common Nordic values help the region solidify its position as one of the world s most innovative and competitive. 2 Nordic Statistical Yearbook 2007

4 Förord Preface The Nordic countries have much in common their way of life, history, language and social structure. Many of these common features and the results of their joint efforts may be described by statistics. This is why the Nordic Council of Ministers publishes the Nordic Statistical Yearbook. Our ambition is to provide comparable statistics on the life in the Nordic countries to shed light on the similarities and the differences. Against the background of globalization, data on conditions in the Nordic in relation to other Western European countries are also provided in a number of areas. The emphasis has been on making the data easy to understand and relevant to the way we live, which provides the publication with a variety of uses. Since 1997, the Nordic Council of Ministers has, pursuant to an agreement with Statistics Denmark, established and maintained a data bank of statistics supplied by the Nordic statistical institutes. Data for the Yearbook are extracted from this data bank. The publication includes a CD-ROM containing much more detailed information from the data bank than is provided in printed form. In particular, longer time series may be found on the CD-ROM, offering countless possibilities of making interesting analyses. The statistics included in the Nordic Statistical Yearbook may also help illuminate the focus of this year s agenda for the Nordic Council of Ministers under the Finnish chairmanship: The Finnish Programme strives to strengthen the Nordic region in order to meet the challenges of globalisation. The programme stresses the importance of guaranteeing the success of the Nordic model, by further developing competitiveness and welfare. The programme prioritises key factors such as education, culture, health and social services as well as gender equality, at the same time as promoting the Nordic countries visibility in a global context. Enjoy your reading! Halldór Ásgrímsson Secretary-General Nordic Council of Ministers Copenhagen, October 2007 Nordic Statistical Yearbook 2007

5 Preface Förord De nordiska länderna har mycket gemensamt livsstil, historia, språk och samhällsstruktur. Detta lägger grunden för en unik tradition av att samarbeta. Mycket av detta kan beskrivas med statistik, vilket är anledningen till att Nordiska ministerrådet ger ut Nordisk statistisk årsbok. Ambitionen är att presentera jämförbar statistik om livet och livsvillkoren i de nordiska länderna att belysa likheterna och skillnaderna. I ljuset av globaliseringen anges också de nordiska ländernas förhållande till det övriga Västeuropa på en rad områden. Stor vikt har lagts på att göra uppgifterna lätta att förstå och relevanta för det sätt på vilket vi lever. På så vis kan boken få många användningsområden. Sedan 1997 har Nordiska ministerrådet en överenskommelse med Danmarks Statistik om att upprätta och underhålla en statistisk databas med hjälp av de nordiska statistikbyråerna. Uppgifterna i årsboken kommer från denna databas. Boken innehåller en cd-romskiva med uppgifter från databasen som är mer detaljerade än de som publiceras i själva boken. I synnerhet innehåller skivan längre tidsserier, som ger otaliga möjligheter till intressanta analyser. Uppgifterna i Nordisk statistisk årsbok hjälper till att belysa frågor i årets finska ordförandeprogram för Nordiska ministerrådet: I det finska programmet strävar man efter att förstärka Nordens möjligheter att svara på de globala utmaningarna. I programmet framhävs vikten av att man garanterar att den nordiska modellen fungerar. Man lyfter därvid fram behovet av att konkurrenskraft och välfärd utvecklas vidare. Utbildning, kultur, social- och hälsovårdstjänster samt jämställdhet betonas samtidigt som uppmärksamhet ägnas åt att främja Nordens synlighet världen över. Mycket nöje med läsningen! Halldór Ásgrímsson Generalsekreterare Nordiska ministerrådet Köpenhamn i oktober 2007 Nordic Statistical Yearbook 2007

6 Innehåll Contents Preface... 3 Introduction to the Nordic countries... 9 Facts about the Nordic countries Statistics: Environment Population Health and causes of death Income and social protection Housing and consumption Education Labour market Culture and leisure Elections Prices and exchange rates National accounts and balance of payments Foreign trade Public finance Research and development The primary sector Manufacturing Building and construction Services and tourism Information and communication technology Appendix 1: Nordic co-operation Appendix 2: User guide Appendix 3: Installation of the CD-ROM Nordic Statistics Appendix 4: Contents of the CD-ROM Nordic Statistics Appendix 5: Geonomenclature Appendix 6: Classification of commodities Definitions and glossary English Definitions and glossary Swedish Subject index Swedish Subject index English Throughout the book the following symbols and country codes are used: Symbols Country codes Nil Less than half Not applicable Data not available Denmark: DK Faroe Islands: FO Greenland: GL Finland: FI Åland: AX Iceland: IS Norway: NO Sweden: SE To describe the different countries in the figures following colours are used: Denmark: Greenland: Åland: Norway: Faroe Islands: Finland: Iceland: Sweden: Nordic Statistical Yearbook

7 Contents Innehåll Förord... 4 Introduktion till de nordiska länderna Fakta om de nordiska länderna Statistik: Natur och miljö Befolkning Hälsa och dödsorsaker Inkomst och social trygghet Bostäder och konsumtion Utbildning Arbetsmarknad Kultur och fritid Val Priser och växelkurser Nationalräkenskaper och betalningsbalans Utrikeshandel Offentliga finanser Forskning och utveckling Basnäringarna Tillverkningsindustri Byggsektorn Service och turism Informationsteknologi Bilaga 1: Nordiskt samarbete Bilaga 2: Användarhandledning Bilaga 3: Installation av Cd-romskivan Nordic Statistics Bilaga 4: Innehåll av Cd-romskivan Nordic Statistics Bilaga 5: Geonomenklatur Bilaga 6: Varugrupper Definitioner och ordlista engelska Definitioner och ordlista svenska Sakregister svenska Sakregister engelska Följande symboler och landskoder används genomgående i boken: Symboler Landskoder Noll Mindre än hälften Inte tillämpligt Uppgift saknas Danmark: DK Färöarna: FO Grönland: GL Finland: FI Åland: AX Island: IS Norge: NO Sverige: SE Följande färger används för att beskriva de olika länderna i figurerna: Danmark: Grönland: Åland: Norge: Färöarna: Finland: Island: Sverige: 6 Nordic Statistical Yearbook 2007

8 Nordic Statistical Yearbook

9 Table 1 The Nordic region in an international context key figures Norden i ett internationellt sammanhang nyckeltal Norden Euro-13 United States Japan Total area, sq km Total areal, km 2 Land area, sq km Landareal, km 2 Arable land (2004) % of land area Åkermark (2004), % av landarealen Population 2006, million Folkmängd 2006, miljoner Inhabitants per sq.km Invånare per km 2 Fertility rate (2005) Fertilitet (2005) Part of population (2004) 0-14 years, % Andel invånare 0-14 år i % Part of population (2004) 65+ years, % Andel invånare 65+ år, % Life expectancy (2005): men, years women, years Medellivslängd (2005): År, män År, kvinnor Production of energy, 1000 tons oil equiv.(2005) Consumption of energy per person, kg oil equiv Emission of greenhouse gases, tons CO2 equiv. per person (2004) GDP, billion euro (2006) GDP per capita, PPP-euro (2006) Balance of payments, current account surplus % of GDP (2006) General government debt ult. 2006,% of GDP General govern. public surplus 2006, % of GDP ,6 Labour force participation rate, % (2005), men women Unemployment rate, % (2006) Average hours worked per week ( ) Energiproduktion, 1000 ton oljeekvivalenter Konsumtion av energi per person (2004) Utsläpp av växthusgaser, CO2-ekvivalenter ton per person (2004) BNP, miljarder euro (2006) BNP per person i PPP euro (2006) Betalningsbalans överskott i 2006 i % av BNP Off. sektorns skulder , %. av BNP Offentliga sektorns överskott, % av BNP Relativa arbetskraftstal, män kvinnor Arbetslöshet % (2006) Arbetstid ( ) timmar per vecka Tax burden (2005), total taxes as % of GDP Skattetryck, % (2005) Tax on personal income, % of GDP Skatt på personlig inkomst, % av BNP Sources: World Development Indicators 2006, the World Bank. Eurostat, Economic Survey of Europe, 2006, no. 1, United Nations. OECD employment outlook OECD Economic Outlook, Vol , No. 80, December 2006 OECD. UNFCCC. Nordic Statistical Database, WHO, Core Health Indicators. Revenue Statistics of OECD Member countries Note: Where statistics do not give figures for total Norden, figures are calculated as weight averages, using population as weighing basis. Norden comprises Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and the three autonomous areas of the Faroe Islands, Greenland and Åland. Euro-13 is the 13 countries that have euro as their common currency. Land area is the ice-free area. Not: I de fall där siffrorna inte anger samlad statistik för Norden, har de framräknats som ett viktat genomsnitt med utgångspunkt från folkmängden. Norden inkluderar Danmark, Finland, Island, Norge, Sverige samt de tre självstyrande områdena Färöarna, Grönland och Åland. Euro-13 avser de 13 länder som har infört euron som gemensam valuta. Landytan avser den yta som inte är täckt av landis eller vatten. 8 Nordic Statistical Yearbook 2007

10 De nordiska länderna The Nordic countries The Nordic countries are comprised of Denmark, the Faroe Islands, Greenland, Finland, Åland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. The Faroe Islands and Greenland are both part of the Kingdom of Denmark, while Åland is part of the Republic of Finland. Like Denmark, Norway and Sweden are monarchies, while Iceland and Finland are republics. Irrespective of their form of government, all heads of state have relatively limited powers in the Nordic countries. All the countries have democratic constitutions, drawn up in the 19th century, all of which, except for the Norwegian constitution, have been amended several times. Languages Danish, Norwegian and Swedish are related languages and, to a certain extent, their speakers understand one another. In addition, these three languages have many dialects. Faroese and Icelandic are also related to these languages but are not immediately understood by Danes, Finns, Swedes or Norwegians, excepting a few speakers of certain West Norwegian dialects. To a large extent, people from the Faroe Islands and Iceland can understand each other. Swedish is spoken not only in Sweden but also in Åland and along some coastal regions of Finland. Greenlandic, an Inuit language, is the primary language of Greenland and is, in addition to Danish, the official language of Greenland. The same is the case in the Faroe Islands, where Faroese is the primary language and both Faroese and Danish are official languages. Finnish belongs to an entirely different language family the Fenno-Ugrian language family from the rest of the Nordic languages. The Saami language, spoken by an ethnic group living in the northern part of Finland, Norway, Sweden and Russia, is related to Finnish. However, the Samic language is not understood by speakers of Finnish. The Inuit language spoken in Greenland is also entirely different from the other Nordic languages. The land Denmark is comprised of the Jutland peninsula and the archipelago at the entrance to the Baltic Sea, containing almost 500 islands of which approximately 100 are inhabited. Denmark is a lowland country covered by green morainic hills, shaped by the glaciers that once covered Northern Europe. There are no heights above 200 meters. The natural vegetation includes deciduous or hardwood forests consisting of oak, elm, beech and lime. However, since Denmark borders the coniferous belt, plantations of spruce and fir thrive. The soil and climate are very well suited for grain and other agricultural products. More than 60 per cent of the land area is made up of arable land and gardens. The Faroe Islands, situated between Iceland and the Shetland Islands, consist of 18 islands (of which 17 are inhabited) and numerous islets and reefs. Comprised of volcanic rocks covered by a thin layer of moraine or peat soil, the islands rise up sharply, directly from the ocean. The coasts are indented with deep fjords and strong tidal currents agitate the narrow passages between the islands. The natural vegetation includes moss, grass and mountain bog. The islands are naturally treeless, but hardy trees have been planted in sheltered parts. Farming is almost entirely limited to fodder crops for animal production. Nordic Statistical Yearbook

11 The Nordic countries Greenland is the largest island in the world, but only a small part of it is icefree and suitable for permanent settlements. The ice-free part of Greenland, which is inhabited, contains a mountainous arctic landscape. The inland ice covers some 80 per cent of the total landmass. The vegetation in Greenland is represented mainly by tundra types, including heather, birch, willow and alder scrub together with sedge, cotton grass, and lichen. The short summer in Greenland produces a relatively rich plant life. In southernmost Greenland, winter hay is grown for sheep and, along the western coast, such vegetables as radishes, cabbage, and lettuce are raised, as well as potatoes in the extreme south. Finland is strewn with thousands of lakes. Almost 70 per cent of Finland is covered by forest. The natural vegetation of Finland is coniferous. South of the Polar Circle, Finland is a lowland country with no heights above 300 meters. Most of the lowlands consist of a rocky subsoil covered by a thin layer of topsoil, and this is where you find the major part of Finland's arable land. Because of the thin layer of topsoil and the low temperatures in the north, the opportunities for farming are very limited. North of the Polar Circle, there are mountainous areas with heights up to metres. Åland has a typical archipelago landscape which consists of approximately islands larger than 0.25 ha and about islands of less than 0.25 ha. 60 of the large islands are inhabited. The landscape consists to a large extent of slopes of naked rock formed as the land rose from the sea. The bedrock on mainland Åland is mostly red rapakivi granites covered by quaternary deposits of moraine, clay, sand, moor and turf ground. The mild coastal climate and the calcareous, fertile soil favours the cultivating of grain, vegetables and fruit orchards, as well as it contributes to a rich flora, also including a large number of different orchids. Barely 60 per cent of the land area is covered by forest. The pine trees (50 per cent) dominate, whilst the rest is shared evenly between spruce and deciduous forest. With its lava-covered plateaus, volcanoes, geysers and glaciers, the Icelandic landscape has little resemblance to any other part of the Nordic countries. Iceland has more hot springs and geysers than any other country in the world. The country is located on the border between a tundra vegetation zone of treeless plains and a zone of coniferous forests. However, remnants of large birch forests may be found in many places. Bogs and moors are extensive. Only approximately one-fourth of the country is covered by vegetation and a mere 1 per cent by trees. Only 1 per cent of Iceland consists of arable land and gardens. The growing season in Iceland is very short and, therefore, agricultural production is largely connected to animal husbandry, as the cultivation of hay and other fodder crops makes optimal use of the scarce arable land. Norway is mountainous with lush valleys. It contains large mountain plateaus and a coastline, cut by deep fjords, with numerous scattered islands. The largest mountain plateau, the Hardangervidda, meters above sea level, is found in the southern part of Norway. A little more than 20 per cent of Norway is covered by forest. Thick forests of spruce and pine dominate in the broad glacial valleys. In these forests, the ground is carpeted with leafy mosses and heather. A rich variety of deciduous trees notably, birch, ash, rowan, and aspen grow even on the steep hillsides. The precipitous mountainsides make farming with use of modern farming equipment virtually impossible or, at the very least, difficult. Only approximately 3 per cent of the land is arable. The more extensive areas of farmland are found mainly in the Oslo region and east and south of Trondheim. 10 Nordic Statistical Yearbook 2007

12 De nordiska länderna Sweden has lowlands resembling those of Denmark and Finland but also mountainous regions, which are not as rugged and steep as those found in Norway. Sweden has a very rocky coastline with hundreds of small, sometimes wooded, islands. This type of coast, known as the "skärgård", is found both in the east and the west, especially around Gothenburg and Stockholm. More than half of the land area of Sweden is covered by predominantly coniferous forest. Spruce and pine are abundant in the north and the Småland highlands. But other vegetational zones are found. In descending order of altitude and latitude, the general vegetational zones are alpine regions, birch, the coniferous forest region, and a beech region in the south. Farming conditions vary considerably from the south, with a growing season of seven months, to the north, where the growing season lasts only four months. However, due to the relatively high temperatures and long daylight hours during the summer, farming is possible quite far north. Climate The climate in the Nordic countries is determined by two conditions: their location relatively far north and their proximity to the Gulf Stream of the Atlantic Ocean. Their location means that, during the coldest months, average temperatures are fairly low, around or below 0 C, and that none of the countries has an average summer temperature of more than slightly above 19 C, measured as an average over the years from In Norway and Sweden, where landmasses stretch from the far south to the far north, there are large differences between temperatures in the south and in the north, especially during the winter. The inner parts of Norway, Sweden and Finland have a distinct continental climate characterized by cold winters and warm summers, while Denmark, the Faroe Islands and Åland are dominated by a distinct coastal climate. The proximity of the warm Gulf Stream implies that temperatures are relatively high in Iceland, the Faroe Islands and the near-shore areas of Norway when the degrees of latitude are taken into consideration. Precipitation varies enormously in the Nordic countries. Within Greenland and Norway, the variations are very pronounced. In Greenland, precipitation varies from over mm in the southwest to less than 200 mm in the northeast, where some areas might be labelled "arctic deserts". In Norway, precipitation varies from more than mm in western Norway which is one of the wettest areas in Europe to less than 300 mm in the interior eastern Norway and the Finnmark Plateau. The dominant western winds bring large amounts of rain to the mountainous west coast of both countries, while their eastern valleys stay dry. Denmark and large parts of Finland and Sweden have a humid climate, while Iceland and the Faroe Islands have an extremely humid climate. Size of the Nordic countries The idea of the size of the Nordic countries varies depending on the measure used. In terms of area, Greenland is by far the largest. Even if only Greenland s ice-free area is considered, the country has the same size as Sweden, while Denmark accounts for only 3 per cent of total Nordic ice-free land area, and Iceland for 6 per cent only. If, on the other hand, the cultivated area is considered, Denmark accounts for one-third, Greenland then accounts for an extremely small proportion, and Norway for only 10 per cent. In terms of population, Sweden is the largest Nordic Statistical Yearbook

13 De nordiska länderna country with 37 per cent of the Nordic population, followed by Denmark, Finland, Norway and Iceland. However, if the size of the economy, measured as the gross national income is considered, Norway is more important than both Denmark and Finland only surpassed by Sweden. Nordic region after the countries area, population and economy Norden fördelat efter ländernas areal, befolkning och ekonomi Ice-free land area Isfri landareal Cultivated land area Odlad landareal 3% 0% 26% 27% 31% 30% 0% 19% 6% 0% 19% 10% 2% 0% 27% 0% Population Folkmängd Gross national income Bruttonationalinkomst 22% 23% 37% 0% 32% 0% 0% 0% 21% 18% 19% 1% 0% 26% 1% 0% Denmark Faroe Islands Greenland Finland Åland Iceland Norway Sw eden Area01 and Area02: DK, FO, GL, FI, AX, IS, NO, SE, Popu01: DK, FO, GL, FI, IS, AX, NO, SE, Source: National statistical institutes and National Board of Survey, Finland. De nordiska länderna De nordiska länderna består av Danmark, Färöarna, Grönland, Finland, Åland, Island, Norge och Sverige. Färöarna och Grönland är båda en del av kungariket Danmark, medan Åland är en del av republiken Finland. I likhet med Danmark är Norge och Sverige monarkier. Island är liksom Finland en republik. Obe- 12 Nordic Statistical Yearbook 2007

14 De nordiska länderna roende av statsskicket har statsöverhuvudena relativt liten makt i de nordiska länderna. Alla länderna har demokratiska författningar som är från 1800-talet. Med undantag av den norska författningen har alla ändrats ett flertal gånger. Parlamenten i de nordiska länderna och de självstyrande områdena varierar i storlek från 30 medlemmar i Ålands lagting till 349 ledamöter i Sveriges riksdag. Språk Danska, norska och svenska är närbesläktade språk, och de som talar något av dem förstår varandra i viss utsträckning. Därutöver har de tre språken många dialekter. Färöiska och isländska är också besläktade med dessa språk men kan inte spontant förstås av danskar, finländare, svenskar eller norrmän. Det enda undantaget är ett fåtal personer som talar vissa dialekter i västra Norge. De som talar färöiska och isländska förstår varandra till stor del. Svenska talas också på Åland och i vissa kustregioner i Finland. Danska och grönländska är de officiella språken på Grönland och danska och färöiska är de officiella språken på Färöarna. Finska tillhör en helt annan språkfamilj än de andra nordiska språken. Det samiska språket, som talas av en etnisk grupp som bor i de nordliga delarna av Finland, Norge, Sverige och Ryssland, är besläktat med finska. Personer som talar finska kan emellertid inte förstå samiska. Grönländska är också totalt skilt från de övriga nordiska språken. Landet Danmark består av den jylländska halvön och skärgården vid inloppet till Östersjön med nästan 500 öar, av vilka omkring 100 är bebodda. Danmark är ett lågland, som täcks av gröna rullstensåsar. Dessa har formats av den inlandsis som en gång täckte Nordeuropa. Det finns inga höjder på mer än 200 meter. Den naturliga vegetationen inbegriper lövskogar med bland annat hårda träslag som ek, alm, bok och lind, men eftersom Danmark gränsar till barrskogsbältet trivs även odlingar av gran och tall. Jorden och klimatet är mycket väl lämpade för odling av spannmål och andra jordbruksprodukter. Mer än 60 procent av landarealen utgörs av åkermark och trädgårdar. Färöarna, som ligger mellan Island och Shetlandsöarna, utgörs av arton öar (varav sjutton bebodda) och ett stort antal holmar och skär. De består av vulkaniska klippor täckta av ett tunt lager morän eller torvjord som reser sig höga och branta direkt ur havet. Kustlinjen bryts av djupa fjordar, och de trånga sunden mellan öarna rörs upp av tidvattnet. Den naturliga vegetationen är mossa, gräs och vitmossa. Öarna är naturligt trädlösa, men härdiga träd har planterats på skyddade delar. Jordbruket är nästan helt begränsat till foderväxter för djuruppfödning. Grönland är den största ön i världen, men endast en liten del av landet är isfri och lämpad för permanent bosättning. Den isfria delen av landet, som är bebodd, utgörs av ett arktiskt bergslandskap. Inlandsisen täcker omkring 80 procent av den totala landarealen. Vegetationen på Grönland består huvudsakligen av tundraarter som exempelvis buskar av ljung, björk, pil och al tillsammans med halvgräs, ängsull och lavar. Den korta sommaren på Grönland ger ett relativt rikt växtliv. I de sydligaste delarna av Grönland odlas vinterhö för fåren och längs den västra kusten grönsaker som rädisor, kål och sallad samt potatis längst i söder. Finland är översållat med tals sjöar. Den naturliga vegetationen i Finland är tallskog, och nästan 70 procent av Finland är täckt av skog. Finland är söder om polcirkeln ett lågland, där det inte finns några höjder på mer än 300 meter. Nordic Statistical Yearbook

15 De nordiska länderna Huvuddelen av låglandet består av berggrund täckt med ett tunt lager jord, och här finns största delen av Finlands åkerareal. I norr är möjligheterna till jordbruk begränsade på grund av det tunna lagret med mylla och de låga temperaturerna. Norr om polcirkeln finns bergsområden med höjder på upp till meter. Åland är ett typiskt skärgårdslandskap bestående av ca öar större än 0,25 hektar och ca öar som är mindre än 0,25 hektar. Cirka 60 öar är bebodda. Landskapet består till stor del av hällmarker som bildats då landet stigit ur havet. Berggrunden på fasta Åland utgörs huvudsakligen av röd rapakivigranit som täcks in med kvartäravlagringar (jord) av morän, lera, sand, mo och torvmarker. Det milda havsklimatet och den kalkrika bördiga jordmånen gynnar odling av spannmål, grönsaker och fruktträd samt bidrar till en rik flora med ett stort antal orkidéer. Knappt 60 procent av landarealen är täckt av skog, tallskogen (50 procent) dominerar medan den resterande delen utgörs av lika delar gran- och lövskog. Det isländska landskapet med sina lavatäckta platåer, vulkaner, gejsrar och glaciärer påminner mycket lite om resten av de nordiska länderna. Island har fler varma källor och gejsrar än något annat land i världen. Landet ligger på gränsen mellan tundrazonen med trädlösa hedar och tallskogszonen, men rester av stora björkskogar finns på många ställen. Myrar och mossar är rikligt förekommande. Endast omkring en fjärdedel av landet är täckt med vegetation och bara en procent av träd. Endast en procent av Island består av åkermark och trädgårdar. Växtsäsongen på Island är mycket kort. Jordbruksproduktionen är därför i huvudsak baserad på djuruppfödning, eftersom odling av hö och andra foderväxter maximalt utnyttjar den sparsamt förekommande åkermarken. Norge är bergigt med blomstrande dalar. Det består av stora bergsplatåer och en kustlinje som bryts av djupa fjordar med otaliga utspridda öar. Den största bergsplatån, Hardangervidda, ligger på meters höjd över havet i den södra delen av Norge. Lite mer än 20 procent av Norge täcks av skog. Djupa gran- och tallskogar dominerar de breda glaciärdalarna. I dessa skogar är marken täckt med vitmossor och ljung. Ett rikt urval av lövträd i synnerhet björk, ask, lind och asp växer till och med på de branta bergssluttningarna. Dessa branta bergssluttningar gör jordbruk med modern utrustning näst intill omöjligt eller, i bästa fall, mycket svårt. Endast omkring tre procent av landet är odlingsbart. De större jordbruksområdena finns huvudsakligen i Osloområdet och öster och söder om Trondheim. Sverige har låglandsområden som påminner om dem i Danmark och Finland men också bergsområden, som dock inte är så karga och branta som de i Norge. Sverige har en mycket klippig kustlinje med hundratals små, ibland trädbeklädda öar. Denna typ av kust, som kallas skärgård, finns på både östra och västra sidan av landet, särskilt runt Göteborg och Stockholm. Mer än hälften av landarealen i Sverige täcks av huvudsakligen barrskog. Gran och tall förekommer rikligt i norr och på det småländska höglandet, men även andra vegetationszoner förekommer. Efter fallande höjd- och breddgrad är de allmänna vegetationszonerna alpina zonen, björkzonen, barrskogszonen och en bokzon i söder. Jordbruksförhållandena varierar väsentligt från de södra delarna med en växtsäsong på sju månader, till de norra där växtsäsongen endast varar fyra månader. På grund av de relativt höga temperaturerna och de långa dagarna med dagsljus under sommartiden är det emellertid möjligt att idka jordbruk rätt långt norrut. 14 Nordic Statistical Yearbook 2007

16 De nordiska länderna Klimat Klimatet i de nordiska länderna bestäms av två faktorer: läget relativt långt norrut och närheten till Atlanten och Golfströmmen. Läget medför att medeltemperaturerna är ganska låga, runt eller under 0 C under de kallaste månaderna. Inget av länderna hade en sommarmedeltemperatur på mer än något över 19 C i genomsnitt under åren I Norge och Sverige, där landarealen sträcker sig från långt i söder till långt i norr, finns stora skillnader mellan temperaturerna i söder och i norr, särskilt under vintern. De inre delarna av Norge, Sverige och Finland har utpräglat inlandsklimat med kalla vintrar och varma somrar. Danmark, Färöarna och Åland har däremot uteslutande kustklimat. För Island, Färöarna och de kustnära delarna av Norge gör närheten till den varma Golfströmmen att temperaturen är relativt hög med hänsyn till latituderna. Nederbörden varierar oerhört mycket i de nordiska länderna. På Grönland och i Norge är skillnaderna mycket uttalade. På Grönland varierar nederbörden från över mm i sydväst till mindre än 200 mm i nordöst, där vissa områden skulle kunna kategoriseras som "arktiska öknar". I Norge varierar nederbörden från mer än mm i västra Norge som är ett av de mest nederbördsrika områdena i Europa till mindre än 300 mm i det inre av östra Norge och Finnmarksplatån. Den dominerande västanvinden för med sig stora mängder regn till den bergiga västkusten i både Grönland och Norge, medan de östra dalarna förblir torra. Danmark och stora delar av Finland och Sverige har ett fuktigt klimat, medan Island och Färöarna har ett extremt fuktigt klimat. De nordiska ländernas storlek Bilden av de nordiska ländernas storlek ser mycket olika ut beroende på vilken måttstock man använder. Ytmässigt är Grönland utan jämförelse det största området i Norden. Även om man bara ser på den isfria landarealen, är Grönland lika stort som Sverige, medan t.ex. Danmark endast utgör tre procent av den totala isfria landarealen i Norden, och Island sex procent. Ser man i stället på odlad areal, utgör Danmark en tredjedel av hela Norden, medan Grönland utgör en försvinnande liten del och Norge bara tio procent. Befolkningsmässigt är Sverige klart det största landet med 37 procent av Nordens befolkning följt av Danmark, Finland, Norge och Island. Ser man emellertid i stället på ekonomins storlek mätt efter bruttonationalinkomsten är Norge större än både Danmark och Finland endast överträffat av Sverige. Nordic Statistical Yearbook

17 Facts about the Nordic countries 16 Nordic Statistical Yearbook 2007

18 Fakta om de nordiska länderna Denmark Total area sq km Lakes and streams 671 sq km Land area sq km Arable land and gardens sq km Forests sq km Largest lake Arresø 30.9 sq km Highest point Yding Skovhøj m Coastline km Mean temperature ( ) January 0.0 C July 15.6 C Mean temperature (2007) January 5.0 C July 15.7 C Mean precipitation ( ) 712 mm Precipitation Copenhagen (2006) 823 mm Population 1 January Population per sq km land area 1 January Capital population 1 January 2007 Copenhagen and Frederiksberg (municipalities) Copenhagen (incl. suburbs) Capital area population, per cent of total population 30.0 per cent National holiday 5 June (Constitution Day 5 June 1849) Form of government Constitutional monarchy Parliament Folketinget (179 seats) Membership of EU Yes, from 1 January 1973 Membership of NATO Yes, from 4 April 1949 Head of state (as of September 2006) Queen Margrethe II Head of government (as of October 2006) Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen (Liberal Democratic Party) Currency Danish krone (DKK) Official website 1 Actually, Copenhagen has two capital municipalities: Copenhagen and Frederiksberg. 2 Copenhagen and Frederiksberg municipalities + the urban areas of the counties of Copenhagen, Frederiksborg and Roskilde. Nordic Statistical Yearbook

19 Facts about the Nordic countries 18 Nordic Statistical Yearbook 2007

20 Fakta om de nordiska länderna Faroe Islands Total area Highest point Coastline Mean temperature Tórshavn ( ) Mean temperature Tórshavn (2007) Mean precipitation Tórshavn ( ) Precipitation Tórshavn (2006) Population 1 January Population per square km total area, 1 January sq km Slættaratindur 882 m km January 3.4 C July 10.3 C January 3.8 C July 10.6 C mm mm Capital population Tórshavn (municipality) January 2007 Capital area population, per cent of total population 40.0 per cent National holiday 29 July (Olaifest) Form of government Home rule - within the kingdom of Denmark Parliament Lagtinget (32 seats) Membership of EU No Membership of NATO Yes Head of state (as of September 2006) Queen Margrethe II Head of government (as of October 2006) Prime Minister Jóannes Eidesgaard (Social Democratic Party) Currency Danish krone (DKK) Official website 1 Tórshavn municipality includes 6 villages, which are however geographically separated from Tórshavn and therefore not really a part of the city. Nordic Statistical Yearbook

21 Facts about the Nordic countries 20 Nordic Statistical Yearbook 2007

22 Fakta om de nordiska länderna Greenland Total area Icecap and glaciers Icefree area Highest point Coastline Mean temperature ( ) Aasiaat Tasiilaq Mean temperature (2007) Aasiaat Tasiilaq Mean precipitation ( ) Aasiaat 304 mm Tasiilaq 984 mm Precipitation (2006) Aasiaat 352 mm Tasiilaq 742 mm Population 1 January Population per square km ice-free land area, 1 January Capital population 1 January 2007 Nuuk Capital area population, sq km sq km sq km Gunnbjørns Fjeld m km January C / July 5.7 C January -7.5 C / July 6.4 C January -9.6 C / July 8.3 C January -6.9 C / July 7.0 C per cent of total population 26.6 per cent National holiday 21 June (longest day) Form of government Home rule within the kingdom of Denmark Parliament Landstinget (31 seats) Membership of EU From 1 January 1973 to 1 February 1985 Membership of NATO Since 1949 (due to the Danish membership) Head of state (as of September 2005) Queen Margrethe II Premier (as of October 2005) Hans Enoksen (Siumut, Social Democratic Party) Currency Danish krone (DKK) Official website 1 Nuuk municipality. Nordic Statistical Yearbook

23 Facts about the Nordic countries 22 Nordic Statistical Yearbook 2007

24 Fakta om de nordiska länderna Finland Total area sq km Lakes and streams sq km Land area sq km Arable land and gardens sq km Forests sq km Largest lake Saimaa sq km Highest point Halti, Halditjåkko (Haldefjäll) m Coastline km Mean temperature Helsinki January -4.2 C July 17.2 C Mean temperature Helsinki (2006) January -3.6 C July 18.9 C Mean precipitation Helsinki ( ) 643 mm Precipitation Helsinki (2005) 648 mm Population 1 January Population per square km land area 1 January Capital population 1 January 2007 Helsinki (municipality) Helsinki (incl. suburbs) Capital area population, per cent of total population 18.9 per cent National holiday 6 December (Independence Day) Form of government Republic Parliament Riksdag (200 seats) Membership of EU Yes, from 1 January 1995 Membership of NATO No Head of state (as of September 2006) President Tarja Halonen Head of government (as of October 2006) Prime Minister Matti Vanhanen (Center Party) Currency Euro Official website 1 Helsinki municipality + urban areas in Espoo Esbo, Kauniainen Grankulla, Vantaa Vanda. Nordic Statistical Yearbook

25 Facts about the Nordic countries 24 Nordic Statistical Yearbook 2007

26 Fakta om de nordiska länderna Åland Total area (6 757 islands) sq km Lakes and streams 25 sq km Land area sq km Arable land and gardens 138 sq km Forests 890 sq km Largest lake Östra och Västra Kyrksundet 2.6 sq km Highest point Orrdalsklint 129 m Mean temperature ( ) January -2.5 C July 15.9 C Mean temperature (2006) January -2.3 C July 17.6 C Mean precipitation Mariehamn ( ) 553 mm Precipitation Mariehamn (2006) 546 mm Population 1 January Population per square km land area 1 January Capital population 31 December 2006 Mariehamn Capital area population, per cent of total population 40.2 per cent National holiday 9 June Form of government Home rule within the Republic of Finland Parliament Lagtinget (30 seats) Head of state (as of September 2006) President Tarja Halonen Head of Government (as of October 2006) Lantrådet Roger Nordlund (Center Party) Currency Euro Official website 1 Mariehamn municipality. Nordic Statistical Yearbook

27 Facts about the Nordic countries 26 Nordic Statistical Yearbook 2007

28 Fakta om de nordiska länderna Iceland Total area sq km Glaciers sq km Lakes and streams sq km Ice-free land area sq km Arable land and gardens sq km Forests sq km Largest lake Þingvallavatn 82 sq km Coastline km Highest point Hvannadalshnúkur m Mean temperature Reykjavík January -0.5 C July 10.6 C Mean temperature Reykjavík 2006 January 2.0 C July 11.1 C Mean precipitation Reykjavík mm Precipitation Reykjavík mm Population 1 January Population per square km ice-free land area, 1 January Capital population 1 January 2007 Reykjavík (municipality) Reykjavík (incl. suburbs) Capital area population, per cent of total population 62.4 per cent National holiday 17 June (Independence Day 17 June 1944) Form of Government Republic Parliament Alþingi or Althingi (63 seats) Membership of EU No, but member of EEA from 1 Jan Membership of NATO Yes, from 4 April 1949 Head of state (as of September 2006) Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson Head of Government (as of October 2006) Prime Minister Geir H. Haarde (Independence Party) Currency Icelandic krona (ISK) Official website 1 Reykjavík, Kópavogur, Seltjarnarnes, Garðabær, Hafnarfjörður, Mosfellsbær and Kjósarhreppur. Nordic Statistical Yearbook

29 Facts about the Nordic countries 28 Nordic Statistical Yearbook 2007

30 Fakta om de nordiska länderna Norway Total area 1 Lakes and streams Land area 1 (incl. icecap area) Icecap area Arable land and gardens Forests Largest lake Highest point Coastline, mainland Mean temperature Oslo ( ) Mean temperature Oslo (2006) Mean precipitation Oslo ( ) Precipitation Oslo 2006 Population 1 January Population per square km land area 1 1 January sq km sq km sq km sq km sq km Mjøsa 362 sq km Galdhøpiggen m km January -4.3 C July 16.4 C January -6.3 C July 17.7 C 763 mm 930 mm Capital population 1 January 2007 Oslo (municipality) Oslo (incl. suburbs) Capital area population, per cent of total population 22.6 per cent National holiday 17 May (Constitution Day 17 May 1814) Form of government Constitutional monarchy Parliament Stortinget (169 seats) Membership of EU No, but member of EEA from 1 Jan Membership of NATO Yes, from 4 April 1949 Head of state (as of September 2007) King Harald V Head of government (as of September 2007) Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg (Social Democratic Party) Currency Norwegian krone (NOK) Official website 1 Excluding Svalbard and Jan Mayen 2 Oslo municipality and Akershus county. Nordic Statistical Yearbook

31 Facts about the Nordic countries 30 Nordic Statistical Yearbook 2007

32 Fakta om de nordiska länderna Sweden Total area sq km Lakes and streams sq km Land area (incl. icecap area) sq km Icecap area Arable land and gardens 283 sq km sq km Forests sq km Largest lake Vänern sq km Highest point Kebnekaise m Coastline, mainland km Mean temperature Stockholm ( ) January -1.7 C July 17.6 C Mean temperature Stockholm (2006) January -2.3 C July 20.8 C Mean precipitation Stockholm ( ) 547 mm Precipitation Stockholm (2006) 549 mm Population 1 January Population per square km land area 22.2 (incl. icecap area) 1 January 2007 Capital population 1 January 2007 Stockholm (municipality) Stockholm (incl. suburbs) Capital area population, per cent of total population 21.0 per cent National holiday 6 June (Swedish flag) Form of government Constitutional monarchy Parliament Riksdagen (349 seats) Membership of EU Yes, from 1 January 1995 Membership of NATO No Head of state (as of September 2006) King Carl XVI Gustaf Head of government (as of October 2006) Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt (Moderate Party) Currency Swedish krona (SEK) Official website 1 Incl. the greater lakes but excl. the area from the coastline to the territorial border, km 2. 2 Stockholm municipality + urban areas (municipalities): Botkyrka, Danderyd, Ekerö, Haninge, Huddinge, Järfälla, Lidingö, Nacka, Norrtälje, Nykvarn, Nynäshamn, Salem, Sigtuna, Sollentuna, Solna, Sundbyberg, Södertälje, Tyresö, Täby, Upplands-Bro, Upplands Väsby, Vallentuna, Vaxholm, Värmdö and Österåker. Nordic Statistical Yearbook

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34 Natur och miljö Environment Land use The Nordic countries comprise a total area of 3.5 million sq km. Even without Greenland and the Norwegian islands of Svalbard and Jan Mayen, the remaining part of the Nordic countries covers a vast area of 1.2 million sq km. This area is the size of Germany, France and Italy together. The Nordic region stretches over five time zones. To the east, the region borders on Russia, and in fair weather one can just make out the Canadian coastline to the west. To the south, its neighbours are Germany and Poland, and to the north: the Arctic Ocean. However, with a population of only 25 million, the region has one of the lowest population densities in the world. The low density is partly due to the fact that large parts of the Nordic countries are marginal areas, where nature puts limitations on settlement. Denmark (excluding the Faroe Islands and Greenland) has the highest population density in the Nordic countries with 127 people per sq km and, thus, differs significantly from the other Nordic countries in this respect. In both Norway and Denmark per cent of the population is to be found in the vicinity of the respective capitals. In Iceland it is more than 60 per cent. Climatic conditions and quality of land determine how the land is used. In densely populated Denmark there is hardly any wild nature left. Most of the scarce forests are plantations, and 65 per cent of Denmark s total area is cultivated or zoned as gardens or parks. In the other Nordic countries, it is less than 10 per cent of the area. Around 17 per cent of the land area in Iceland is used for permanent meadows and pastures. Both Finland and Sweden have large forest areas. Almost 70 per cent of the total area of Finland and 50 per cent of the total area of Sweden is covered by forest. The environment in the Nordic countries is of a very high standard. Especially outside heavily populated Denmark, the environment is unspoiled nature. The recreational value of its pure nature is one of the greatest assets of the Nordic region. Moreover, the populations of the Nordic countries are very concerned about environmental issues in relation to production, consumption and waste management. The Nordic eco-label, the Swan, which was introduced by the Nordic Council of Ministers in 1989, is an expression of the environment-friendly policy of the Nordic countries. Natural resources The Nordic countries have substantial natural resources. Fish and other animals of the sea are major resources that can be harvested, especially in the western part of the Nordic area. To Greenland, Iceland and the Faroe Islands, sea resources are by far the most important basis for their production and income. The sea off the coast of Norway and Denmark holds large deposits of oil and natural gas, which have made Denmark more than self-sufficient in energy and Norway the second-largest oil-exporting country in the world. The huge forests in Finland, Sweden and Norway provide the ground for a major wood and paper industry. The wood also serves as cheap and renewable fuel for heating. The rich arable land in Denmark and in the south of Sweden is the basis of a substantial production of foods. Nordic Statistical Yearbook

35 Environment The Nordic underground contains many different metals, and the nature is also a source of environmentally sound and cheap energy to great parts of the Nordic countries, particularly in Iceland and Norway where water power is used on a large scale for the production of electricity. Unique to Iceland are the hot springs, providing the population with cheap and non-polluting heating and energy. Windswept Denmark has developed an appreciable production of wind power and exports of windmills and wind turbines. Here too, nature provides a renewable and environment-friendly energy source. Energy production Energy production and energy use have a major environmental impact. The environmental problem is not so much the production or use of energy per se as the fact that most of the energy use in the world stems from fossil fuels, which results in the emission of CO 2, contributing to the greenhouse effect. However, electricity based on hydropower does not give rise to the emission of CO 2, and especially Norway and Iceland, but also Sweden, have a significant production of electricity based on hydropower. Geothermal energy production, which is the most important source in Iceland, and nuclear power, which is a major source of energy in Finland and particularly in Sweden, does not give rise to the emission of CO 2. Except in Denmark, the energy production generated in the Nordic countries results in only moderate emissions of greenhouse gases compared to other developed countries of similar size. The most important energy sources in the Nordic countries measured in terms of energy supply in million toe (tonnes oil equivalent) are in order of importance: oil, solid fuels (e.g. coal and wood), nuclear power, hydro-, geothermal and solar energy, and gas. Hydro- and geothermal power are major sources of energy in the Nordic countries, as compared, for example, to other OECD countries. Particularly in Iceland and Norway, hydro- and geothermal power constitute a major share of the overall energy supply. Denmark depends almost entirely on thermal power generated from coal, oil and gas. Iceland obtains a substantial part of its energy for heating from geothermal energy and depends almost entirely upon hydropower resources for its production of electricity. The indigenous production of energy in the Nordic countries has risen considerably over the last couple of decades especially in Denmark and Norway. Nuclear power is not produced in Denmark, Iceland and Norway. However, it is Sweden's most important source of energy and constitutes approximately 35 per cent of its energy supply. In Finland, it provides 18 per cent of the energy supply. With their oil fields in the North Sea, Denmark and especially Norway have a very large production of oil and gas. In 1996 Nord Pool was formed the Nordic Power Exchange which is the world s first international commodity exchange for electrical power. Nord Pool organizes trade in standardized physical (Elspot) and financial power contracts, including clearing services to Nordic participants, and provides customer support in Sweden, Finland, Norway and Denmark. 34 Nordic Statistical Yearbook 2007