ph = -log[h 3 O + ] = -log[h + ]

Transkript

1 [Type text] JR 2014

2

3 K c c [ C] [ D] a [ A] [ B] d b K K ( RT ) p c n gas K w [ H3O ][ OH ] [ H ][ OH ] ph = -log[h 3 O + ] = -log[h + ] K a [ 3 A ][ H O [ HA] ] [ A ][ H [ HA] ] K b [ BH ][ OH [ B] ] K w K a K b Procent joniserad [ H ] [ HA] 0 100% [ Bas] ph pka log Henderson-Hasselbalch [ Syra ] n För M m X x ( s) mm ( aq) xx ( aq) gäller: n m y x K [ M ] [ X ] Löslighetsprodukt sp y G = -nfe cell G o = -nfe o E o cell = E o katod -E o anod (galvanisk cell) -nfe = -nfe o + RTlnQ 1

4 E E o RT ln Q Nernsts formel nf RT E o cell ln nf K n(e - ) F = I t Faradays lag U = q + w w = -P V q = C T H = U + PV G = H TS (P konstant) S univ = S sys + S surr H sys Ssurr T G 0 = -RT lnk G = G 0 + RT lnq ln P P 2 H 1 vap 1 1 R T 2 T 1 Clausius-Clapeyron PV = nrt (ideala gaser) Löslighet (c) = k P P 1 = X 1 P 0 1 T b = i K b m T f = i K f m Henrys lag Raoults lag Kokpunktshöjning Fryspunktssänkning 2

5 Internationellt (av Codata) rekommenderade värden baserade på mätresultat tillgängliga 1986 c = m s -1 h = J s N A = mol -1 e = C F = C mol -1 = J V -1 mol -1 m e = kg = u m p = kg = u m n = kg = u R = J K -1 mol -1 = L bar K -l mol -l = L atm K -l mol -l = L Torr K -1 mol -l R ln 10 = J K -l mol -l R ln 10/F = mv K -l 1 bar = l0 5 Pa = 10 5 N m -2 1 atm = bar = kpa 1 Torr = 1/760 atm = mbar = Pa 1 Å = l0-10 m 1 L = 10-3 m 3 1 u = (1/N A ) g = l kg 1 ev = l J 0 C = K RT ln 10/kJ mol RT ln 10 F /mv ~ 3

6 Acetylsalisylsyra C 9 H 8 O Arseniksyra H 3 AsO Arseniksyrlighet H 3 AsO Askorbinsyra C 6 H 8 O Bensoesyra C 6 H 5 COOH Borsyra H 3 BO Citronsyra C 6 H 8 O Divätesulfid H 2 S Fenol C 6 H 5 OH Fosforsyra H 3 PO Fosforsyrlighet H 3 PO Jodsyra HIO Klorättiksyra CH 2 ClCOOH Kolsyra H 2 CO 3, (CO 2, aq) Mjölksyra HC 3 H 5 O Myrsyra HCOOH Oxalsyra H 2 C 2 O Sackarin C 7 H 5 NO 3 S Salpetersyrlighet HNO Selensyra H 2 SeO 4 Stor Selensyrlighet H 2 SeO Svavelsyra H 2 SO 4 Stor Svavelsyrlighet H 2 SO 3, (SO 2, aq) Underbromsyrlighet HOBr Underjodsyrlighet HOI Underklorsyrlighet HOCl Vinsyra C 4 H 6 O Väteazid HN Vätecyanid HCN Vätefluorid HF Väteperoxid H 2 O Ättiksyra (Etansyra) CH 3 COOH

7 Ammoniak NH Anilin C 6 H 5 NH Dimetylamin (CH 3 ) 2 NH Etylamin C 2 H 5 NH Hydrazin N 2 H Hydroxylamin NH 2 OH Kaffein C 8 H 10 N 4 O Kodein C 18 H 21 NO Metylamin CH 3 NH Morfin C 17 H 19 NO Piperidin C 5 H 11 N Propylamin C 3 H 7 NH Pyridin C 5 H 5 N Stryknin C 21 H 22 N 2 O Trimetylamin (CH 3 ) 3 N Urea N 2 H 4 CO Aluminiumhydroxid Al(OH) Bariumfluorid BaF Bariumhydroxid Ba(OH) Bariumkarbonat BaCO Bariumkromat BaCrO Bariumsulfat BaSO Bly(II)bromid PbBr Bly(II)fluorid PbF Bly(II)hydroxid Pb(OH) Bly(II)jodid PbI Bly(II)karbonat PbCO Bly(II)klorid PbCl Bly(II)kromat PbCrO Bly(II)sulfat PbSO Bly(II)sulfid PbS Järn(II)hydroxid Fe(OH) Järn(II)sulfid FeS Järn(III)hydroxid Fe(OH) Kadmiumhydroxid Cd(OH) Kadmiumkarbonat CdCO Kadmiumsulfid CdS

8 Kalciumfluorid CaF Kalciumfosfat Ca 3 (PO 4 ) Kalciumhydroxid Ca(OH) Kalciumkarbonat CaCO Kalciumsulfat CaSO Kobolt(II)hydroxid Co(OH) Kobolt(II)karbonat CoCO Kobolt(II)sulfid CoS Koppar(I)bromid CuBr Koppar(I)jodid CuI Koppar(I)klorid CuCl Koppar(II)fosfat Cu 3 (PO 4 ) Koppar(II)hydroxid Cu(OH) Koppar(II)karbonat CuCO Koppar(II)sulfid CuS Krom(III)hydroxid Cr(OH) Kvicksilver(I)bromid Hg 2 Br Kvicksilver(I)jodid Hg 2 I Kvicksilver(I)klorid Hg 2 Cl Kvicksilver(II)hydroxid Hg(OH) Kvicksilver(II)sulfid HgS Magnesiumfluorid MgF Magnesiumhydroxid Mg(OH) Magnesiumkarbonat MgCO Mangan(II)hydroxid Mn(OH) Mangan(II)karbonat MnCO Mangan(II)sulfid MnS Nickel(II)hydroxid Ni(OH) Nickel(II)sulfid NiS Silverbromid AgBr Silvercyanid AgCN Silverhydroxid AgOH Silverjodid AgI Silverkarbonat Ag 2 CO Silverklorid AgCl Silverkromat Ag 2 CrO Silversulfat Ag 2 SO Silversulfid Ag 2 S Silversulfit Ag 2 SO Strontiumkarbonat SrCO Strontiumsulfat SrSO Tenn(II)hydroxid Sn(OH) Tenn(II)sulfid SnS Vismutsulfid Bi 2 S Zinkhydroxid Zn(OH) Zinkkarbonat ZnCO Zinksulfid ZnS

9 F 2 (g) + 2e - 2F - (aq) 2.87 O 3 (g) + 2H + (aq) + 2e - O 2 (g)+h 2 O(l) 2.07 S 2 O 2-8 (aq) + 2e - 2SO 2-4 (aq) 2.01 Co 3+ (aq) + e - Co 2+ (aq) 1.82 H 2 O 2 (aq) + 2H + (aq) + 2e - 2H 2 O(l) 1.77 PbO 2 (s) + 3H + (aq) + HSO - 4 (aq) + 2e - PbSO 4 (s) + 2H 2 O(l) 1.70 MnO - 4 (aq) + 4H + (aq) + 3e - MnO 2 (s) + 2H 2 O(l) 1.68 Ce 4+ (aq) + e - Ce 3+ (aq) HClO(aq) + 2H + (aq) + 2e - Cl 2 (g) + 2H 2 O(l) 1.61 MnO - 4 (aq) + 8H + (aq) + 5e - Mn 2+ (aq) + 4H 2 O(l) 1.51 Au 3+ (aq) + 3e - Au(s) 1.50 BrO - 3 (aq) + 12H + (aq) + 10e - Br 2 (l) + 6H 2 O(l) 1.48 Cl 2 (g) + 2e - 2Cl - (aq) 1.36 Cr 2 O 2-7 (aq) + 14H + (aq) + 6e - 2Cr 3+ (aq) + 7H 2 O(l) 1.33 O 2 (g) + 4H + (aq) + 4e - 2H 2 O(l) 1.23 MnO 2 (s) + 4H + (aq) + 2e - Mn 2+ (aq) + 2H 2 O(l) IO - 3 (aq) + 12H + (aq) + 10e - I 2 (s) + 6H 2 O(l) 1.20 Br 2 (l) + 2e - 2Br - (aq) 1.07 HNO 2 (aq) + H + (aq) + e - NO(g) + H 2 O(l) 0.98 NO - 3 (aq) + 4H + (aq) + 3e - NO(g) + 2H 2 O(l) Hg 2+ (aq) + 2e - Hg 2+ 2 (aq) 0.92 HO - 2 (aq) + H 2 O(l) + 2e - 3OH - (aq) 0.88 Hg 2+ (aq) + 2e - Hg(l) 0.85 ClO - (aq) + H 2 O(l) + 2e - Cl - (aq) + 2OH - (aq) 0.81 Ag + (aq) + e - Ag(s) 0.80 Hg 2+ 2 (aq) + 2e - 2Hg(l) 0.80 Fe 3+ (aq) + e - Fe 2+ (aq) 0.77 O 2 (g) + 2H + (aq) + 2e - H 2 O 2 (aq) 0.68 MnO - 4 (aq) + 2H 2 O + 3e - MnO 2 (s) + 4OH MnO - 4 (aq) + e - MnO 2-4 (aq) 0.56 I 2 (s) + 2e - 2I - (aq) 0.53 Cu + (aq) + e - Cu(s) 0.52 H 2 SO 3 (aq) + 4H + (aq) + 4e - S(s) + 3H 2 O(l) 0.45 O 2 (g) + 2H 2 O(l) + 4e - 4OH - (aq) 0.40 Cu 2+ (aq) + 2e - Cu(s) 0.34 Hg 2 Cl 2 (s) + 2e - 2Hg(l) + 2Cl - (aq) 0.28 AgCl(s) + e - Ag(s) + Cl - (aq) 0.22 SO 2-4 (aq) + 4H + (aq) + 2e - SO 2 (g) + 2H 2 O(l) 0.20 SO 2-4 (aq) + 4H + (aq) + 2e - H 2 SO 3 (aq) + H 2 O(l) 0.17 Cu 2+ (aq) + e - Cu + (aq) 0.15 S(s) + 2H + (aq) + 2e - H 2 S(g) 0.14 Sn 4+ (aq) + 2e - Sn 2+ (aq) 0.13 AgBr(s) + e - Ag(s) + Br - (aq)

10 2H + (aq) + 2e - H 2 (g) 0 Fe 3+ (aq) + 3e - Fe(s) Pb 2+ (aq) + 2e - Pb(s) Sn 2+ (aq) + 2e - Sn(s) AgI(s) + e - Ag(s) + I - (aq) Ni 2+ (aq) + 2e - Ni(s) Co 2+ (aq) + 2e - Co(s) PbSO 4 (s) + 2e - Pb(s) + SO 2-4 (aq) Cd 2+ (aq) + 2e - Cd(s) Cr 3+ (aq) + e - Cr 2+ (aq) Fe 2+ (aq) + 2e - Fe(s) CO 2 (g) + 2H + (aq) + 2e - H 2 C 2 O 4 (aq) Cr 3+ (aq) + 3e - Cr(s) Zn 2+ (aq) + 2e - Zn(s) H 2 O(l) + 2e - H 2 (g) + 2OH - (aq) Cr 2+ (aq) + 2e - Cr(s) Mn 2+ (aq) + 2e - Mn(s) Al 3+ (aq) + 3e - Al(s) Be 2+ (aq) + 2e - Be(s) Mg 2+ (aq) + 2e - Mg(s) Na + (aq) + e - Na(s) Ca 2+ (aq) + 2e - Ca(s) Sr 2+ (aq) + 2e - Sr(s) Ba 2+ (aq) + 2e - Ba(s) K + (aq) + e - K(s) Li + (aq) + e - Li(s)

11 9

12 10

13 11

14 12

15 13

16 Aluminium Al Guld Au Grafit C Diamant C Koppar Cu Järn Fe Kvicksilver Hg Vatten H 2 O Etanol C 2 H 5 OH 2.46 Zink Zn

17 aluminium magnesium antimon argon mangan molybden arsenik natrium barium beryllium neodym neon bly nickel bor brom niob osmium cerium palladium cesium dysprosium platina praseodym erbium rhenium europium fluor rodium rubidium fosfor rutenium gadolinium gallium samarium selen germanium silver guld hafnium skandium strontium helium svavel holmium indium syre tallium iridium tantal jod järn tellur tenn kadmium terbium kalcium kalium titan torium kisel tulium klor kobolt uran vanadin kol vismut koppar krom volfram väte krypton xenon kvicksilver kväve ytterbium yttrium lantan zink litium lutetium zirkonium

18 18 8A 2 He 10 Ne 18 Ar 36 Kr 54 Xe 86 Rn 17 7A 9 F 17 Cl 35 Br 53 I 85 At 71 Lu 103 Lr 16 6A 8 O 16 S 34 Se 52 Te 84 Po 70 Yb 102 No 15 5A 7 N 15 P 33 As 51 Sb 83 Bi 69 Tm 101 Md 14 4A 6 C 14 Si 32 Ge 50 Sn 82 Pb 68 Er 100 Fm 13 3A 5 B 13 Al 31 Ga 49 In 81 Tl 67 Ho 99 Es 12 2B 30 Zn 48 Cd 80 Hg Dy 98 Cf 11 1B 29 Cu 47 Ag 79 Au Tb 97 Bk Ni 46 Pd 78 Pt Gd 96 Cm 9 8B 27 Co 45 Rh 77 Ir 109 Mt 63 Eu 95 Am 8 26 Fe 44 Ru 76 Os 108 Hs 62 Sm 94 Pu 7 7B 25 Mn 43 Tc 75 Re 107 Bh 61 Pm 93 Np 6 6B 24 Cr 42 Mo 74 W 106 Sg 60 Nd 92 U 5 5B 23 V 41 Nb 73 Ta 105 Db 59 Pr 91 Pa 4 4B 22 Ti 40 Zr 72 Hf 104 Rf 58 Ce 90 Th 3 3B 21 Sc 39 Y 57 La 89 Ac 2 2A 4 Be 12 Mg 20 Ca 38 Sr 56 Ba 88 Ra 1 1A 1 H 3 Li 11 Na 19 K 37 Rb 55 Cs 87 Fr 16

19 1A 8A H 2.1 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A Increasing electronegativity Increasing electronegativity Li Be B C N O F Na Mg Al Si P S Cl B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 1B 2B K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La-Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Fr Ra