Sökande KTH, Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan Energiteknik, Avd. Tillämpad Termodynamik och Kylteknik PG: , BG:

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1 ANSÖKAN OM FORSKNINGSSTÖD Datum Dnr 1 (6) Projektnr Sökande Företag/organisation Organisationsnummer KTH, Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan Institution/avdelning Postgiro/Bankgiro/Bankkonto Energiteknik, Avd. Tillämpad Termodynamik och Kylteknik PG: , BG: Postadress Brinellvägen 68 Postnummer Ort Länskod Kommunkod Land Stockholm Sverige Projektledare (förnamn, efternamn) Prof. Björn Palm Telefon E-postadress bpalm@energy.kth.se Eventuell medsökande (ange organisation) Oxana Samoteeva, KTH/Energiteknik Rahmat Khodabandeh, KTH/Energiteknik Projektet Ansökan avser nytt projekt Projekttitel (på svenska) Fax Webbplats Fortsättning på tidigare projekt, ange projektnummer: Studie av värmeöverföring, tryckfall och flödesvisualisering vid förångning i små rektangulära kanaler. Projekttitel (på engelska) Study on heat transfer, pressure drop and flow behaviour visualization during evaporation in small channels of a rectangular shape Sammanfattning (på svenska). Sammanfattningen skall omfatta max 250 ord och skall skrivas både på svenska och på engelska. Sammanfattningen skall skrivas så att den i ämnet oinvigde med lätthet förstår projektets innehåll och syfte. Kravet på minskning av mängden köldmedium i värmepumpar och kylanläggningar är numera en växande trend. Detta krav är motiverat av flera fördelar bland vilka kan nämnas: minskade utsläpp av köldmedium och därmed minskad påverkan av köldmediet på miljön och omgivningen, minskade kostnader för råmaterialet för tillverkning av en mindre värmeväxlare med samma eller ännu högre effektivitet, minskad utrymme som krävs för systemet, minskade underhållskostnader etc. För att utforma ett system för lägre köldmediemängder bör värmeväxlare med små rördiametrar övervägas. Sådana värmeväxlare har studerats i ett antal forskningsprojekt men kommersiellt finns bara vissa typer av växlare tillgängliga. Ett av de särskilda målen för det föreslagna projektet är att undersöka de tvåfasflödesegenskaperna av köldmedium vid förångning i rektangulära kanaler med olika sidoförhållanden. Den hydrauliska diametern av kanalerna är i storleksordningen av µm. Det experimentella arbetet kommer att genomföras med en singel- kanal värmeväxlare tillverkade av IR-genomskinligt glas och syftet är att med IR-kamera studera värmeöverföring i dessa kanaler. Jämförelser med resultat från tidigare studier inom området kommer att bidra till att fastställa vilka korrelationer som kan användas för denna typ av kanaler. Visualisering med en hög hastighet IR-kamera kommer att ge temperaturfördelningen kring bubblorna i flödet och därmed påverkan av den rektangulära kanalformen på värmeöverföringen. Vi tror att resultaten kommer att vara världsunika vad gäller detaljerade studier av värmeöverföringen kring bubblor vid flödande förångning. Efter projektets slut kan de insamlade uppgifterna användas för det fortsatta arbetet med att utveckla värmeväxlare tillverkade av rektangulära små kanaler och för användningn i framtida värmepump- och kylsystem. STEM038 ver.n-1.1, Sekretariatet EFFSYS+ Institutionen för Energiteknik Avdelningen Tillämpad termodynamik och kylteknik Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan Stockholm Besöksadress Brinellvägen 68 Telefax E-post Effsysplus@energy.kth.se

2 Datum 2 (6) Sammanfattning på engelska enligt ovan (max 250 ord). The demand for reduction of the amount of refrigerant charge in the heat pump and refrigeration application is nowadays a growing trend. This demand is motivated by several benefits among which are: the reduced impact of the refrigerant on the environment and surroundings; reduced cost of the primary material for manufacturing of a smaller heat exchanger with the same or even higher efficiency; reduced space necessary for the system installation; reduced run and maintenance costs etc. In order to design a system for lower charges smaller internal volume heat exchangers with reduced tube diameters should be considered. Such heat exchangers have been studied in a few research projects but are not yet generally in commercial use. One of the specific objectives of the proposed project is to investigate the two-phase flow characteristics of the refrigerant evaporating in small rectangular channels with different aspect ratios. The hydraulic diameters of the channels are of the order of µm. The experiments will be carried out for single-channel heat exchangers made of IR-transparent glass and the scope is to collect precise data for heat transfer in these channels. The comparison to previous studies in the field will help determining the best predicting correlation for this type of channels and place the collected data in the world-wide database to facilitate studying this still not fully covered topic. Visualization with the high-speed IR camera will also provide temperature distribution data around the moving bubbles, important for understanding the evaporation process. We believe this information will be quite unique worldwide. After the completion of the project the collected data can be used for further work on developing heat exchangers manufactured from rectangular small channels for implementation in heat pump and refrigeration systems. Enskilt projekt Datum för projektstart Forskningsprogram, ange vilket: EFFSYS Totalt sökt belopp SEK Tidpunkt då projektet beräknas vara genomfört

3 Datum 3 (6) Motivering; Energi-/miljö-/näringslivsrelevans, max 250 ord. Ange koppling till resultat från tidigare genomfört program eller projekt. Minimization of the technology and equipment is a trend that nowadays is dominating many research areas. The interest in reducing the size of heat exchangers without diminishing their heat transfer characteristics has aroused based on several needs of our times. One important need that led to the intensification of the research in this area is our concern with the state of the environment. Another input into the reduction of the size of the heat exchangers has come from the increasing demand from different industries, where the size, weight and volume became of growing importance. This refers to the electronic industry, where cooling of electronics has reached the need for introducing liquid cooling equipment for removing high heat fluxes from concise areas. Automotive industry nowadays demands efficient light-weighted and compact designs of heat exchangers. Possible future applications of the compact heat exchangers working on fluids with or without change of phase are rising from nearly all industries and technologies and especially in the heat pump and refrigeration applications. A study on the charge reduction in the domestic heat pump system running on propane has been run resulting in a PhD thesis (Primal Fernando, KTH/Energiteknik). This study showed that most of the refrigerant is collected in the heat exchangers and therefore a special attention should be paid to minimization of the internal volume of these without reducing their heat transfer characteristics. Some copper and aluminum small channel compact heat exchangers were tested in that system and the results confirmed that it is possible to drastically reduce the amount of refrigerant in the system while maintaining same heating effect by using more compact heat exchangers. The need has risen then for a deeper study of the heat transfer and pressure drop in these rectangular channels and how well these can be predicted by the correlations proposed by other authors working in this field. A parallel study focusing on the abovementioned issues has been started several years ago and copper rectangular channels were chosen for investigation. The experimental test facility was built in order to investigate heat transfer and pressure drop in small rectangular copper channels in two-phase flow. Refrigerant R134a was chosen as a relevant test fluid with good characteristics as it is presently widely used. The experimental data was collected for mass fluxes varying from 200 to 970 kg/m 2 s and a heat flux range of 0,6-28 kw/m 2. The results of the heat transfer investigation have shown that the heat transfer coefficient is not influenced by the mass flux or vapor quality but only by heat flux, thus indicating the dominance of nucleate boiling or a related heat transfer mechanism. In comparison to several conventional correlations from the literature, it was shown that the correlations by Lazarek and Black, 1982 predict the heat transfer coefficient best. Measurements have shown that the pressure drop increases approximately linearly with the mass flux thus also confirming the data collected by other researchers in the field. The need has risen to continue this study and do the tests for same shapes but also visualize the flow. This would be necessary for extending the data and actually see which flow regimes are dominating and therefore be able to more precisely define the type of heat transfer, the influence of the position of the channel (placed vertically); whether the liquid is collected in the corners and how it influences the heat transfer and pressure drop. Based on this it will be possible to draw some final conclusions on the dominating type of heat transfer, influence of the shape and orientation on the pressure drop and be able to use these for future work on manufacturing the heat exchangers composed by rectangular small channels Bakgrund; vad har gjorts tidigare?, vad är nytt i detta projekt?, forskargruppens verksamhet?, samarbeten? etc, max 1 A4-sida The above-mentioned study on the rectangular channels is run by Oxana Samoteeva, PhD student at the Department of Energy Technology, Division of Applied Thermodynamics and Refrigeration. Full-time dedication on the remaining part of the whole research is necessary and if opportunity given, the work would lead to a final report and a PhD grade within 2 years from the start of the project. The research is lead by Professor Björn Palm, head of the Division of Applied Thermodynamics and Refrigeration at The Royal Institute of Technology (KTH). Professor Palm has a large and proven experience of the research subject. Three students who worked under his supervision on similar topics have obtained their PhD degrees recently.

4 Datum 4 (6) Mål; Ange enkla, tydliga och mätbara mål i exempelvis kwh, max 250 ord. This study aims at proving that the use of small channel heat exchangers in heat pumps and refrigeration equipment can not only minimize the amount of the refrigerant in the system while maintaining the same efficiency of the heat transfer process but also to improve it by achieving higher heat transfer coefficients. This gain is believed to be possible without increase in pressure drop due to the reduction in channel size by use of several parallel channels. It is known from previous studies that the heat transfer coefficients are increasing with reducing the channel diameters. However, previous studies have not revealed the influence of the aspect ratio of rectangular channels. The experimental data are wide and very dependent on the applied conditions but general trend is that decrease in diameter (at least in the range of the application of our interest) is positively influencing the heat transfer coefficient thus making it possible to manufacture more compact heat exchangers for replacing the conventional ones. The positive effect in SEK or energy saving is not possible to calculate at this stage but the results of this study should be used as a base for further manufacturing and test of a heat exchanger that after testing will give a possibility to put the results of the present research into the real values and numbers. Genomförande, max 250 ord. The work will be carried on at the Department of Energy Technology in the laboratory of the Division of Applied Thermodynamics and Refrigeration. The test rig that was used for previous experimental work on copper single-channel heat exchangers is to be rebuilt for use with new heat exchanger channels made of IR-transparent glass plates. The experiments will be done for at least three hydraulic diameters of the channels and a wide range of heat and mass fluxes. The collected data is then analysed and used for further calculation and conclusions. The results of calculations will be plotted against the data calculated using the correlations available in the literature. Visualisation will be carried out at the time of data collection in order to complete the picture and to analyse the visual results together with the results of calculations. The aim is to get detailed information about the local heat transfer around the flowing bubbles as they sweep past the heated surface. An update of available literature will be carried out prior to the start of the experimental part of the project. The results of the study will be summarized in at least two journal and two conference papers. The final thesis will be written and presented for a PhD degree at the end of the project. The estimated time necessary for the successful implementation of the project is two years. The work within this time frame will be distributed as follows: Start of the project July 2011 Update on the literature survey resulting in a short report until September 2011 Test-rig rebuilt by November 2011 Experiments carried on by December 2012 Work on the papers and thesis and final PhD presentation by June 2013 Two conference papers will be written and presented within the 12 month of the experimental work Two journal papers will be written during the period June 2012 July 2013

5 Datum 5 (6) Kostnader Projektets totala kostnad Projektets totala kostnader per år % av heltid KALENDERÅR Lönekostnader Laboratoriekostnad Datorkostnad 0 Utrustning Material Resor Övriga kostnader 0 Ev förvaltningskostnader SUMMA Finansiering inkl. samfinansiärer Andel i kronor och procent av projektets totala kostnader/år FINANSIÄR År 2011 År 2012 År 2013 År År Total (%) Effsys Alfa Laval Electrolux Ericsson Huawei Sapa SUMMA Detta projekt är i sin helhet i vissa delar lika med ansökan till annan myndighet, ange vilken: Sökt stöd för dyr utrustning (Vetenskapsrådet, Wallenbergsstiftelsen e.d.) Gäller endast högskola. Namn på doktorand Oxana Samoteeva Namn på doktorand Namn på doktorand Namn på doktorand Övriga samarbetspartners (ange organisation och namn) Alfa Laval, Rolf Christensen Electrolux, Petter Svanbom, Ilan Cohen, Mario Filippetti Ericsson, Benny Jansson, Martin Trygg Huawei, Bo Lundblad, Vadim Tsoi, SAPA, Claudi Martín-Callizo, Lisa Åbom

6 Datum 6 (6) Resultatredovisning (ange här om resultatet kommer att redovisas på något ytterligare sätt än det obligatoriska, se information). Delresultat kommer att presenteras för Effsys halvårsvis. Dessutom kommer resultaten att presenteras i minst två artiklar i vetenskapliga tidskrifter, vid två internationella vetenskapliga konferenser och i en doktorsavhandling. Bilagor Kopior på E-post med intygande om deltagande Gantt-schema Övriga bilagor Inga övriga bilagor Datum Datum 16 januari januari 2011 Behörig firmatecknares (prefekt motsv.) underskrift Projektledarens underskrift Namnförtydligande, titel och telefon Professor Björn Palm Namnförtydligande och titel Professor Björn Palm

7 Bilaga 1 till ansökan till Effsys+ Kopior på mail från deltagande företag: Alfa Laval From: Rolf Christensen [mailto:rolf.christensen@alfalaval.com] Sent: den 12 januari :26 To: Björn E Palm Cc: matsr.nilsson@alfalaval.com Subject: Re: Samarbete i nytt projekt inom Effsys+? Hej Björn, Jag tycker metodiken här verkar mycket intressant och är intresserad av att medverka i projektet. Förslaget med 1/5 är OK för min del, dvs 75 / 150 / 75. Huvdsakligen i naturainsatser men en mindre del kontant kan tänkas. Best Regards Rolf Christensen Rolf Christensen, M.Sc. Ph.D Senior Product Portfolio Manager, Industrial Equipment Tel direct: Mobile: Fax: rolf.christensen@alfalaval.com Alfa Laval Lund AB Box 74 - SE Lund - Sweden Visit: Rudeboksvägen 1 - SE Lund Registration number: Registered office: Lund Tel switchboard: Fax switchboard: Electrolux Dear Björn, thank you for the discussion today about the Effsys+ program (application for Study on heat transfer, pressure drop and flow behaviour visualization during evaporation in small channels of a rectangular shape). I want to confirm that Electrolux is interrested in participation in the program in the following way: A. Cash contribution 1/3 of total amount B. Project work (internal man-hours) 2/3 of total amount.

8 The total amount agreed for the duration of the program is 300kSEK Please feedback if you have any questions, Kind Regards/Med Vänliga Hälsningar/Mit freundlichen Grüßen Petter Svanbom Ericsson Hej Björn Vi vill gärna deltaga i projektet son handlar om värmeövergång i värmeväxlare med smala kanaler. Vi deltar med en insats som motsvarar 1/5 av kostnaden. Vår andel blir då 75 kkr för 2011, 150 kkr för 2012 och 75 kkr Andelen består av en kontant andel av minst 20 kkr. Vi måste dock diskutera hur stor andelen kontanter ska vara i förhållande till arbetsinsatsen. Anledningen till att vi vill vara med är att vi är intresserade av resultatet. Genom vårt deltagande ser vi också en möjlighet att få tidig information och en liten möjlighet att påverka vad som ska göras. mvh Benny BENNY JANSSON M.Sc. Manager Thermal Design Enclosure Solutions Isafjordsgatan 16b Stockholm, Sweden Phone Fax Mobile benny.jansson@ericsson.com Huawei From: Bo Lundblad [mailto:bo.lundblad@huawei.com] Sent: den 13 januari :15 To: Björn E Palm Cc: 'Vadim Tsoi'; l_lei@huawei.com; 'Urban.Fagerstedt' Subject: RE: Delta i projekt om värmeöverföring? Dear Professor Palm, This is an interesting proposal and Huawei Technologies Sweden AB will be happy to participate as one of the (5?) partners from the industry. With this mail I would like to declare that our contribution in this will mainly be of a financial art to a sum of 300 ksek over a three year period.

9 Our aim is also to provide some human resources if needed by this research project (reviews, workshops etc). This human resource support will however be small compared to the financial contribution and has to be carefully planned to reduce the impact or our running R&D projects. Brgds Bo Lundblad Senior Director Engineering Centre Tel:+46-(0) Mobile:+46-(0) Fax:+46-(0) HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES SWEDEN AB Address: Skalholtgatan 9-11 Box Kista Sweden Sapa Björn, Härmed bekräftar jag att Sapa Heat Transfer är intresserad av att delta i Effsys+ projektet med titel Study on heat transfer, pressure drop and flow behaviour visualization during evaporation in small channels of a rectangular shape och bidra med motsvarande 300 kkr i naturinsats ( in-kind work ) under perioden Kontaktperson på Sapa Heat Transfer blir i första hand jag själv. Mvh, Claudi Martín Callizo HVAC&R Senior Application Engineer Sapa Heat Transfer AB Address: SE Finspång Sweden Mobile phone: Fax: mail: claudi.martin-callizo@sapagroup.com

10 Bilaga 2 till ansökan till Effsys+ Aktivitet 1 jan juli jan juli jan juli jan juli 2014 Förberedande arbete, inköp av mätutrustning, litteraturstudie Officiell projektstart, 1/7,2011 Litteraturstudier, Bygge av testobjekt, modifiering av testrigg, inkörning Experimentellt arbete Utvärdering, publicering Slutrapport, avhandling 6-mån rapport Slutrapport, avhandlingsarbete