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7 U &&! ((! e 5 JG S< 9! o< 3) (*4(**M*V* * x* 0*! *I** * * 3**j*n *g***! * Q): * ƒ 3*V*F >*`* J*:* * (*4 *V] 5(HF V F I S*`*_ V me = 5: o< S( < Q (****** 5**:** ** ** x** 0**! **I**** **D (*(*`*F *0**! o< ng (M *** ** *= 3 _ (3@) **D** * *<! 4 o< >` * 3*** >*`* D >9FD o< >9F 3 p (jf S * (*! (** *H*@ 5**@ **F * 5**! *!*M o< >**9F? * **F * * =(!( F **** **D**H**: ** ** = ** J**H**E ** *!*M * o< * *C** *D ** *G (* o< ng(! * J* *!*M o< S*4 >*`* * * *!*M * * =(*! (** g! F 3!n: F = )D7 F (** *k *`*!< * o< >***9*F (**j *L** * S 5 *!* * *D@** S *!M o< S***(** ** ( F *) : 3 ( o< >9F *@*D T* J*H*E * >* F *0* S`_ bl! C!) S) * =b* ** (*(**E ( *!*)** S*)* * = ** (*4 -* S*`*_ 0**! *g*!< *g** ***)* ** J*G** * * * *** _ ng * A o< ( S** ** 3*** ** 3*L*! (**! ** «J* **» D (D * o<» : * * **L* 5 >lg(] 3**M x* T9 v 07 x 5 8*G * *j**h*i *** ( ( b*e «3 J: ª M o< = 3! 4 ***:***M*** *** *** *** ****** ******X *G ««* *g*`* **G=? Q* œ*_ 9e (< œ_» : )! S* ) «3 Q! (M 5! o< *`*!< *(*! *(*(*`*F**D *M* ** x* *p) o< ng!4 3**F 8*p* *)! (M >@ H_ «F`)_ v 8 VL] U@ * *** * 3**@ = F: : (**M (*4 J(*D 0**! S< (*!)@ b**9* *e* *n*g Q**D * *H*I* (** * 0D 7!`_ (**V**** JQ** }**! J ****)**A**F S*`*_ *e* ** **C**D S******** **! ** * *C*D S**** Ÿ = žÿÿÿ S*D! (*] *0* x* * žÿžÿ 3* **)*A*F * ( =(( žÿžÿ * *F S** **) S`_ =(4 w*? 3L! CD S Ÿ (! j)_ 3*L*!**M -* (*9* * (M *F *H (( 5CDF S`_ (4 M4 (*4 (**M ~*D (*(*_ **M S S< (*(*_ *** J!C }CF *I (! (! 5@X S **)**G ****H**** **)**4 **** * = (**M *_ xf8!v * *n*9*f * (*!***)! 3L! (F *)*4 = *) (4 œ< > _ 0 ( =ž *C* 0**! o< 3) 9 (! S*`*_ 0**! o< T**4«:(**** w `< 3! A ( S(7 =(*!*D! (*(*gf >< 3( S *: *D* (V S< jf 5@(9 =S(**4*! * *`< )! n: J*,*!F = ] = X(F =D4 *n*g* J*n >***C** *L** X >* (** * *0* *)* o< n **!*** **4 J**:* *** S*** * **D (DC! o< 0 H) *(***C** J: * *0* S*`_ bl! (< ž *C* *`*4 *I** **D - ( **:*! S*4 J8*C*D =(*! * ** *0 ** 0*g (4 (M S(7 o< H) o< **(*9* * * žÿ Ÿ F I =(! M *_* *ng (? ŸŸ o< n9f (*(*4 3**@ (! = D x 0! o< -*G*e* F: -* (**!* *ev ( 0 ** o< S(4 S** *)* * ** **E*F *< 5@ * (*!* *G* _ ( S*! * (*! S< F: 9! o< 3) *4 (*9*!< 3* T*V JH! S: * (*! *!** 5** * 3*_: 3 *** < 3L 4 3D _ *** J*] *D J**: ~***A* * H SG M 3) S ) o<3 šl: D (F 0! }! F ] S(**)D! M 5 ) =3 *!*`** * = **] 5** o< (!(9j *9*e** *** J*G** * (* l! 7 (( 5CDF 3**j*)*_ * 3*H*! ** * o< o< * 3*! (* = 3 `!! S(* *D o*4 * 4 V *`* 5**@ **X w0* w*? *`*< S*)* ***4 o< `F 3 *** * * 3* **`! w * *!*M **`*! T**F (*! * ** **< * (*** * Sg jhi *C* S(** *4< *D ** ** *`*< -*)*F * 9 (9 * =()! (] me *M* S**F - o< (] ) S< *!Q* * (*!*(*9* * D ** ** J8*C*D zh =3 > *e**4 *n ***7 ) **** ****C******** ****]****j**** (< œ_ em (********)****D! «8* *F5*C**» ** 5** *g* «*G** **! ***R*_» -*!* *) *@< **4! (žÿÿ S_ = ) >` 9 * *H**j* *g* *)_F!< 5M =(***! **9* * 3 (! s *C** **F** ***R*F* *V* v* S*7 *F**: 3@ 5@ I **e**** S**`**_ - ** ** = 3**L**! ** *9** *G tad I :(( em z* S0* *e jhi `FE Q >***!*C** *4*! *D (**C 3) b*l*! *0* * * = *n*9*f ng ** *?**@ 3***j* *j*f * * *** *`*4 =S`_ I **]*F 3*j**H*I * *!< * 3*H*! *F**: 5***9*F * 3 M D=(C

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27 Afghanskt Akademiskt Kulturcentrum i Sverige Nr 14 Sep 2005 Q5H ( ) K * * (( U L+:& " Statsskick: emiratrepublik Yta: km2 Huvudstad: Kabul (ca 2 milj invånare, osäker uppgift)(2002) Högsta berg: flera toppar når omkring meter Längsta flod: Helmand (1 200 km; en mindre del rinner genom Iran) Största sjö: Hamun-i-Saberi (eller Hamun-i-Helmand, ligger delvis i Iran) Invånarantal: miljoner (beräkning 2002) Invånarekm2: ca 37 Naturlig befolkningstillväxt: 4,1 % (2001) Läs- och skrivkunnighet: 31 % (män 47 %, kvinnor 15 %, beräkning 1999) Folkgrupper: pashtuner ca 50 %, tadzjiker ca 20 %, uzbeker ca 7 %, hazarer ca 6 %, turkmener och aimaker vardera ca 3 % m fl Språk: pashto och dari är officiella språk; dessutom talas turkiska språk som turkmenska, uzbekiska och kirgiziska Religion: islam (15-20 % shia, resten sunni) BNPinvånare: 800 US dollar (uppskattning 2000) Olika näringsgrenars andel av BNP: jordbruk 65 %, industri och byggverksamhet 20 %, transporter och kommunikationer 2 %, handel 11 %, service och övrigt 2 % (1993) Naturtillgångar: naturgas, kol, järn, koppar, lapis, lazuli Viktigaste exportvaror: frukt och nötter, mattor, ull och hudar, bomull (inofficiellt opium och heroin) Valuta: afghani = 1,81 SEK (feb 2003) Medlemskap i internationella och regionala organisationer: FN med de flesta underorgan, ECO (ekonomisk samarbetsorganisation för muslimska stater i Väst- och Centralasien), Islamiska konferensen, Islamiska utvecklingsbanken Uppgifterna på denna sida är hämtade ur Länder i fickformat om Afghanistan (2003) Övriga uppgiter är alla hämtade från Nationalencyklopedin Befolkning Befolkningen fördelar sig på 10-talet större och mer än 30 mindre etniska grupper Även om alla invånare i Afghanistan officiellt kallas för afghaner, är detta egentligen benämningen på medlemmar av Afghanistan:s största etniska grupp, pashtunerna, som omfattar 4-6 milj människor Pashtunerna är huvudsakligen bosatta i de västra, södra och östra delarna av Afghanistan Den näst största gruppen, tadzjikerna, talar persiska (dari) och omfattar ca 2 milj De återfinns utspridda över Afghanistan, bla omkring Herat och i nordöst I pashtundominerade områden används ordet tadzjik också ofta som generell benämning på icke-pashtuner I norra Afghanistan lever en rad mongoliska folk, som talar turkiska språk; de viktigaste är uzbeker (ca ) och turkmener (ca ); längst i nordöst finns en mindre grupp av kirgizer I norr finns dessutom spridda grupper av sk araber (ca ), som emellertid talar persiska I de centrala delarna av Afghanistan finns hazarer (ca ), ett mongoliskt folk som talar persiska och är shiiter (medan de flesta andra grupper är sunniter); hazarerna ringaktas av många andra grupper I väster finns de persisktalande, halvnomadiska och till dels bofasta aimak (ca ) I de sydligaste och västligaste trakterna lever balucher (ca ) och den lilla, dravidisktalande brahui-gruppen I Hindukush-bergen i öster finns nuristaner (fd kafirer, ca ) och pashai (ca ), vilka är uppdelade i stammar och talar språk av indiskt ursprung Folkökningen är snabb, 2,6 % per år, och 45 % av befolkningen beräknas vara under 15 år Landet är tätast befolkat i provinserna kring huvudstaden Kabul Andra koncentrationer finns främst i Heratområdet i nordväst och i Kunduzdalen i norr Den bofasta landsbygdsbefolkningen lever oftast i mindre byar i anslutning till floder och konstbevattnade områden Urbaniseringen i Afghanistan är blygsam, och 1978 bodde 13 % i städer Till följd av kriget under 1980-talet beräknades Kabuls befolkning år 1989 ha ökat till ca 2 milj inv Övriga stora städer är Kandahar, Herat och Mazar-i-Sharif Alla uppgifter rörande landets befolkning är mycket osäkra Den senaste befolkningsräkningen var 1979, och efter det har landet befunnit sig i inbördeskrig Landet är tätast befolkat i provinserna kring huvudstaden Kabul Andra koncentrationer finns främst i Heratområdet i nordväst och i Kunduzdalen i norr Den bofasta landsbygdsbefolkningen lever oftast i mindre byar i anslutning till floder och konstbevattnade områden Urbaniseringen är blygsam Förutom huvudstaden Kabul (1,8 milj inv, 2000) är de tre största städerna Qandahar, Herat och Mazar-e Sharif Födelse- och dödstalen beräknades 2001 till 43 resp 19 U, vilket ger en naturlig befolkningstillväxt av 2,4 % Av de ca 5,5 miljoner afghaner som flydde till Pakistan och Iran under talet hade ca 2 miljoner återvänt 1995 Historia A:s historia präglas av landets geografiska läge det har blivit genomgångsland för inkräktande arméer och ofta klämts mellan mäktiga grannar Nawey Hilla ɼÎÇ þìã ÌÃBÃB Ae ý ÆåÍÌm É :fãëb@a kbîn Ae l j ÏïÄÇj ËA ÏÀ¼ ÉÃËj@ƒ@@a #!HG þì@ã $ e ý ÆåÍÌ@m É ÐéÍjƒa þf@ãü jm Ï»ä λ e iìbà«"a KÎJY :jíf ¾Ì n GHAMKHOR, HABIBULLAH :ÉN SNÖDROPPSGATAN 7, 4 Vån MALMÖ, SWEDEN Tel&Fax: :ÆÌ Î¼; Mobile: :½ÍBIÌ eakjüq eaìîç :9T 'H & * nawey_hilla@yahoocom nawey_hilla@hotmailcom wwwhewadcomnaweyhilla