Oceanographic Unit No 2, February 2019 AlgAware Dnr: S/Gbg-2019-30 ALGAL SITUATION IN MARINE WATERS SURROUNDING SWEDEN Sammanfattning I Skagerrak var diversiteten av växtplankton och klorofyllhalterna låga. Ett blandat samhälle med arter från olika grupper återfanns. Vårblomningsarten Skeletonema marinoi återfanns i högre cellantal än andra arter vid båda stationerna. I Kattegatt var vårblomingen igång med hög celltäthet och hög artdiversitet. Framförallt dominerade kiselalger, där Skeletonema marinoi återfanns i högst cellantal. Kiselalgen Guinardia delicatula återfanns också i höga cellantal. Klorofyllhalterna var höga för månaden och de integrerade (0-20 meter) värdena var över det normala för februari. I Egentliga Östersjön var växtplanktonsamhället i vintervila vid många stationer. Undantagen var den kustnära stationen RefM1V1 vid Kalmar sund, samt de nordligare stationerna BY29 samt BY31. Vid Kalmar sund återfanns både Skeletonema marinoi samt Thalassiosira baltica i höga cellantal, men inte i mängder för att benämna det som en blomning. Vid de nordliga stationerna återfanns framförallt höga cellantal av kiselalgen S. marinoi tillsammans med den mixotrofa ciliaten Mesodinium rubrum. Klorofyllhalterna var låga vid de flesta stationer, vilket är normalt för månaden. Enda undantagen var i Kalmar sund där de var högre än normalt för månaden. Abstract The biodiversity and total cell concentrations were both low in Skagerrak. The spring bloom forming species Skeletonema marinoi was found in highest cell numbers. In the Kattegat however, the species diversity and total cell numbers were high. Diatoms dominated and S. marinoi was found in highest cell numbers. The diatom Guinardia delicatula was also found in high cell numbers. The chlorophyll concentrations were high for this month and the integrated (0-20 meters) concentrations were above what is normal for the month. The phytoplankton community was in its winter rest at many stations in the Baltic Proper. The only exception was RefM1V1, in Kalmar sound and the northern stations BY29 and BY31. At Kalmar sound the diatom Skeletonema marinoi and Thalassiosira baltica were found in highest cell numbers. At the northern stations high cell numbers of S. marinoi together with the mixotrophic ciliate Mesodinium rubrum were found. The chlorophyll concentrations were low except for Kalmar sound where it was above what is normal for this month. 1
Below follows a more detailed information on species composition and abundance. Species marked with * are potentially toxic or harmful. The Skagerrak Å17 (open Skagerrak) 21 st of February The phytoplankton diversity was relatively high but total cell numbers low. Most common were cells of the diatoms S. marinoi and G. delicatula. The dinoflagellate Ceratium tripos was also found in relatively high cell numbers. The chlorophyll concentrations were low but within normal for this month. Släggö (Skagerrak coast) 21 st of February The phytoplankton diversity and the total cell numbers were low. The cell numbers in the sample were dominated by small cells of cryptomonadales. Several cells of the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi were also. Several chains of the diatom Skeletonema marinoi were also found. The chlorophyll concentrations were not available at the time of writing. Photo 1 and 2: The diatoms Skeletonema marinoi (left) and Guinardia delicatula were abundant at all of the Kattegat and Skagerrak stations. The Kattegat Anholt E 20 th and 22 nd of February The spring bloom was captured at the first occasion with high cell numbers of S. marinoi. On the second sampling occasion the cell numbers had reduced at bit but total cell numbers were still high. On the second sampling occasion the chlorophyll concentrations in the upper water column had been reduced to half compared to the first sampling occasion. An extra sample was taken at W Landskrona and a similar plankton community was found with S. marinoi in highest cell numbers here too. The major difference was that the diatom Thalassionema nitzschioides occurred in relatively high cell numbers. The chlorophyll concentration, on the first visit to Anholt E, was high above what is normal for the month. On the second sampling occasion the chlorophyll concentration had reduced but was still high. The chlorophyll concentration in the sound and at Fladen was also above what is normal for the month. N14 Falkenberg 21 st of February The species diversity and total cell numbers were high and mostly reed by different diatoms. The diatom Skeletonema marinoi was found in highest cell numbers. The integrated chlorophyll concentrations were above normal for this month. Most of the chlorophyll was confined to the upper 10 meters. 2
The Baltic Sea BY2 22 nd, BY5 19 th, BY15 17 th and BY38 23 rd of February Low biodiversity and low cell numbers were found at all stations. Small cells of different species of the order cryptomonadales were the most common. Different ciliates were also common and especially Mesodinium rubrum. The integrated chlorophyll concentrations were low but within normal for this month. BCSIII-10 18 th of February Very low biodiversity and low total cell numbers were found. Small species were most common together with different naked dinoflagellates. The integrated chlorophyll concentrations were low but within normal for this month. BY29 16 th of February Low cell numbers was found. The diatom Skeletonema marinoi was most common together with different ciliates. A few filaments of the cyanobacteria genus Aphanizomenon spp. were. The integrated chlorophyll concentrations were low but within normal for this month. BY31 24 th of February Moderate cell numbers were found. The diatom Skeletonema marinoi was found in highest cell numbers. The dinoflagellate Peridiniella catenata and the ciliate Mesodinium rubrum were also found in moderate cell numbers. The integrated chlorophyll concentrations were low but within normal for this month. Ref M1V1 23 rd of February The total cell numbers were relatively high but the biodiversity was low. Two diatoms dominated, Thalassiosira baltica and Skeletonema marinoi. The integrated chlorophyll concentrations were above normal for this month. Photo 3: There were high cell numbers of the diatom Thalassiosira baltica at Ref M1V1 in the Kalmar sound. Phytoplankton analysis and text: Marie Johansen 3
Selection of observed species Anholt E Anholt E N14 Falkenberg Släggö Å17 Red=potentially toxic species 20/2 22/2 21/2 21/2 21/2 Hose 0-10 m presence presence presence presence presence Cerataulina pelagica Chaetoceros danicus Chaetoceros debilis Chaetoceros similis Chaetoceros subtilis Coscinodiscus radiatus Dactyliosolen fragilissimus Guinardia delicatula very common common common common Guinardia flaccida Lennoxia faveolata Leptocylindrus danicus Nitzschia longissima common Proboscia alata Pseudo-nitzschia common Rhizosolenia setigera Skeletonema marinoi dominating dominating dominating common common Thalassionema nitzschioides common Thalassiosira common Thalassiosira anguste-lineata Thalassiosira gravida Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii Amphidinium sphenoides Azadinium Ceratium fusus Ceratium cf. horridum Ceratium lineatum Ceratium longipes Ceratium macroceros Ceratium tripos common common Dinophysis acuminata Dinophysis norvegica Gymnodiniales Gymnodinium verruculosum Gyrodinium spirale Katodinium glaucum Prorocentrum cordatum Protoperidinium Protoperidinium bipes Protoperidinium conicum Protoperidinium depressum Protoperidinium pellucidum Emiliania huxleyi Pleurochrysis cf. carterae Prymnesiales Heterosigma Pyramimonas Cryptomonadales common common Telonema subtile Dictyocha speculum Pseudochattonella Pseudopedinella pyriformis Eutreptiella Eutreptiella gymnastica Choanoflagellatea Leucocryptos marina Ciliophora common Mesodinium rubrum Laboea strobila 4
Selection of observed species BCSIII-10 BY2 BY5 BY15 BY29 BY31 BY38 Ref M1V1 Red=potentially toxic species 18/2 22/2 19/2 17/2 16/2 24/2 23/2 23/2 Hose 0-10 m presence presence presence presence presence presence presence presence Actinocyclus Centrales Chaetoceros danicus Chaetoceros subtilis Skeletonema marinoi very common very common common very common Thalassiosira Thalassiosira baltica very common Dinophysis acuminata Gymnodiniales common common common Katodinium glaucum Peridiniales common Peridiniella catenata common Planctonema lauterbornii Oocystis common Cryptomonadales common common very common common common common Eutreptiella gymnastica Aphanizomenon common Aphanocapsa Lemmermanniella cf. Snowella Ciliophora common very common common Mesodinium rubrum common very common common common common common 5
No permission was granted to sample at Släggö close to the Skagerrak coast due to using the foreign vessel R/V Aranda. Släggö was visited later with another ship and the results were not ready to be used in this diagram. 6
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Om klorofylldiagrammen Klorofyll a är ett mått på mängden växtplankton. Prover tas från ett antal djup. Data eras både från de fasta djupen och som medelvärden 0-20 m. Utöver resultaten från laboratorieanalyserna av vattenprover mäts klorofyll a som fluorescens från ett automatiskt instrument som sänks ned från fartyget. På så sätt kan djupt liggande, ibland tunna lager av växtplankton observeras. About the chlorophyll graphs Chlorophyll a is sampled from several depths. Data are ed both from the discrete depths and as an average 0-20 m. In addition to the laboratory analysis from the water samples chlorophyll fluorescence is measured in continuous depth profiles from the ship. This is a way to observe thin layers of phytoplankton occuring below the surface. 9
Om AlgAware SMHI genomför månatliga expeditioner i Östersjön och Västerhavet. Resultat baserade på semikvantitativ mikroskopanalys av planktonprover samt klorofyllmätningar eras kortfattat i denna rapport. Information från SMHIs satellitövervakning av algblomningar finns under perioden juni-augusti på www.smhi.se. Resultat från provtagningarna kan hämtas från SMHI:s databas på sharkweb.smhi.se. Hydrografidata läggs ut varje månad, växtplanktondata läggs ut en gång per år. About AlgAware SMHI carries out monthly cruises in the Baltic and the Kattegat/Skagerrak. Results from semi quantitative microscopic analysis of phytoplankton samples as well as chlorophyll measurements are ed in brief in this report. Information from SMHIs satellite monitoring of algal blooms is found on www.smhi.se during the period June-August. Results from the expeditions are found in the SMHI database, sharkweb.smhi.se. Data are published monthly, phytoplankton data however, are published once a year. Art / Species Alexandrium spp. Gift / Toxin Paralytic Eventuella symptom Clinical symptoms shellfish poisoning (PSP) Dinophysis spp. Pseudo- niztschia spp. Chaetoceros concavicornis/ C.convolutus Diarrehetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) Amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) Mechanical damage through hooks on setae Milda symptom: Inom 30 min.: Stickningar eller en känsla av bedövning runt läpparna, som sprids gradvis till ansiktet och nacken; stickningar i fingertoppar och tår; Huvudvärk; yrsel, illamående, kräkningar, diarré Extrema symptom: Muskelförlamning; andningssvårigheter; känsla av att kvävas; Man kan vara död inom 2-24 timmar efter att ha fått i sig giftet, på grund av att andningsmuskulaturen förlamas. Milda symptom: Efter cirka 30 minuter till några timmar: yrsel, illamående, kräkningar, diarré, magont Extrema symptom: Upprepad exponering kan orsaka cancer Milda symptom: Efter 3-5 timmar: yrsel, illamående, kräkningar, diarré, magkramper Extrema symptom: Yrsel, hallucinationer, förvirring, förlust av korttidsminnet, kramper Låg celltäthet: Ingen påverkan. Hög celltäthet: Fiskens gälar skadas, fisken dör. Pseudochattonella spp. Fish toxin Låg celltäthet: Ingen påverkan. Hög celltäthet: Fiskens gälar skadas, fisken dör. Mild case: Within 30 min: tingling sensation or numbness around lips, gradually spreading to face and neck; prickly sensation in fingertips and toes; headake, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea. Extreme case Muscular paralysis; pronounced respiratory difficulty; choking sensation; death trough respiratory paralysis may occur within 2-24 hours after ingestion. Mild case: Within 30 min-a few hours: dizziness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain. Extreme case: Repeated exposure may cause cancer. Mild case: Within 3-5 hours: dizziness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal cramps. Extreme case: dizziness, hallucinations, confusion, loss of memory, cramps. Low cell numbers: No effect on fish. High cell numbers: Fish death due to gill damage. Low cell numbers: No effect on fish. High cell numbers: Fish death due to gill damage. Översikt över några potentiellt skadliga alger och det aktuella giftets effekt. Overview of potentially harmful algae and effects of toxins. Manual on harmful marine microalgae (2003 - UNESCO Publishing). Kartan på framsidan visar viktat medelvärde för klorofyll a, µg/l (0-10 m) vid de olika stationerna. Pil upp eller ned indikerar om resultatet är över eller under en standardavvikelse från medel. Medel är beräknat utifrån aktuell månad under perioden 2001-2015. Förekomst av skadliga alger vid stationer där arter analyseras markeras med symbol. The map on the front page shows weighted mean of chlorophyll a, µg/l (0-10 m) at sampling stations. The arrow up or down indicate whether the result is above or below one standard deviation from mean. The mean value is calculated using results from the actual month during the period 2001-2015. Presence of harmful algae at stations where species analysis is performed is shown with a symbol. 10
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