Plankton station. High chl a >4.5. chl a >2.3 <=4.5. chl a >=1.1 <=2.3. chl a >=0.4 <1.1

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1 6 o N Oceanographic Unit No 3, 16 2 March 29 Plankton station High chl a >4. chl a >2.3 <=4. AlgAware ALGAL SITUATION IN MARINE WATERS SURROUNDING SWEDEN Sammanfattning Låga klorofyllhalter och låg artdiversitet noterades i Skagerrak och Kattegatt vid provtagningarna i mitten av mars månad. Den för fisk skadliga arten Pseudochattonella farcimen var vanlig i yttre Skagerrak (Å17), och vid Kattegattstationerna N14 och Anholt E var samma art en av de talrikaste i de annars tunna planktonproverna. I södra Östersjön, vid BY2, och i Kalmar sund (M1V1) var det kiselalgsblomning med höga cellantal av framför allt Skeletonema costatum. Prymnesiophyten Chrysochromulina polylepis fanns vid samtliga stationer i Östersjön, men var talrikast vid BY2 och i Kalmar sund. Den integrerade (-2 m) klorofyll a-halten var inom det normala för månaden vid alla stationer. Klorofyllvärdet var dock högt i Kalmar sund, där 1 års medel inte finns som jämförelse. 9 o N chl a >=1.1 <=2.3 chl a >=.4 <1.1 8 o N 7 o N 6 o N Å1 Å13 Släggö Å17 P2 Fladen N14 Falkenberg Pc Anholt E Pc Low chl a <.4 No chl a sampling Algae harmful to fish A Alexandrium spp. D Dinophysis spp. P Pseudo nitzschia Pc Pseudochattonella N Nodularia Az Aphanizomenon Cc Chrysochromulina Pm Prorocentrum min W Landskrona Hanö Bight BY4 REF M1V1 Cc BY32 BY2 BY1 BY38 BY1 BCS III 1 o N BY1 Cc BY2 BY Cc Date: to o N 9 o E 12 o E 1 o E 18 o E 21 o E Abstract Low concentrations of chlorophyll a and low species diversity were observed in the Skagerrak and Kattegat areas at the time of sampling in the middle of March. The fish toxic species Pseudochattonella farcimen was common in open Skagerrak (Å17). At the Kattegat stations N14 and Anholt E, P. farcimen was one of the most numerous species amongst few others. In the southern Baltic, BY2, and in the sound of Kalmar (M1V1), a diatom bloom was observed with high cell numbers of Skeletonema costatum. The prymnesiophyte Chrysochromulina polylepis was at all of the Baltic stations, but had the highest cell numbers at BY2 and in the sound of Kalmar. The integrated (-2 m) chlorophyll a values were within average for this month at all stations. The chlorophyll value was high in the sound of Kalmar though, where a 1 year average is not available. 1

2 More detailed information on species composition and abundance The Skagerrak Å17 2 th of March (open Skagerrak) The phytoplankton diversity was low. A few species of diatoms and dinoflagellates were found in low cell numbers. The small prasinophyte Pyramimonas spp. and the fish toxic species Pseudochattonella farcimen* were common. Cryptomonads were very common. Släggö 19 th of March (Skagerrak coast) The phytoplankton diversity was low and the number of dinoflagellate species was more than diatom species although the cell numbers of diatoms were higher. The chlorophyll a concentrations were low for this month in the Skagerrak area. Pseudochattonella farcimen The Kattegat N14 Falkenberg 19 th of March Diatoms were very few and the sample was dominated by small dinoflagellates, small chrysophytes and the dictyochophyte Pseudochattonella farcimen*. The integrated (-2 m) chlorophyll a value was very low. Anholt E 19 th and 23 rd March The phytoplankton situation was similar to the one at N14 but Pseudochattonella farcimen* were twice as many. The integrated chlorophyll a value was below average for this month. 2

3 Selection of observed species Å17 Släggö N14 Anholt E Red=potentially toxic species cells/l cells/l cells/l cells/l Chaetoceros danicus Chaetoceros spp. Coscinodiscus spp. Leptocylindrus danicus Proboscia alata Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima-group common Rhizosolenia hebetata Skeletonema costatum complex common Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii common Ceratium lineatum Ceratium tripos Cladopyxis claytonii Dinophysis acuminata Dinophysis norvegica Gonyaulax spp. Gymnodinium verruculosum Gymnodiniales spp. common common common Heterocapsa rotundata Heterocapsa triquetra Karlodinium micrum Katodinium glaucum Peridiniella danica common common Protoperidinium bipes Protoperidinium brevipes Protoperidinium steinii Protoperidinium spp. Chrysochromulina spp. Cryptomonadales spp. 19 common common Eutreptiella spp. Pyramimonas spp. common Dictyocha speculum Pseudochattonella farcimen common Apedinella radians Dinobryon balticum Pseudopedinella pyriforme Pseudopedinella tricostata Pseudopedinella spp. common Calliacantha longicaudata Calliacantha natans Leucocryptos marina Laboea strobila Mesodinium rubrum 3

4 The Baltic Sea Arkona Basin BY2 18 th of March The diatom Skeletonema costatum and the prymnesiophyte Chrysochromulina polylepis* dominated the phytoplankton sample. Chaetoceros species and Thalassiosira species, both diatom genera, and the cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon spp. were common. The prasinophyte Pyramimonas spp. was also common. The altogether high cell numbers contributed to elevated chlorophyll a concentrations, although the integrated value was within average for this month. Chrysochromulina polylepis Bornholm Basin BY, 18 th of March The species composition was very similar to the one at BY2, but the cell numbers were much lower. The prymnesiophyte Chrysochromulina polylepis* and cryptomonads were the most numerous species/groups. The diatom genus Chaetoceros spp. and the ciliate Mesodinium rubrum were common. The integrated chlorophyll a value was at average for this month. South East Baltic BCS III-1 17 th of March The diversity was low, and the most common group of algae was the cryptomonads. C. polylepis* was. The integrated chlorophyll a value was within average for this month. Eastern Gotland Basin BY1 17 th of March Cryptomonads and the cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon spp. were common. A few diatoms and dinoflagellates were in low cell numbers, e.g. the dinoflagellate Peridiniella catenata and the diatom Skeletonema costatum. The chlorophyll a values were low, but at average for this month. Western Gotland Basin BY th of March The prymnesiophyte Chrysochromulina polylepis* and cryptomonads were the most numerous species/groups and the ciliate Mesodinium rubrum was common. The Peridiniella catenata integrated chlorophyll a value was low but within average for this month. Kalmar Sound Ref. M1-V1 16 th of March A diatom bloom was observed with very high cell numbers of Skeletonema costatum, and several species of Chaetoceros and Thalassiosira. The prymnesiophyte Chrysochromulina polylepis* was numerous and the cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon spp. was. The chlorophyll a concentrations were consequently high. No 1 year average is available for this station though, but compared to the other stations both the values from the discrete depths and the integrated value were high. Phytoplankton analysis and text by: Ann-Turi Skjevik 4

5 Selection of observed species BY2 BY BCS III-1 BY1 BY38 Ref. M1-V1 Red=potentially toxic species quantified in m/l cells/l cells/l cells/l cells/l cells/l cells/l Chaetoceros danicus Chaetoceros decipiens Chaetoceros laciniosus Chaetoceros similis Chaetoceros subtilis Chaetoceros throndsenii Chaetoceros wighamii Chaetoceros spp. common common Coscinodiscus spp. Porosira glacialis Skeletonema costatum Thalassiosira spp. common 34 Dinophysis rotundata Gymnodinium verruculosum Heterocapsa rotundata Heterocapsa spp. Karlodinium micrum Katodinium glaucum Peridiniella catenata common common Peridiniella danica Protoperidinium brevipes Chrysochromulina polylepis 212 common common 217 Chrysochromulina spp. common common Cryptomonadales spp. common 8 81 common Eutreptiella spp. Pseudopedinella cf. pyriforme Pyramimonas spp. common Aphanizomenon spp. common common Calliacantha natans Ebria tripartita Leucocryptos marina Mesodinium rubrum 27 common common 2 3 Strombidium spp.

6 The Skagerrak. 1 1 Å17 Chl a mean 2 m (µg/l) Mean 199 to 24 Std 199 to 24 Chl mean value Recent chl profile Recent flu. profile Å Å Släggö P

7 The Kattegat and the Sound Fladen Chl a mean 2 m (µg/l) Mean 199 to 24 Std 199 to 24 Chl mean value Recent chl profile Recent flu. profile N14 Falkenberg Anholt E W Landskrona

8 The Southern Baltic BY1 Chl a mean 2 m (µg/l) Mean 199 to 24 Std 199 to 24 Chl mean value Recent chl profile Recent flu. profile BY2 Arkona Deep BY4 Christiansö BY Bornholm Deep Hanö Bay

9 The Eastern Baltic BCS III 1 Chl a mean 2 m (µg/l) Mean 199 to 24 Std 199 to 24 Chl mean value Recent chl profile Recent flu. profile BY BY1 Gotland Deep BY2 Fårö Deep

10 The Western Baltic REF M1V1 Chl a mean 2 m (µg/l) Mean 199 to 24 Std 199 to 24 Chl mean value Recent chl profile Recent flu. profile BY38 Karlsö Deep BY32 Norrköping Deep Om klorofylldiagrammen Klorofyll a är ett mått på mängden växtplankton. Prover tas från ett antal djup från U/F Argos. Data eras både från de fasta djupen och som medelvärden -2 m. Utöver resultaten från laboratorieanalyserna av vattenprover mäts klorofyll a som fluorescens från ett automatiskt instrument som sänks ned från fartyget. På så sätt kan djupt liggande, ibland, tunna lager av växtplankton observeras. About the chlorophyll graphs Chlorophyll a is sampled from several depths from the R/V Argos. Data is ed both from the discrete depths and as an average -2 m. In addition to the laboratory analysis from the water samples chlorophyll fluorescence is measured in continuous depth profiles from the ship. This is a way to observe thin layes of phytoplankton occuring below the surface. 1

11 Om AlgAware SMHI genomför ca en gång per månad expeditioner med U/F Argos i Östersjön och Västerhavet. Resultat baserade på semikvantitativ mikroskopanalys av planktonprover samt klorofyllmätningar eras kortfattat i denna rapport. Information från SMHI:s satellitövervakning av algblomningar finns på About AlgAware SMHI carries out monthly cruises with R/V Argos in the Baltic and the Kattegat/Skagerrak. Results from semi quantitative microscopic analysis of phytoplankton samples as well as chlorophyll measurements are ed in brief in this report. Information from SMHI:s satellite monitoring of algal blooms is found on Art / Species Alexandrium spp. Gift / Toxin Paralytic Eventuella symptom Clinical symptoms shellfish poisoning (PSP) Dinophysis spp. Pseudochattonella spp. Pseudo- nitzschia spp. Diarrehetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) Fish toxin Amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) Milda symptom: Inom 3 min.: Stickningar eller en känsla av bedövning runt läpparna, som sprids gradvis till ansiktet och nacken; stickningar i fingertoppar och tår; Huvudvärk; yrsel, illamående, kräkningar, diarré Extrema symptom: Muskelförlamning; andningssvårigheter; känsla av att kvävas; Man kan vara död inom 2-24 timmar efter att ha fått i sig giftet, på grund av att andningsmuskulaturen förlamas. Milda symptom: Efter cirka 3 minuter till några timmar: yrsel, illamående, kräkningar, diarré, magont Extrema symptom: Upprepad exponering kan orsaka cancer Låg celltäthet: Ingen påverkan. Hög celltäthet: Fiskens gälar skadas, fisken dör. Milda symptom: Efter 3- timmar: yrsel, illamående, kräkningar, diarré, magkramper Extrema symptom: Yrsel, hallucinationationer, förvirring, förlust av korttidsminnet, kramper Mild case: Within 3 min: tingling sensation ro numbness around lips, gradually spreading to face and neck; prickly sensation in fingertips and toes; headake, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea. Extreme case Muscular paralysis; pronounced respiratory difficulty; choking sensation; death trough respiratory paralysis may occur within 2-24 hours after ingestion. Mild case: Within 3 min-a few hours: dizziness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain. Extreme case: Repeated exposure may cause cancer. Low cell numbers: No effect on fish. High cell numbers: Fish death due to gill damage. Mild case: Within 3- hours: dizziness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal cramps. Extreme case: dizziness, hallucinations, confusion, loss of memory, cramps. Översikt av potentiellt skadliga alger och det aktuella giftets effekt. Overview of potentially harmful algae and effects of toxins. Manual on harmful marine microalgae (23 - UNESCO Publishing). Kartan på framsidan visar viktat medelvärde för klorofyll a, µg/l (-2 m) vid de olika stationerna. Förekomst av skadliga alger vid stationer där arter analyseras markeras med symbol. Då cirkeln är tom innebär detta att stationen inte provtagits. The map on the front page shows weighted mean of chlorophyll a, µg/l (-2 m) at sampling stations. Presence of harmful algae at stations where species analysis is performed is shown with a symbol An empty cirkel indicates that there has been no sampling at that station. 11

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