SVENSK STANDARD SS-EN

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1 SVENSK STANDARD SS-EN Fastställd Utgåva Sida Ingår i Svenska Elektriska Kommissionen, SEK (1+91) SEK Område 88 Copyright SEK. Reproduction in any form without permission is prohibited. Vindkraftverk Del 2: Säkerhet Små vindkraftverk Wind turbines Part 2: Design requirements for small wind turbines Som svensk standard gäller europastandarden EN :2006. Den svenska standarden innehåller den officiella engelska språkversionen av EN :2006. Nationellt förord Europastandarden EN :2006 består av: europastandardens ikraftsättningsdokument, utarbetat inom CENELEC IEC , Second edition, Wind turbines - Part 2: Design requirements for small wind turbines utarbetad inom International Electrotechnical Commission, IEC. Tidigare fastställd svensk standard SS-EN , utgåva 1, 1996, gäller ej fr o m ICS Denna standard är fastställd av Svenska Elektriska Kommissionen, SEK, som också kan lämna upplysningar om sakinnehållet i standarden. Postadress: SEK, Box 1284, KISTA Telefon: Telefax: E-post: sek@sekom.se. Internet:

2 Standarder underlättar utvecklingen och höjer elsäkerheten Det finns många fördelar med att ha gemensamma tekniska regler för bl a säkerhet, prestanda, dokumentation, utförande och skötsel av elprodukter, elanläggningar och metoder. Genom att utforma sådana standarder blir säkerhetskraven tydliga och utvecklingskostnaderna rimliga samtidigt som marknadens acceptans för produkten eller tjänsten ökar. Många standarder inom elområdet beskriver tekniska lösningar och metoder som åstadkommer den elsäkerhet som föreskrivs av svenska myndigheter och av EU. SEK är Sveriges röst i standardiseringsarbetet inom elområdet Svenska Elektriska Kommissionen, SEK, svarar för standardiseringen inom elområdet i Sverige och samordnar svensk medverkan i internationell och europeisk standardisering. SEK är en ideell organisation med frivilligt deltagande från svenska myndigheter, företag och organisationer som vill medverka till och påverka utformningen av tekniska regler inom elektrotekniken. SEK samordnar svenska intressenters medverkan i SEKs tekniska kommittéer och stödjer svenska experters medverkan i internationella och europeiska projekt. Stora delar av arbetet sker internationellt Utformningen av standarder sker i allt väsentligt i internationellt och europeiskt samarbete. SEK är svensk nationalkommitté av International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) och Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique (CENELEC). Standardiseringsarbetet inom SEK är organiserat i referensgrupper bestående av ett antal tekniska kommittéer som speglar hur arbetet inom IEC och CENELEC är organiserat. Arbetet i de tekniska kommittéerna är öppet för alla svenska organisationer, företag, institutioner, myndigheter och statliga verk. Den årliga avgiften för deltagandet och intäkter från försäljning finansierar SEKs standardiseringsverksamhet och medlemsavgift till IEC och CENELEC. Var med och påverka! Den som deltar i SEKs tekniska kommittéarbete har möjlighet att påverka framtida standarder och får tidig tillgång till information och dokumentation om utvecklingen inom sitt teknikområde. Arbetet och kontakterna med kollegor, kunder och konkurrenter kan gynnsamt påverka enskilda företags affärsutveckling och bidrar till deltagarnas egen kompetensutveckling. Du som vill dra nytta av dessa möjligheter är välkommen att kontakta SEKs kansli för mer information. SEK Box Kista Tel

3 EUROPEAN STANDARD EN NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM July 2006 ICS Supersedes EN :1996 English version Wind turbines Part 2: Design requirements for small wind turbines (IEC :2006) Aérogénérateurs Partie 2: Exigences en matière de conception des petits aérogénérateurs (CEI :2006) Windenergieanlagen Teil 2: Sicherheit kleiner Windenergieanlagen (IEC :2006) This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CENELEC member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions. CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. CENELEC European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 35, B Brussels 2006 CENELEC - All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members. Ref. No. EN :2006 E

4 EN : Foreword The text of document 88/254/FDIS, future edition 2 of IEC , prepared by IEC TC 88, Wind turbines, was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and was approved by CENELEC as EN on This European Standard supersedes EN :1996. The most significant changes with respect to EN :1996 are: revised simplified equations based upon recent test and research results; several parameters in the simplified equations shall now be based upon test results; added option for use of aeroelastic models instead of simplified equations; expanded testing requirements. The following dates were fixed: latest date by which the EN has to be implemented at national level by publication of an identical national standard or by endorsement (dop) latest date by which the national standards conflicting with the EN have to be withdrawn (dow) Annex ZA has been added by CENELEC. Endorsement notice The text of the International Standard IEC :2006 was approved by CENELEC as a European Standard without any modification. In the official version, for Bibliography, the following notes have to be added for the standards indicated: ISO/IEC NOTE Harmonized as EN ISO/IEC 17020:2004 (not modified). ISO 9001 NOTE Harmonized as EN ISO 9001:2000 (not modified). ISO 9002 NOTE Harmonized as EN ISO 9002:1994 (not modified). ISO 9003 NOTE Harmonized as EN ISO 9003:1994 (not modified).

5 - 3 - EN :2006 Annex ZA (normative) Normative references to international publications with their corresponding European publications The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. NOTE When an international publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the relevant EN/HD applies. Publication Year Title EN/HD Year IEC ) Rotating electrical machines Part 1: Rating and performance EN ) IEC ) Rotating electrical machines Part 2: Methods for determining losses and EN ) efficiency of rotating electrical machinery from tests (excluding machines for traction vehicles) IEC ) Rotating electrical machines Part 5: Degrees of protection provided by the integral design of rotating electrical machines (IP code) - Classification EN ) IEC ) Rotating electrical machines Part 8: Terminal markings and direction of rotation EN ) IEC (mod) + A1 + A IEC standard voltages 3) HD 472 S1 + corr. February + A IEC (mod) - 1) Safety of machinery - Electrical equipment of machines Part 1: General requirements EN ) IEC (mod) - 1) Electrical installations of buildings Part 5-54: Selection and erection of electrical equipment - Earthing arrangements, protective conductors and protective bonding conductors HD ) IEC ) Classification of environmental conditions Part 2-1: Environmental conditions appearing in nature - Temperature and humidity HD S ) IEC ) Wind turbines Part 1: Design requirements EN ) IEC ) Wind turbines EN ) Part 12-1: Power performance measurements of electricity producing wind turbines 1) Undated reference. 2) Valid edition at date of issue. 3) The title of HD 472 S1 is: Nominal voltages for low voltage public electricity supply systems.

6 EN : Publication Year Title EN/HD Year IEC/TS ) Wind turbine generator systems - - Part 13: Measurement of mechanical loads IEC/TS ) Wind turbine generator systems Part 23: Full-scale structural testing of rotor blades - - IEC (mod) - 1) Low-voltage surge protective devices Part 1: Surge protective devices connected to low-voltage power distribution systems - Requirements and tests EN ) ISO/IEC General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories EN ISO/IEC ISO ) General principles on reliability for structures - -

7 IEC: CONTENTS 1 Scope Normative references Terms and definitions Symbols and abbreviated terms Symbols Coordinate system Principal elements General Design methods Quality assurance External conditions General SWT classes Wind conditions Other environmental conditions Electrical load conditions Structural design General Design methodology Loads and load cases Simplified load model Aeroelastic modelling Load measurements Stress calculation Safety factors Limit state analysis Protection and shutdown system General Functional requirements of the protection system Manual shutdown Shutdown for maintenance Testing General Tests to verify design data Mechanical load testing Duration testing Mechanical component testing Safety and function Environmental testing Electrical...109

8 IEC: Electrical system General Protective devices Disconnect device Earthing systems Lightning protection Electrical conductors and cables Electrical loads Support structure General Dynamic requirements Environmental factors Earthing Foundation Turbine access design loads Documentation requirements General Installation Operation Maintenance and routine inspection Wind turbine markings Annex A (informative) Type certification of small wind turbines Annex B (normative) Design parameters for describing SWT class S Annex C (informative) Stochastic turbulence models Annex D (informative) Deterministic turbulence description Annex E (informative) Partial safety factors for materials Annex F (informative) Development of the simple design equations Bibliography Figure 1 Definition of the system of axes for HAWT...37 Figure 2 IEC decision path...41 Figure 3 Characteristic wind turbulence...49 Figure 4 example of extreme operating gust (N = 1, V hub = 25 m/s)...51 Figure 5 Example of extreme direction change magnitude (N = 50, D = 5 m, z hub = 20 m)..53 Figure 6 Example of extreme direction change (N = 50, V hub = 25 m/s)...53 Figure 7 Extreme coherent gust (V hub = 25 m/s) (ECG)...55 Figure 8 The direction change for ECD...57 Figure 9 Time development of direction change for V hub = 25 m/s...57 Figure A.1 Modules of type certification (per IEC WT01 and IEC ) Figure A.2 Elements of design evaluation (recommended per IEC ) Figure A.3 Elements of type testing (per IEC WT01 and IEC )...127

9 IEC: Figure E.1 Normal and Weibull distribution Figure E.2 Typical S-N diagram for fatigue of glass fibre composites Figure E.3 Typical environmental effects on glass fibre composites Figure E.4 Fatigue strain diagram for large tow unidirectional 0 carbon fibre/vinyl ester composites, R = 0,1 and Figure E.5 S-N curves for fatigue of typical metals Figure E.6 Fatigue life data for jointed softwood Figure E.7 Typical S-N curve for wood Figure E.8 Effect of moisture content on compressive strength of lumber parallel to grain Figure E.9 Effect of moisture content on wood strength properties Figure E.10 Effect of grain angle on mechanical property of clear wood according to Hankinson-type formula Table 1 Basic parameters for SWT classes...45 Table 2 Design load cases for the simplified load calculation method...69 Table 3 Force coefficients, C f...79 Table 4 Minimum set of design load cases for aeroelastic models...81 Table 5 Equivalent stresses...87 Table 6 Partial safety factors for materials...89 Table 7 Partial safety factors for loads...91 Table C.1 Turbulence spectral parameters for Kaimal model Table E.1 Factors for different survival probabilities and variabilities Table E.2 Geometric discontinuities...155

10 IEC: WIND TURBINES Part 2: Design requirements for small wind turbines 1 Scope This part of IEC deals with safety philosophy, quality assurance, and engineering integrity and specifies requirements for the safety of Small Wind Turbines (SWTs) including design, installation, maintenance and operation under specified external conditions. Its purpose is to provide the appropriate level of protection against damage from hazards from these systems during their planned lifetime. This part of IEC is concerned with all subsystems of SWT such as protection mechanisms, internal electrical systems, mechanical systems, support structures, foundations and the electrical interconnection with the load. While this part of IEC is similar to IEC , it does simplify and make significant changes in order to be applicable to small turbines. This part of IEC applies to wind turbines with a rotor swept area smaller than 200 m 2, generating at a voltage below V a.c. or V d.c. This part of IEC should be used together with the appropriate IEC and ISO standards (see Clause 2). 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. IEC , Rotating electrical machines Part 1: Rating and performance IEC , Rotating electrical machines Part 2: Methods for determining losses and efficiency of rotating electrical machinery from tests (excluding machines for traction vehicles) IEC , Rotating electrical machines Part 5: Degrees of protection provided by the integral design of rotating electrical machines (IP code) Classification IEC , Rotating electrical machines Part 8: Terminal markings and direction of rotation IEC 60038:1983, IEC standard voltages Amendment 1 (1994) Amendment 2 (1997)