SVENSK STANDARD SS-EN :2012+A2:2018

Transkript

1 SVENSK STANDARD SS-EN :2012+A2:2018 Fastställd/Approved: Publicerad/Published: Utgåva/Edition: 1 Språk/Language: engelska/english ICS: ; Lyftkranar Dimensionering Del 3-1: Gränsvärden och verifiering av stålstrukturer Cranes General Design Part 3-1: Limit States and proof competence of steel structure

2 Standarder får världen att fungera SIS (Swedish Standards Institute) är en fristående ideell förening med medlemmar från både privat och offentlig sektor. Vi är en del av det europeiska och globala nätverk som utarbetar internationella standarder. Standarder är dokumenterad kunskap utvecklad av framstående aktörer inom industri, näringsliv och samhälle och befrämjar handel över gränser, bidrar till att processer och produkter blir säkrare samt effektiviserar din verksamhet. Delta och påverka Som medlem i SIS har du möjlighet att påverka framtida standarder inom ditt område på nationell, europeisk och global nivå. Du får samtidigt tillgång till tidig information om utvecklingen inom din bransch. Ta del av det färdiga arbetet Vi erbjuder våra kunder allt som rör standarder och deras tillämpning. Hos oss kan du köpa alla publikationer du behöver allt från enskilda standarder, tekniska rapporter och standardpaket till handböcker och onlinetjänster. Genom vår webbtjänst e-nav får du tillgång till ett lättnavigerat bibliotek där alla standarder som är aktuella för ditt företag finns tillgängliga. Standarder och handböcker är källor till kunskap. Vi säljer dem. Utveckla din kompetens och lyckas bättre i ditt arbete Hos SIS kan du gå öppna eller företagsinterna utbildningar kring innehåll och tillämpning av standarder. Genom vår närhet till den internationella utvecklingen och ISO får du rätt kunskap i rätt tid, direkt från källan. Med vår kunskap om standarders möjligheter hjälper vi våra kunder att skapa verklig nytta och lönsamhet i sina verksamheter. Vill du veta mer om SIS eller hur standarder kan effektivisera din verksamhet är du välkommen in på eller ta kontakt med oss på tel Standards make the world go round SIS (Swedish Standards Institute) is an independent non-profit organisation with members from both the private and public sectors. We are part of the European and global network that draws up international standards. Standards consist of documented knowledge developed by prominent actors within the industry, business world and society. They promote cross-border trade, they help to make processes and products safer and they streamline your organisation. Take part and have influence As a member of SIS you will have the possibility to participate in standardization activities on national, European and global level. The membership in SIS will give you the opportunity to influence future standards and gain access to early stage information about developments within your field. Get to know the finished work We offer our customers everything in connection with standards and their application. You can purchase all the publications you need from us - everything from individual standards, technical reports and standard packages through to manuals and online services. Our web service e-nav gives you access to an easy-to-navigate library where all standards that are relevant to your company are available. Standards and manuals are sources of knowledge. We sell them. Increase understanding and improve perception With SIS you can undergo either shared or in-house training in the content and application of standards. Thanks to our proximity to international development and ISO you receive the right knowledge at the right time, direct from the source. With our knowledge about the potential of standards, we assist our customers in creating tangible benefit and profitability in their organisations. If you want to know more about SIS, or how standards can streamline your organisation, please visit or contact us on phone +46 (0)

3 Europastandarden EN :2012+A2:2018 gäller som svensk standard. Detta dokument innehåller den officiella engelska versionen av EN :2012+A2:2018. Denna standard ersätter SS-EN :2012+A1:2013, utgåva 1. The European Standard EN :2012+A2:2018 has the status of a Swedish Standard. This document contains the official version of EN :2012+A2:2018. This standard supersedes the Swedish Standard SS-EN :2012+A1:2013, edition 1. Copyright / Upphovsrätten till denna produkt tillhör SIS, Swedish Standards Institute, Stockholm, Sverige. Användningen av denna produkt regleras av slutanvändarlicensen som återfinns i denna produkt, se standardens sista sidor. Copyright SIS, Swedish Standards Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. All rights reserved. The use of this product is governed by the end-user licence for this product. You will find the licence in the end of this document. Upplysningar om sakinnehållet i standarden lämnas av SIS, Swedish Standards Institute, telefon Standarder kan beställas hos SIS Förlag AB som även lämnar allmänna upplysningar om svensk och utländsk standard. Information about the content of the standard is available from the Swedish Standards Institute (SIS), telephone Standards may be ordered from SIS Förlag AB, who can also provide general information about Swedish and foreign standards. Denna standard är framtagen av kommittén för Lyftkranar, SIS / TK 262. Har du synpunkter på innehållet i den här standarden, vill du delta i ett kommande revideringsarbete eller vara med och ta fram andra standarder inom området? Gå in på - där hittar du mer information.

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5 EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM EN :2012+A2 January 2018 ICS Supersedes EN :2012+A1:2013 English Version Cranes - General Design - Part 3-1: Limit States and proof competence of steel structure Appareils de levage à charge suspendue - Conception générale - Partie 3-1 : Etats limites et vérification d'aptitude des charpentes en acier Krane - Konstruktion allgemein - Teil 3-1: Grenzzustände und Sicherheitsnachweis von Stahltragwerken This European Standard was approved by CEN on and includes Amendment 2 approved by CEN on 30 October CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels 2018 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN :2012+A2:2018 E

6 Contents Page 1 Scope Normative references Terms,definitions, symbols and abbreviations Terms and definitions Symbols and abbreviations General Documentation Materials for structural members Grades and qualities Impact toughness Bolted connections Bolt materials General Shear and bearing connections Friction grip type (slip resistant) connections Connections loaded in tension Pinned connections Welded connections Proof of competence for structural members and connections Proof of static strength General Limit design stresses and forces General Limit design stress in structural members Limit design forces in bolted connections Limit design forces in pinned connections Limit design stresses in welded connections Execution of the proof Proof for structural members Proof for bolted connections Proof for pinned connections Proof for welded connections Proof of fatigue strength General Limit design stresses Characteristic fatigue strength Weld quality Requirements for fatigue testing Stress histories General Frequency of occurence of stress cycles Stress history parameter Stress history classes S Execution of the proof

7 6.5 Determination of the limit design stress range Applicable methods Direct use of stress history parameter Use of class S Combined effect of normal and shear stresses Proof of static strength of hollow section girder joints Proof of elastic stability General Lateral buckling of members loaded in compression Critical buckling load Limit compressive design force Buckling of plate fields subjected to compressive and shear stresses General Limit design stress with respect to longitudinal stress σ x Limit design stress with respect to transverse stress σ y Limit design stress with respect to shear stress τ Execution of the proof Members loaded in compression Plate fields Annex A (informative) Limit design shear force F v,rd per bolt and per shear plane for multiple shear plane connections Annex B (informative) Preloaded bolts Annex C (normative) Design weld stresses σ W,Sd and τ W,Sd C.1 Butt joint C.2 T-joint with fillet or partial penetration weld C.3 Effective distribution length under concentrated load C.4 Other types of welds Annex D (normative) Values of slope constant m and characteristic fatigue strength Δσ c, Δτ c Annex E (normative) Calculated values of limit design stress ranges Δσ Rd and Δσ Rd, Annex F (informative) Evaluation of stress cycles (example) Annex G (informative) Calculation of stiffnesses for connections loaded in tension Annex H (informative) Hollow Sections Annex I (informative) Selection of a suitable set of crane standards for a given application Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential Requirements of EU Directive 2006/42/EC

8 European foreword This document (EN :2012+A2:2018) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 147 Cranes - Safety, the secretariat of which is held by BSI. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by July 2018, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by July Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document includes Amendment 1 approved by CEN on 11 May This document includes Amendment 2 approved by CEN on 30 October This document supersedes #EN :2012+A1:2013$. The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags!" or #$. This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s). For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document.!cen/tc 147/WG 2 has made a new edition of EN to adapt the standard as follows: Subclause is changed in such a way that Table 2 is permanently valid and requirements for other materials are added, and editorial changes are done to improve the document." # CEN/TC 147/WG 2 has made a new consolidation of EN to adapt the standard as follows: New steel qualities from EN and stainless steels from EN added to Application of bolt preloading scatter in was modified. Table 8 changed to exclude matching material for ultra-high strength steel. Fatigue strength specific resistance factors were adjusted in 6.1. Requirements for fatigue testing were modified. Formula for assessing combined effect of normal and shear stresses was changed in Annex C improved for calculation of fillet welds. 4

9 Characteristic fatigue strengths modified for notch cases D.1.1, D.1.2, D.3.29 and D Number of minor changes for reasons of editorial and technical accuracy.$ This European Standard is one Part of EN 13001, Cranes General design. The other parts are as follows: Part 1: General principles and requirements; Part 2: Load actions; Part 3-2: Limit states and proof of competence of wire ropes in reeving systems; Part 3-3: Limit states and proof of competence of wheel/rail contacts; Part 3-4: Limit states and proof of competence of machinery; Part 3-5: Limit states and proof of competence of forged hooks. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. 5

10 Introduction This European Standard has been prepared to be a harmonized standard to provide one means for the mechanical design and theoretical verification of cranes to conform #to$ the essential health and safety requirements of the Machinery Directive, as amended. This standard also establishes interfaces between the user (purchaser) and the designer, as well as between the designer and the component manufacturer, in order to form a basis for selecting cranes and components. This European Standard is a type C standard as stated in EN ISO The machinery concerned and the extent to which hazards, hazardous situations and events are covered are indicated in the scope of this standard. When provisions of this type C standard are different from those which are stated in type A or B standards, the provisions of this type C standard take precedence over the provisions of the other standards, for machines that have been designed and built according to the provisions of this type C standard. 6

11 1 Scope This European Standard is to be used together with EN and EN and as such they specify general conditions, requirements and methods to prevent mechanical hazards of cranes by design and theoretical verification. NOTE Specific requirements for particular types of cranes are given in the appropriate European Standard for the particular crane type. The following is a list of significant hazardous situations and hazardous events that could result in risks to persons during intended use and reasonably foreseeable misuse. Clauses 4 to 8 of this standard are necessary to reduce or eliminate risks associated with the following hazards: a) exceeding the limits of strength (yield, ultimate, fatigue); b) exceeding temperature limits of material or components; c) elastic instability of the crane or its parts (buckling, bulging). This European Standard is not applicable to cranes which are manufactured before the date of its publication as EN and serves as reference base for the European Standards for particular crane types (see Annex I). NOTE EN deals only with the limit state method in accordance with EN Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. #deleted reference$ EN :2005, Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures Part 1-8: Design of joints EN :2004, Hot rolled products of structural steels Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for nonalloy structural steels EN :2004, Hot rolled products of structural steels Part 3: Technical delivery conditions for normalized/normalized rolled weldable fine grain structural steels EN :2004, Hot rolled products of structural steels Part 4: Technical delivery conditions for thermomechanical rolled weldable fine grain structural steels EN :2004, Hot rolled products of structural steels Part 6: Technical delivery conditions for flat products of high yield strength structural steels in the quenched and tempered condition EN 10029:2010, Hot rolled steel plates 3 mm thick or above Tolerances on dimensions and shape #deleted references$ 7

12 # EN :2014, Stainless steels Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for sheet/plate and strip of corrosion resisting steels for general purposes EN :2013, Hot-rolled flat products made of high yield strength steels for cold forming Part 2: Delivery conditions for thermomechanically rolled steels EN :2013, Hot-rolled flat products made of high yield strength steels for cold forming Part 3: Delivery conditions for normalized or normalized rolled steels $ EN 10160:1999, Ultrasonic testing of steel flat product of thickness equal or greater than 6 mm (reflection method) EN :2004, Delivery requirements for surface conditions of hot-rolled steel plates, wide flats and sections Part 1: General requirements EN :2004, Delivery requirements for surface conditions of hot-rolled steel plates, wide flats and sections Part 2: Plate and wide flats EN :2004, Delivery requirements for surface conditions of hot-rolled steel plates, wide flats and sections Part 3: Sections EN 10164:2004, Steel products with improved deformation properties perpendicular to the surface of the product Technical delivery conditions EN , Cranes General design Part 1: General principles and requirements EN , Crane safety General design Part 2: Load actions EN 20273:1991, Fasteners Clearance holes for bolts and screws (ISO 273:1979) #EN ISO 148-1:2016 Metallic materials Charpy pendulum impact test Part 1: test method$ EN ISO 286-2:2010, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) ISO code system for tolerances on linear sizes Part 2: Tables of standard tolerance classes and limit deviations for holes and shafts (ISO 286-2:2010) #EN ISO 898 1:2013, Mechanical properties of fasteners made of carbon steel and alloy steel Part 1: Bolts, screws and studs with specified property classes Coarse thread and fine pitch thread (ISO 898 1:2013)$ #EN ISO 5817:2014, Welding Fusion-welded joints in steel, nickel, titanium and their alloys (beam welding excluded) Quality levels for imperfections (ISO 5817:2014)$ EN ISO 9013:2002, Thermal cutting Classification of thermal cuts Geometrical product specification and quality tolerances (ISO 9013:2002) EN ISO 12100:2010, Safety of machinery General principles for design Risk assessment and risk reduction (ISO 12100:2010) EN ISO 17659:2004, Welding Multilingual terms for welded joints with illustrations (ISO 17659:2002) ISO :2007, Cranes Vocabulary Part 1: General 8

13 3 Terms,definitions, symbols and abbreviations 3.1 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN ISO 12100:2010 #deleted text$ apply. For the definitions of loads, Clause 6 of ISO :2007 applies. 3.2 Symbols and abbreviations The symbols and abbreviations used in this Part of the EN are given in Table 1. Table 1 Symbols and abbreviations (1 of 4) Symbols, abbreviations A An AS AS a a ar b c Do, Di d do E Fb Fd!Fk" Fp FRd Fe Fb, Rd Fb, Sd; Fbi, Sd Fcs, Rd Fp, d Fcr Description cross section net cross section stress area of a bolt shear area of the tear-out section (pinned connections) length of plate in buckling throat thickness of fillet welds effective weld thickness width of plate edge stress ratio factor (buckling) outer, inner diameter of hollow pin diameter (shank of bolt, pin) diameter of hole modulus of elasticity tensile force in bolt limit force characteristic value (force) preloading force in bolt limit design force external force (on bolted connection) limit design bearing force design bearing force limit design tensile force design preloading force reduction in compression force due to external tension 9

14 Table 1 Symbols and abbreviations (2 of 4) Symbols, abbreviations Description Ft, Rd Ft,Sd limit design tensile force in bolt external tensile force per bolt Fv, Sd design shear force per bolt and shear plane Fvp, Rd limit design shear force per pin and shear plane Fvp, Sd design shear force per pin and shear plane Fs,Rd limit design slip force per bolt and shear plane Fvs, Rd limit design shear force of the connected part Fvd, Sd design force in the connected part Fvt, Rd limit design tensile force of the connected part Fσ,τ acting normal/shear force f maximum imperfection fd limit stress!fk" characteristic value (stress) frd limit design stress fu ultimate strength of material fub ultimate strength of bolts fw, Rd limit design weld stress fy #yield stress of material, specified or measured$ fyb yield stress of bolts fyp #yield stress of pins, specified or measured$!hd distance between weld and contact level of acting load" I, Ii moments of inertia of members k stress concentration factor (pinned connections) Kb Kc stiffness of bolt stiffness of connected parts k* specific spectrum ratio factor k m stress spectrum factor based on m of the detail under consideration k 3 stress spectrum factor based on m = 3 kσx, kσy, kτ buckling factors L element length (buckling) l m l r l W M Rd M Sd m N gauge length relevant weld length weld length limit design bending moment design bending moment slope constant of log Δσ/log N-curve compressive force (buckling) 10

15 Table 1 Symbols and abbreviations (3 of 4) Symbols, abbreviations NC N k N ref min σ, max σ P S p Q q i α α b α L α w γ m γ mf γ p γ R γ S γ Rb Description notch class critical buckling load reference number of cycles extreme values of stresses probability of survival penetration of weld shear (evaluation of stress cycles) impact toughness parameter cross section parameter (lateral buckling) characteristic factor for bearing connection load introduction factor (bolted connection) characteristic factor for limit weld stress general resistance factor fatigue strength specific resistance factor partial safety factor resulting resistance factor specific resistance factor resulting resistance factor of bolt γ sbb, γ sbs, γ sbt specific resistance factors of bolted connections γ Rm resulting resistance factor of members specific resistance factor of members γ sm γ Rp resulting resistance factor of pins γ spm,γ sps, γ spb,γ spt specific resistance factors of pins γ Rs resulting resistance factor of slip-resistance connection γ ss specific resistance factor of slip-resistance connection γ Rc resulting resistance factor for tension on section with holes γ st specific resistance factor for tension on section with holes γ Rw resulting resistance factor of welding connection γ sw specific resistance factor of welding connection δ p elongation from preloading ϕ 2 dynamic factor κ dispersion angle (wheel pressure) κ, κ x, κ y, κ τ reduction factors (buckling) λ width of contact area in weld direction 11

16 Table 1 Symbols and abbreviations (4 of 4) Symbols, abbreviations Description λx, λy, λτ non-dimensional plate slenderness (buckling) Ψ edge stress ratio (buckling) ΔFb additional force Δδ t additional elongation µ slip factor ν relative total number of stress cycles!deleted text" νd Δσc Δτc σe σb σu σsd τsd σw, Sd τw, Sd ΔσRd ratio of diameters characteristic value of stress range (normal stress) characteristic value of stress range (shear stress) reference stress (buckling) lower extreme value of stress range upper extreme value of stress range design stress (normal) design stress (shear) design weld stress (normal) design weld stress (shear) limit design stress range (normal) ΔσRd,1 limit design stress range for k* = 1 ΔτRd ΔσSd ΔτSd limit design stress range (shear) design stress range (normal) design stress range (shear) 4 General 4.1 Documentation The documentation of the proof of competence shall include: design assumptions including calculation models, applicable loads and load combinations, material grades and qualities, weld quality levels, in accordance with EN ISO 5817, materials of connecting elements, relevant limit states, results of the proof of competence calculation. and tests when applicable. 12

17 4.2 Materials for structural members Grades and qualities European Standards specify materials and specific values. This standard gives a preferred selection. For structural members, steel according to following European Standards should be used: a) Non-alloy structural steels EN ; b) Weldable fine grain structural steels in conditions: 1) normalized (N) EN ; 2) thermomechanical (M) EN ; c) High yield strength structural steels in the quenched and tempered condition EN ; d) High yield strength steels for cold forming in conditions: 1) thermomechanical (M) EN ; 2) normalized (N) EN #e) Austenitic stainless steels EN Where stainless steels are welded, special attention should be given to the welding process and corrosion effects. Table 2 shows specific values for the nominal value of strength f u, f y. For limit design stresses f Rd see 5.2. The values given are applicable for temperatures up to 100 C for stainless steels and up to 150 C for all other steels. For more information see the specific European Standard.$!deleted text" To allow the use of nominal values of plate thicknesses in the proof calculations, the minus tolerance of the plate shall be equal or better than that of class A of EN 10029:2010. Otherwise the actual minimum value of plate thickness shall be used. To allow the use of nominal dimensions for other steel products than plates, their minus tolerances shall be within those of the relevant European standards for those products.!grades and qualities other than those mentioned in the above standards and in Table 2 may be used if the mechanical properties and the chemical composition are specified in a manner corresponding to relevant European standard, and the following conditions are fulfilled: the design value of f y is limited to f u/1,05 for materials with f u /f y < 1,05; the percentage elongation at fracture A 7% on a gauge length L 0 = 5, 65 S0 (where S 0 is the original cross-sectional area); the weldability or non-weldability of the material is specified and, if intended for welding, weldability is demonstrated; if the material is intended for cold forming, the pertinent parameters are specified." NOTE Where it is deemed necessary to check for internal defects, classes of EN should be specified. 13

18 Steel S235 S275 S355 S355 S420 #Table 2 Specific values of steels for structural members Standard EN EN (N) EN (M) Thickness t mm f y yield t < t < t < t t < t < t < t < t < t t < t < t < t < t < t t < t < t < t 80 (N) < t 100 (N) < t 150 (N) 295 t < t < t < t 80 (N) < t 100 (N) < t 150 (N) 340 Nominal strength f u ultimate N/mm 2 N/mm 2 S460 t

19 Steel S460 S500 S550 S620 S690 S890 Standard EN Thickness t mm f y yield 16 < t < t < t 80 (N) < t 100 (N) < t < t < t < t < t < t < t < t Nominal strength f u ultimate N/mm 2 N/mm < t < t < t < t S960 3 < t S S355 EN EN all t S S460 S all t S EN S S650 S700 t t > t t > S all t S